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Copyright of Environnement, Risques & Santé is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article delves into the tale set in Mosul, Iraq, encapsulating the lives and struggles of characters amidst the city's modern existence, emphasizing the socio-economic and environmental shifts that transformed the once-rich agricultural land into an urban landscape. It focuses on the Nabī Yūnus Mosque, symbolizing the clash between heritage and modernity in Mosul, navigating socio-political upheavals and personal struggles amidst urban transformation.

Consistent measures are being implemented in the Republic of Uzbekistan to ensure wider integration of science, education and production, to create and apply new knowledge, to introduce innovative technologies and best practices. However, the results of the research on the introduction of innovative technologies and the development of the agrarian sector do not reach the lowest levels of the sec-tor, and the problems that have not been solved for years prevent the agricultural sector from developing more rapidly. In order to assess the level of use of innovations and information-advisory services in agriculture, the article carried out a social survey of different categories of participants of the innovation process using the expert evaluation method. Based on the results of the research, the trainings and seminars held in order to increase the knowledge and skills of the farmers on the use of innovative technologies, their ability to apply them in practice, the demand for innovations and the directions of the innovations being introduced, and the forms of providing information about the innovations in agriculture for farmers and peasants are presented. Also, the author expressed his views on the results of the introduction and use of innovations in the agricultural sector.

Since the outbreak of the Hirak in 2016, land issues have emerged as a new framework for social mobilization, and this goes far beyond the city of Al Hoceima, the starting point of the Hirak. The land issue, in connection with the territory, is posed with acuteness in the territories of cannabis production, whether in Tlata de Ketama or in the commune of Raya Suahal. Thus, activists blocked the departure of a military helicopter in 2017 as a sign of protest against the annexation of agricultural lands used by cultivators of cannabis. With the legalization of cannabis, the land issue arises as a condition for legal production of therapeutic and industrial cannabis. This paper seeks to explore the triangular relationship between cannabis, territory and land in the central Rif: it analyzes the aspects of this triangulation which engage the success of the legalization of cannabis for both therapeutic and industrial purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1960s, the Thai government implemented a rural development program that included the extension of major irrigation schemes in the Northeast. The article deals with the evolution of land use within the Nong Wai irrigation system, which was the first to be put into service under this program. On the basis of surveys conducted over 40 years in a village close to the city of Khon Kaen, it shows that irrigation was a reason for optimism among farmers during the 1980s. Cultivated areas doubled and the concomitant Green revolution significantly increased rice fields yields. However, since then, several factors have combined to hinder the purchase and intergenerational transfer of land. A process of disagrarianization without depeasantization is in progress where land remains a capital asset rather than being a factor of production. Agriculture is no longer the primary reason for the transfer of ownership of irrigated land in the peri-urban village as it is increasingly converted into residential land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GeoEcoMarina is the property of Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Geologie si Geoecologie Marina - Geoecomar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cartagine. Studi e Ricerche is the property of Cartagine. Studi e Ricerche and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article analyzes learning processes resulting from the collective construction of a transdisciplinary research project, and from the implementation of a participatory approach to agricultural non-point source pollutions (nitrates and pesticides). The study is based on a participatory research project carried out in the Brie plain of Seine-et-Marne (France). It is regarded as a border-crossing process across disciplinary boundaries which often arbitrarily oppose researchers and stakeholders, as well as dividing the different stakeholders concerned by a public issue. The analysis first examines learnings resulting from a preliminary stage of participation co-engineering that involve scientists and their socio-professional partners, then learnings resulting from the participatory process with the local actors. The results show that the researchers and actors learn to shift their gaze from a technical object to a political one, linked to a rising awareness of the level of conflictuality which the participatory approach might assume. They also acquire new knowledge from the participating disciplines and from the local actors, as well as participatory skills. These learning processes may change everyone's perceptions about the issue addressed, the territory and the actors involved. However, the study also revealed the limitations and learning assymetries of the process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainability