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In Turkey, female employment and education are still relatively low, while fertility levels are high compared with other European countries. However, Turkey stands just at the edge of an important social transition. Increasing female education and employment come along with important decreases in fertility. By mobilizing census and survey data, this paper finds that fertility decreases are mainly caused by fewer transitions to a third birth. Graduate women participating in the formal labor market are most at risk of deciding against child arrival in comparison with inactive or unemployed women. The third rank is particularly concerned, as women’s income contribution seems to be crucial for many families that already have two children, and the arrival of a third child risks reducing or stopping women’s working activities in the absence of institutional childcare support. Policies enabling women to combine work and family life, which have been proven effective in other European countries, emerge as useful to avoid a further fertility decline below replacement level in Turkey.

The article proposes to think of modes of animation which would be appropriate to the Burkinabe company by looking further into the multiethnic dimension of the problem. An investigation, taking again the cultural dimensions defined by Hofstede and of dimensions more specifically African, analyzes the cultural sensitivities of the employees. Then, recommendations as regards structures of animation are made., L'article se propose de réfléchir à des modes d'animation qui seraient appropriés à l'entreprise burkinabé en approfondissant la dimension multiethnique du problème. Une enquête, reprenant les dimensions culturelles définies par Hofstede et des dimensions plus spécifiquement africaines, analyse les sensibilités culturelles des employés. Puis, des recommandations en matière de structures d'animation sont faites.

La littérature contient très peu de recherches empiriques concernant les effets distributifs du système sociofiscal à l’intérieur du ménage. Nous simulons cet effet dans le cadre du modèle collectif d’offre de travail lorsque l’on passe d’une taxation jointe à une taxation individuelle en France. Nous montrons que la contribution relative de l’épouse aux revenus familiaux après impôts est un déterminant significatif de la négociation au sein du couple, avec une très faible élasticité cependant. En conséquence, les réactions d’offre de travail dues à la réforme sont essentiellement induites par les effets traditionnels (substitution et revenu), tout comme dans un modèle unitaire. Une analyse de sensibilité montre que l’effet distributif capturé par le cadre collectif est significatif seulement dans le cas de réformes fiscales de grande ampleur et peu réalistes. Ce résultat suggère cependant d’amplifier les recherches sur le lien entre fiscalité, transferts et décision intrafamiliale. En particulier, il convient d’ajouter plus de structure que n’en permet le modèle collectif afin de caractériser plus précisément la façon dont la fiscalité pourrait jouer sur la négociation au sein du ménage., The literature on household behavior contains hardly any empirical research on the within-household distributional effect of tax-benefit policies. We simulate this effect in the framework of a collective model of labor supply when shifting from a joint to an individual taxation system in France. We show that the net financial contributional of the wife is a significant determinant of intrahousehold negotiation but with very low elasticity. Consequently, the labor supply responses to the reform are entirely driven by the traditional substitution and income effects as in a unitary model.

Peasant homestead in South Western France. The autor investigates the recent changes in peasant housing and stresses that they are induced by the various changes which occurred at the farm level in both technical and economical fields. A statistical survey of Aquitaine — a region — shows that when peasants families plan money savings or decide to borrow funds they usually intend to invest on their farm in order to improve their agricultural implements or their housing conditions. It seems that at the elementary level of daily life those housing improvements make the purely domestic tasks (cooking, cleaning, etc.) easier so that the farmers' wives are able to spend more time on production (vegetable gardening, animal husbandry, peak season working in the fields, orchards or vineyards) which increases the family income. The state's policy, on the other hand, intends to increase the agricultural equipments and to enlarge the total yield potential and it is boosted by the Crédit agricole mutuel Bank's system of investment financing. Nevertheless there are in some places and in certain circumstances some affluent peasants whose housing conditions are really improving. On the long range, and without any consideration of the endeavour, most of them are legally stripped of their family patrimony (many heirs abandon agriculture) when they already suffer from the accumulation of debts and loans' interests. The future of rural homesteads and of their architectural features depends entirely on the future evolution of the peasantry itself., Duboscq Pierre. Les paysans et leur logement dans le Sud-Ouest aquitain. In: Revue géographique des Pyrénées et du Sud-Ouest, tome 47, fascicule 2, 1976. Habitat et bâtiment. pp. 121-138.