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Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were discovered more than four decades ago. H. pylori-HIV co-infection has been observed globally but our knowledge on this topic has tremendous gaps. Recent work from our team at CHU Saint Pierre in Brussels has provided important data that are relevant for clinical practice. This information includes variations in prevalence, endoscopic findings, antibiotic resistance, and H. pylori eradication rates. We propose a new strategy to treat coinfected individuals (based on antimicrobial susceptibility tests, drug interaction search, support material, and a referent physician, acronym AISR). These issues will be discussed in this mini-review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) est un bacille gram négatif qui colonise exclusivement la muqueuse gastrique. La contamination se fait dans l'enfance. Une fois l'infection établie, elle persiste sans possibilité d'éradication spontanée. L'infection par H. pylori est répandue, atteignant près de la moitié de la population mondiale et 20-30 % de la population française. L'infection par H. pylori est le plus souvent asymptomatique bien qu'elle soit responsable d'une gastrite d'abord aiguë puis chronique. Son rôle pathogène a été clairement démontré concernant les ulcères gastro-duodénaux et le cancer de l'estomac. À ce titre, H. pylori est considéré comme une bactérie pathogène stricte et un carcinogène du groupe 1. Néanmoins, H. pylori peut coexister de façon prolongée avec son hôte sans être responsable d'évènement cliniquement significatif. Dans cette revue, nous proposons de revoir les indications formelles de recherche et d'éradication d' H. pylori au regard des données récentes de la littérature. Certaines indications restent indiscutables et indiscutées comme la maladie ulcéreuse gastro-duodénale, la prévention du cancer gastrique et le lymphome gastrique du MALT. D'autres nécessitent parfois une réflexion plus poussée. Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a gram-negative bacillus that colonizes the gastric mucosa. Once H. pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa, it can persist for a lifetime without any spontaneous eradication. Although more than half of the world's population is infected by H. pylori, H. pylori prevalence ranges between 20% to 30% in France. Although infection is mostly asymptomatic, the early phase of H. pylori infection elicits an acute gastritis that evolve to a long-standing chronic gastritis. Helicobacter pylori infection is formally recognized as an infectious disease and a class 1 carcinogen responsible for gastroduodenal ulcer, gastric cancer, and gastric MALT lymphoma. However, H. pylori infection could be lifelong asymptomatic and, in some cases, maintain a symbiotic relationship with its host. The aims of this review were to present and discuss recommended indications of H. pylori eradication according to recent data. Some indications remain obvious while some others could be discussed on a case-by-case basis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I argue that the Canadian government’s position against screening for hepatitis C virus (HCV) and publicly funding HCV treatment is ethically unjustifiable. Cost of medication and likelihood of widening existing health inequality are the government’s argument for not funding HCV treatment and for also not having a screening program. I object to this position and argue in favour of a screening program and public funding of HCV treatment. I argue that these barriers are ethically unjust. Conclusively, being denied screening and early treatment is to be denied the best possible outcome.

Prostitution is studied in this article on the basis of a corpus of four Malaysian novels and six Malaysian short stories from the 1920th to the 1970th, written by four authors, namely A. Samad Said, Ahmad Rashid Talu, Marwilis Hj. Yusof and Hamzah Hussin. After introducing the authors and these literary works, the article analyses the different aspects of prostitution in the corpus (the prostitutes, the pimps [men or women], the clients, its legal status), which reflect to a large extent the reality. In most of these works moralistic and didactic intentions as well as the militant aspect can be perceived, seeking to awaken the conscience of the readers of the harmful effects and the root causes of prostitution and to show them how to fight to eradicate it.

Curcumin is a polyphenol compound that is a member of the ginger family (Zingiberaceae), which has potential as an antibacterial, antifungal, and polymicrobial antibiofilm on the catheter. Still, its inhibitory activity and eradication of non-catheter polymicrobial antibiotics against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans have never been reported. The discovery of a candidate polymicrobial anti-biofilm drug is indispensable for overcoming infections associated with biofilms. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity and eradication of curcumin on polymicrobial biofilms. Inhibition testing and eradication activity of polymicrobial biofilms were performed using the microtiter broth method. The effectiveness of curcumin on polymicrobial biofilms was analyzed using minimum biofilm inhibition concentration (MBIC50) and minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC50). The mechanism of action of curcumin against polymicrobial biofilms is tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Curcumin 1 % b/v gives biofilm inhibition activity in the mid-phase and maturation of 62.23 % ± 0.01, 59.43 % ± 0.01, and can eradicate polymicrobial biofilms by 55.79 % ± 0.01 and not much different with nystatin drug control activity. The results also provide evidence that curcumin can damage the extracellular polymeric matrix (EPS) polymicrobial biofilms of S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, and C. albicans and damage the morphology of polymicrobial biofilms. Therefore, curcumin can be developed as a candidate for new antibiofilm drugs against polymicrobial biofilms S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli dan C albicabs.