of phœnicoles systems is a multidimensional and multicriteria concept. This notion takes into account criteria which vary according to the researchers and the schools. Some mention the socio-economic and ecological dimensions; others add the agrological dimension... After several readings, on this notion of sustainability, with its indicators, methods and diagnoses (IDEA, AHP ...), and to simplify the task, we took into account the following elements: socio-economic, agronomic (technical) and environmental to assess the sustainability of the three phœnicicultural systems present in Ouargla, namely; bour, ksourien and current. On the basis of several readings, in particular the survey work carried out in the region, we found it useful to assign a rating to the selected criteria, according to their importance, in order to make this sustainability visible. Preliminary results have shown that the bour system is extinct, if not on the verge of extinction. The Ksourian system is also in marked decline on all socioeconomic, agronomic and environmental levels, despite several indicators confirming the sustainability of this system. Here, it is therefore a question of thinking of a conversion of public utility. As for the current system, some farms are following a trajectory of sustainability, while the vast majority is failing. If interventions are necessary to be carried out to save as soon as possible certain assets closely linked to the notion of sustainability, the “public power” parameter, in other words political, must imperatively be one of the three other parameters retained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our work is a survey of 35 dairy cattle farms located in three towns in the province of Constantine. The one-pass survey lasted 6 months, from October 2010 to April 2011. The purpose was to characterize the diversity of these farms, and to understand the problems related to their location, infrastructures, equipment, and the process of the dairy workshop, food, staff, cleanness and particularly drug practices likely to cause economic loss. Our survey points out that the majority of farms are built inside agglomerations without the respect of farm management standards and it is also characterized by the cohabitation of cattle with other categories of animals. Furthermore, the abusive use of antibiotics by farmers, an unregulated practice even anarchic without prior reading of the leaflet, and so the non-respect of the dosage and treatment duration. Out of the 35 surveyed farms 77.1% use traditional livestock building maintenance equipment that does not guarantee proper cleaning of animal premises. Amongst the studied farms only 17.1 % are exclusively dairy farms. The dairy herd is composed of 60% dairy cows.

The Touat, Gourara and Tidikelt regions located in the Algerian Sahara are characterized by a hostile environment unfavorable to life. To cope with this problem, the man had created oases playing the role of artificial shelters. They are irrigated by groundwater using ingenious works called "foggaras". However, this ancestral system is in continuous deterioration especially during the last three decades. Through this work carried out in the Reggane zone located in the Touat region, it turned out that the main causes of this deterioration are of a socio-economic and cultural nature. Excessive pumping due to the expansion of agricultural land has aggravated the situation and may cause the foggaras disappearance. The ecological and social consequences are significant and are likely to be irreversible. To preserve this world heritage, the use of solar energy constitutes an alternative to overcome the constraints which the survival of the foggaras faces. This action must be accompanied by rigorous management of the available water via the adoption of a water-efficient irrigation system, the choice of profitable varieties with high added value and the application of appropriate technical itinerary. The results obtained during these tests, highlighted increases in the area sown, the saving of water, the flow of foggara and the income of farmers; 50%, 100%, 500%, 500% respectively. In addition, the sustainable development of the study region is ensured through an adequate reconciliation of social, economic, ecological, security and cultural objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last ten years in France, new forms of collective farming have emerged and seem to promote a life project associated with being a farmer. These forms of collective farming, which are still poorly documented, could promote more diversified systems, more complex, related to the diversity of actors involved in the farm. To understand the interactions between the collective organization and the combination of activities at farm scale, we developed a generic framework to analyze different organizational strategies and their comparison. Using a combination of data collected on 13 collective farms, we propose a generic conceptual framework based on the AGR (Agent-Group-Role) formalism. Its development into an analytical framework is applied to three contrasting case studies to illustrate the diversity of group organization forms and of the different issues they deal with, as well as the role of resource sharing in group structuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Morocco, agroforestry systems based on olive trees are widespread and diverse. This work aims at characterizing their diversity and performance. To this end, 72 farmers surveys were conducted in the Moulay Driss Zerhoun region (Morocco). For each farm, agroforestry