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The city of Yamoussoukro includes many private gardens. It has more than thirty private gardens with a consequent biodiversity. The present study made it possible to evaluate the layout of the private gardens of Yamoussoukro. To achieve this goal, a floristic inventory was carried out using two complementary methods. During the inventory, plots were installed. Also, the measurement of trees with a diameter at breast height greater than 2.5 cm was noted. Densities, basal areas, biomass and carbon stocks and diversity indices were calculated. A total of 5269 individuals were counted, of which 2184 have a DBH ≥ 2.5 cm. Senna siamea is the most representative species with 10% of the population. The species of special status identified and the high biomass show that a look must be given to private gardens that can be environments for biodiversity conservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a world in which isolation means misfortune rather than conscious choice, it is important to know that, to a major writer such as Gustave Flaubert, it represented the work environment in which he wrote his most important works. At first, isolation came as a medical need after a nervous breakdown suffered at the age of 23. The year of convalescence spent in the peaceful atmosphere of Croisset, a small village in Normandy, made him want to stay home and work alone in his first-floor study with a view on the Seine. Little by little, isolation became a professional need fully assumed and a life style, as he admitted in a large number of letters. The writer learnt how to overcome, with the perseverance of someone who wanted to write the perfect work, all the obstacles that arose. He sacrificed everything in order to achieve his goal and thus he remains an inspiration to all those who want to write. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to explore the elements that facilitate and hinder the implementation and maintenance of the partnership between parents, daycare educators and intervention specialists within the context of behavioural intervention (IBI) provided to children with an autism spectrum disorder by intervention specialists at daycare. To achieve this goal, 17 parents, 10 daycare educators and 20 intervention specialists completed a socio-demographic questionnaire and participated in a focus group or an individual interview. Although participants were quite satisfied with their experience, they identified encountering certain barriers such as ineffective communication practices, lack of understanding of each persons' roles, mandates and activities, interpersonal difficulties and administrative procedures. However, personal characteristics of the person, as well as complementarity, involvement and teamwork are elements that facilitate the implementation and the maintenance of the partnership process. Finally, participants made suggestions to help improve the implementation of the partnership and to ensure that changes in services are done in a harmonious, positive and constructive way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author attempts to collect the best of Saint Thomas' position, to discern its limits and to propound some explanations or improvements. The divine permissive will makes moral evil to be possible, but moral evil does not necessarily follow. When Saint Thomas says nothing resists God's will about a given effect in a precise instant of time, it is true only of the consequent will, which takes into account everything that will have occurred before that instant. So the will to give efficacious grace takes into consideration the previous non-resistance of man to sufficient grace, and the will to impart eternal life at a certain stage takes into account the life of merit led before. God does not want independently of any account of blameworthy actions that there be men to punish in order His justice be manifested. If God has permitted the sins of men, it was not in order to have people to damn. The act of predestining, and the entirety of its effects are independent of the acts of man, but on the other hand, predestination to a specific gift takes into account the prescience of human acts antecedent to that gift. The general plan about the salvation of a person uses a series of fallible means to reach its goal. The esse imparted by God to the effect of the secondary cause through that very cause is contracted by the essentia (either natural or intentional) of that cause. So, as far as premotions are concerned, only moral ones propose as object of choice a specification, and in a fallible way, whereas physical ones supply the passage from potency to the act of deliberating and choosing, i.e. its existence, and possibly in an infallible manner. The grace as motion is nothing else than the movement itself of the soul. If God is moving the created will to the exercise of such choice, it is not compatible with that hypothesis that the created freewill not be exerting that choice ; however, this by no means entails that, under the same efficient motion of God to the exerting of a choice about the same specification, the choice could not have been different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: To be abstinent alcoholics must control their behaviour and adapt it. We may therefore consider that this stressful situation could involve the use of coping strategies. Several authors have established that avoidance or emotional coping strategies are dysfunctional while proactive strategies seem to increase the strength of abstinence behaviours. It has, however, been stated that the restriction of alcohol use is frequently complemented by the