plots were compared to corresponding monocrops and pure olive orchards. Under rainfed conditions, the insertion of legumes and cereals in olive orchards is the dominant association. There are very significant differences in yields of annual crops and olive between agroforestry systems, and monocrops and pure orchards. The Land Equivalent Ratio of yields and gross margins is always greater than 1 with cereals and legumes in agroforestry. Our results suggest that agroforestry systems are more productive, profitable and land-efficient than monocrops. Therefore, agroforestry may constitute a relevant strategy for a sustainable production. Nevertheless, additional experiments are needed to better understand the productivity of these systems and their advantages and limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Market gardening is currently a sector in which certain modern agricultural practices such as pure cropping and use of pesticides are developing, but are more and more questioned. The sustainability of such practices has not yet been evaluated in the highland regions of South- Kivu in the Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo. To fill this gap, the sustainability of 368 randomly selected and stratified vegetable farms was assessed using the “Indicator of Sustainability of Vegetable Production” tool. Three types of farms were identified: 44% are large farms, 52% are medium farms and 5% are small farms. It was found that the small farms scored 60%, 53% and 57%, respectively on the three dimensions of sustainability: agro-ecological, socio-territorial and economic. On these three dimensions, large farm scores did not exceed 50%. These results show that the larger farms, oriented toward modernization, are less sustainable. In order to sustain market gardening in South-Kivu, it appears necessary to promote ecological intensification, integrated diversification and use of local inputs for all farm types, and especially for the large ones, engaged in intensive but not sustainable practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on a study conducted in France among 15 young farmers "outside the family setting" ("hors cadre familial"), meaning they are established on farms with which they have no family connections, this article shows the emergence of new forms of masculinity in a context of agricultural transition and changes in the farming profession. The analysis of farmers' practices and discourses reveals three forms of masculinity: the first is focused on relationships with others and service activities, the second on the figure of the manager and the third is partially reflective and leaves room for doubt. These forms, which only partially challenge power relations on farms, can be considered hybrid since they have characteristics that refer both to forms of masculinity already identified in the farming context and also to new forms of masculinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Archéologique de Picardie is the property of Revue Archeologique de Picardie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Having lived for centuries as part of a harmonious development adjusting the growth of spaces and agricultural production to the rate of growth of the population, the agriculture in Ouargla knows, strong changes following the policies creating new agrarian spaces and promoting a new category of farmers. Thus, in Ouargla there are two types of agriculture, one belonging to the oases, located in the old spaces and the other, new, dominated by neofarmers and placed in new areas. In order to know what types of agricultural areas and what category of farmers the sustainability of agriculture is based on, we examined four indicators namely, production, human component, sectors and natural potentialities. Encouraging the reconstitution of economically viable farms and the encouragement of oases are strongly recommended. Winning new spaces remains feasible in determining production priorities and favoring promising neo-farmers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research background: The main goal of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) is to support farmers and improve their productivity. Agriculture is a specific sector of the economy, characterized by income support for farmers to ensure the availability of quality food. However, the question remains whether Slovak farms are financially healthy under the influence of the reformed CAP of European Union (EU)? Purpose of the article: The main goal of the article is to evaluate the financial health of Slovak farms using selected prediction techniques pointing to the impact of the CAP of EU. Methods: We have used data obtained from the financial statements of Slovak farms in the years 2009-2020. The financial health of farms will be assessed using selected generally constructed models of multivariate discriminatory analysis (Altman Z-score, IN 05, Creditworthiness Index, Taffler model), but also prediction models that have been specially constructed for the Slovak agricultural sector, such as G-index and CH-index. To detect the statistical differences between the years 2009-2013 and 2014-2020 in the value of prediction models of farms were used statistical t-tests of conformity in the surveyed sample. Findings & Value added: The results can be evaluated on two levels. The first of them is a look at the analysis of the financial health of Slovak farms in the context of the interpretation of the regulations of the Common Agricultural Policy of EU. The second output is an evaluation of the financial health of farms in the selected time period.

Natural processes and anthropogenic actions have consequences for the decline of agricultural land productivity. Farmers in affected communities implement a variety of land management technologies to improve productivity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of Microdose technology components on the economic and financial performance of farms in the Kouritenga and Zondoma localities in Burkina Faso. A survey was conducted among a sample of 360 farm households applying at least one component of the technology for a minimum of 0.5 ha. Data on socio-economic parameters, quantities and prices of inputs and outputs involved in the components of technology were collected through a semi-structured questionnaire. Economic and financial performance indicators were evaluated and compared by component, followed by simultaneous equation regression to determine factors influencing economic performance. The results showed that 'Microdose (MD) with Grass Strips (BE) with Compost (CO)' showed better performance in terms of net margin, internal rate of return and benefit-cost ratio. The adoption of microdose has a positive and significant effect on the economic performance of production while the technology 'Microdose (MD) with Stonecord (CP) + Compost (CO) has negative and significantly influenced on the economic performance of farms. These results could be used to define lines of research and intervention strategies for the farmers benefit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic benefit of transgenic crops for producers in developing countries remains a matter of concern and controversy. Only a few studies have taken into account differences between producers to understand the variable effects of transgenic crops, particularly in the case of Bt cotton incorporating Bacillus thuringiensis genes for resistance to certain cotton pests. Our assessment study deals with Burkina Faso where the large-scale release of Bt cotton occurred in 2009, and was then suspended in 2016. It addresses the cultivation practices of producers, in farms differentiated by their level of ox-drawn equipment, on the first year of Bt cotton large adoption and dissemination of recommendations for an adapted insecticide protection. We found that Bt cotton increased yields, but to a lesser extent than expected; moreover, an increase in profitability was only observed in farms with a good ox-drawn equipment (the healthiest ones), but not for the others representing 58% of all farms. This is the result of worst-off producers' strategies, consisting in reducing cash expenses in fertilizers and insecticide, which were further exacerbated by the high price of Bt cottonseeds. The case study points out that the early impacts of a new technology depend on its price and on taking into account, or not, the behaviour of the poorest producers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the agricultural census of 2010, this article explores a methodology to identify a statistical field of farms in agro-ecological transition in the French metropolitan context. The work leads to a proposition of a typology of farming systems where the mode of production (organic or not), product marketing, and turnover percentage from direct sales channels are combined. After a socio-economic characterization of the different types of farms, the analysis proposes a fine-scale mapping of geographic combinations of agriculture in transition in Metropolitan France, thereby starting a discussion on the socio-territorial factors in favor of the emergence of one type of transition over another. In the end, the geography deduced by this overall typology of agriculture in transition certainly borrows from explanatory elements of the geo-agronomic context of farms. But it also seems to indicate that the nature of the socio-territorial context in which farms operate influences the forms of agricultural transition. Rural areas that are least dynamic and most marked by the legacy of the productivist model remain in their majority the most resistant to the emergence of forms of transition discussed in this article. Geographical proximity to more affluent social spaces would be a favorable factor for the development of farms in agro-ecological transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article re-examines the evidence for land claims and clearances in the charters of the Abbeys of Wissembourg, Lorsch and Fulda in the eighth and ninth centuries. The paper firstly addresses the factors that determine the descriptions of the agrarian landscape. This enables a new interpretation of the territorial and chronological distribution of the evidence. Secondly, the evidence for land claims is analysed according to agricultural practices. From this it can be inferred that the mechanisms of land claims and clearances are highly diverse and can be found in practically all forms of land exploitation. Thirdly, the social articulations observed in this study enable reflection on the social logic of these mechanisms (for example, what does stirpare mean?). What emerges is an image of a specific agrarian system that possesses some features that differ radically from those of the local communities of the Central Middle Ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the nature of farm size distribution in Algerian agriculture, where cultivated area of the farm is used as a measure of farm size. Using two comprehensive datasets of the Algerian Ministry of Agriculture (20,810 palm date farms and 3,296 industrial tomato