apparition of new addictive behaviours also considered as co-addictions or as overlaps. This statement was first based on observations concerning the frequently reported use of tobacco amongst alcoholic people. Since then other authors have reported that an increase of the consumption of coffee, candy and food could be observed when alcoholics try to reduce their use of alcohol. Drug uses have also been reported. Moreover, the co-addictions that appear amongst alcoholics do not only concern the use of other substances. These addictive overlaps sometimes take place with an increase of the involvement in activities such as sport practice, work or the use of the Internet. The objective of this research is first to study the addictive overlaps that can be observed amongst alcoholics, and their influence on the relapses. Then, the links between such behaviour with coping strategies will be tested. Method: Twenty eight alcoholics (16 men, 12 women, average age: 47) were involved in the study. All of them were abstinent when answering the questionnaires. First, the participants were asked to fill a grid assessing the addictive overlaps and their frequency since the beginning of the cure. This grid was adapted from a questionnaire assessing the overlaps related to addictive behaviours amongst sportsmen. The overlaps are divided into two categories: addictive substance use overlaps and addictive activity overlaps. Then, coping strategies were measured with the use of the Ways of Coping Checklist (WCC). The questionnaire provides three scores referring to the three categories of coping strategies: proactive strategies, emotional strategies and social support seeking. Finally, referring to the medical files, the number of relapses since the beginning of the cure was reported for each of the participants. Results: The number of relapses experienced by an alcoholic is related to two of the three coping strategies. The higher the number of relapses, the lower the score of proactive strategies (r =−0.719). Moreover, social support seems to be a useful strategy in order to maintain abstinence (r =−0.489). The three most frequently reported overlaps refer to substance use behaviours. These substances are: food, coffee and tobacco. Moreover, these overlaps are frequently associated: a strong link is observed for coffee and food (r =0.668) and for coffee and tobacco (r=0.464). However, there is no difference concerning the addictive overlaps between the alcoholics who have always maintained abstinence, and those who experienced one or several relapses. Finally, the results allow us to consider the hypothesis that addictive activity overlaps could be considered as sort of proactive coping strategies: this category of overlaps is negatively linked with social support seeking (r=−0.420). Conclusions: The most frequently reported overlaps are those which seem to be similar to the behaviour that is supposed to be replaced: an oral dimension is observed in the overlaps of alcoholics. The terms of “addictive core” is proposed in order to describe the weakness of such people concerning addictive behaviours. However, other explicative psychological factors have been identified by several authors and may influence the results, such as alexithymia that is frequently related to addictive behaviours. In addition to this study, a longitudinal study of the addictive overlaps is relevant in order to examine their diachrony and their functional or dysfunctional role upon the relapses. Finally, the links between addictive overlaps and coping strategies should require further investigation in order to determine if these overlaps are part of the coping strategies. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Over the past 25 years, the achievement goals have become an important concept to address achievement motivation in school settings. Achievement goals are defined as the purpose or cognitive-dynamic focus of competence-relevant activity and the goal adopted is posited to influence how individuals interpret and experience achievement settings. According to the trichotomous model, three independent achievement goals are supposed to account for competence-based strivings (a) Mastery goals that focus on the development of competence and task mastery, (b) Performance-approach goals that focus on the attainment of favourable judgements of normative competence, and (c) Performance-avoidance goals that focus on avoiding unfavourable judgements of normative competence. In the past few years, most research conducted using the trichotomous achievement-goal framework has focused on the consequences of pursuing different achievement goals. To date, empirical work conducted in academic settings on modeling possible antecedents of the three types of goals has focused on achievement motives, perceptions of competence. The purpose of the current study was to extend the research in academic settings based on the trichotomous framework by focusing on the antecedents of the three goals such as implicit theories about intelligence. An entity theory of intelligence is the belief that intelligence is a fixed trait, a personal quality that cannot be changed. In contrast, an incremental theory of intelligence is the belief that intelligence is a malleable quality that can increase through efforts. In the present research, we assessed among 695 boys attending five French schools perception of Competence, implicit theories about intelligence in addition to the three achievement goals to identify the profiles underlying each goal type in academic situations. Regression analyses modeling possible predictors of each goal showed that (1) Performance-approach goals were ... [Copyright &y& Elsevier]