growers). Results of kernel density estimation provide evidence on the bimodality of the farm size distribution. The study attempts to explain this by the technological features of farming systems, suggesting that the dual nature (traditional vs. modern) of farming system in Algeria shapes the farm size distributions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water erosion is a degradation form that results in the stripping of mineral and organic elements from the soil. Due to the impact of meteoric factors (rain, wind) this global phenomenon, soil erosion, affects the productivity of agricultural land. Water erosion is a global phenomenon that affects the productivity of agricultural land. The absence of a protective cover and intense precipitation made the Litani River Basin a vulnerable region to water erosion. Besides, the absence of climate data has brought about erosion hazard mapping using a qualitative method which combines factors such as tillage erosion, infiltration into the rocks, land tenure using GIS, and intensity of the precipitation. The results show that a high hazard extends over 39.3% of the study area. Field validation and reliability are estimated at 80% based on soil stripping, the size of landslides and the depth of the receding roots. The model used appears to be applicable to other similar regions in the Mediterranean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Recherches Sociographiques is the property of Recherches Sociographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The camel is the only species to adapt to the harsh ecological Saharan and also remains a potential provider of animal protein. The study focused on the Ghardaïa region through two areas Metlili and Zelfana, both renowned for camel breeding par excellence. Of the 293 registered camel drivers, 56 were approached as well as 08 owners of specialized farms through semi-structured interviews. Following field investigations, three types of camel breeding systems are to be considered ; whether they embody a system on a course or in (temporary) stabling, the fundamental traits of each are highlighted at a time when the emergence of the specialized camel "dairy" system begins to take shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annales: Histoire, Sciences Sociales is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Implementation of the Nitrates Directive. Analysis of the assessment's methodology for the control of the soil nitrate nitrogen residue in the farm's fields of Wallonia. Within the Walloon Action Programme, transposition of the Nitrates Directive, the Administration organizes each year a control of the soil nitrate nitrogen residues in about 900 parcels located in vulnerable zone in order to verify if the practices of nitrogen spreading by the farmers are in accordance with the Walloon Action Programme. The current method is to yearly spot "suspects" by a control in three parcels in about 300 farms and to follow "suspects" by an observation programme wich leads after maximum six years to a penalty or to the end of this programme. The present statistical study means to assess the public control's methodology: what is the probability to penalize a "good" farmer, to forget a "bad" farmer? This study is based on real data and on a theoretical approach. Both conclusions indicate that the official methodology is sufficiently appropriate.

In the sub-Sahelian zone, it has become necessary to use organic manure as a means of maintaining or improving cultivated soil fertility. The expertise developed by the farms, in terms of how various organic matters can be used by rural populations, plays an essential role when it comes to promoting the use of organic manure. In this way, organic matter inflows and outflows were quantified at farms in a village in the western cotton zone of Burkina Faso over the period of one year. Results show that the average plant biomass production was estimated at 38.1 tonnes per farm, 33.8% of which were harvested products, 65.2% crop residues (mainly cereal straw) and 1% shrub shoots. This is in addition to an average manure production estimated at 8.6 tonnes, based on average livestock numbers on each farm. However, only 30% of the organic residues produced were used on the farms, 14% of which were returned to the soil as manure. This low return ratio can lead to the depletion of organic matter in the soil, which makes it necessary to identify other methods for crop residue management on the farms.

Within the framework of the Common agricultural policy (CAP) reform of June 2003, this article deals with the direct supports granted to the French farms specialised in field crops. Some simulations are applied on the individual data of the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). Farms are distributed according various technical systems. Several aspects are highlighted: the direct payments play a very important role in the farm income; the amount of the future single payment being given on the basis of the individual reference acquired in 2000-2002, great dimension units should preserve high amounts of direct supports; applying the principle of regionalization, without transitional period, but with an integral mutualisation (i.e. the single payment per hectare is, in the same area, common to all farmers), would induce a fall of the income of the farms specialized in field crops. This fall would be more important in the units located in diversified areas (beef, sheep or extensive dairy production).