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After the eruption of the prevention of smallpox by the technique of inoculation in the eighteenth century, then the vaccine of Jenner, it is Pasteur that we owe the development of the concept of prevention (even treatment Curative) of certain infectious diseases by the injection of "attenuated" infectious substances. After tests, indeed promising in animals, it is known that it is in the treatment of rabies, a very rare but incurable disease, that it has gradually succeeded in establishing its concept, not without trial and error, at the point An institute dedicated to the development of vaccines has resulted in multiple antiinfectious victories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé L’Initiative mondiale pour l’éradication de la poliomyélite met tout en œuvre pour lutter contre la transmission de cette maladie infectieuse. La vaccination a permis une nette amélioration de la situation épidémiologique et, à ce jour, seuls trois pays d’endémie subsistent. Le dernier plan pour l’éradication de la poliomyélite a été publié en 2013. Un certain nombre de contraintes rendent les actions insuffisantes. Summary The global initiative for the eradication of polio strives to fight against the transmission of this infectious disease. Immunisation has brought about significant improvements in the epidemiological situation and the disease is currently endemic in only three countries. The latest plan for the eradication of polio was published in 2013. A certain number of constraints means the actions undertaken are insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effectiveness of techniques used to control the development of five invasive amphibious plant species: Crassula helmsii, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia grandiflora, Ludwigia peploides and Myriophyllum aquaticum. A review. Among rapidly spreading invasive species in Europe, amphibious plants are particularly problematic. These plants are capable of developing a photosynthetic activity both below and above the water surface, and they typically form dense floating populations. Controlling amphibious plants, whether for the purposes of total eradication or for the regulation of their spread, represents an important challenge for managers. A literature review of existing control methods for Crassula helmsii, Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia grandiflora, Ludwigia peploides and Myriophyllum aquaticu was carried out, taking into account efficiency and costs. Of the 87 studies analyzed, a great variation was evident in the research efforts undertaken (number and spatial scale of studies) between species and between control methods. However, overall, the different control methods described showed a similar level of efficiency between species. Reports of total eradication of amphibious plants were rare. Such cases resulted from the application of mechanical or chemical methods, most often coupled with complementary methods such as manual finishing. The use of chemical control methods (less laborious and costly than others) was found to be frequently documented in the literature. However, except in the case of some active substances, such chemical methods were found to provide low control efficiency. Similarly, to date, biological control has not been found to provide convincing results. In addition, it should be noted that several biological control agents are considered as invasive species in Europe. On the other hand, although little related research has been carried out, methods such as manual or mechanical removal with manual finishing have often been found to result in satisfactory control levels. Aware of the difficulty of controlling amphibious plants, as well as the potential collateral damage caused by control methods to aquatic ecosystems, we argue that consensus still needs to be found between scientists, decision-makers and managers before decisions at regional or national scale can be made.

Analisa o Programa de Erradicação da Bouba, desenvolvido no Brasil entre 1956 e 1961. Após a Segunda Guerra Mundial, durante a qual iniciou-se o uso de antibióticos, um novo método parecia possibilitar a erradicação de treponematoses em curto prazo: a aplicação de injeções de penicilina em dose única. Sob o clima de valorização do controle das endemias rurais no país, a organização de uma campanha contra a bouba tornou-se possível. Os trabalhos, realizados pelo Departamento Nacional de Endemias Rurais, encontraram uma população desnutrida e faminta, o que colocou em dúvida as pretensões da campanha e as concepções de saúde e desenvolvimento da época.The article analyzes the Program to Eradicate Yaws, enforced in Brazil from 1956 through 1961. Following World War II, when antibiotics first came into use, it seemed there might be a method for eradicating treponematosis in a short time: a single-dose injection of penicillin. At a moment when priority was being placed on fighting rural endemic disease in Brazil, it became possible to organize a campaign against yaws. The article explores the initiatives undertaken by the National Department of Rural Endemic Diseases that revealed a malnourished, starving population, and called into question the very intentions behind the campaign and the day's concepts of health and development.

Analisa a criação, a recepção e o abandono do método Pinotti de combate à malária: sal de cozinha misturado com cloroquina. Idealizado no início da década de 1950 pelo malariologista brasileiro Mario Pinotti como ação profilática e terapêutica contra a malária, foi testado durante a primeira metade daquela década e utilizado no Brasil entre 1959 e 1961, como parte da campanha de erradicação da malária coordenada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Conquistou reconhecimento no cenário internacional da saúde, sofreu críticas e foi testado em outros países até meados dos anos 1960. Argumentamos que, no Brasil, o abandono foi devido, sobretudo, ao ocaso político de seu criador, a partir de 1960.The article analyzes the creation, acceptance, and abandonment of a means of fighting malaria known as the Pinotti method: kitchen salt mixed with chloroquine. The early 1950s brainchild of Brazilian malariologist Mario Pinotti, this method was intended to both prevent and treat malaria. Chloroquine-medicated salt was tested during the first half of that decade and used in Brazil from 1959 through 1961 as part of a malaria eradication campaign coordinated by the World Health Organization. The method won recognition on the world health stage, drew criticism, and underwent testing in other countries until the mid-1960s. We argue that Brazil's abandonment of the method was primarily due to the political decline of its creator, which began in 1960.

Inequalities in development occur in almost developing countries worldwide including Indonesia. This condition is caused by powerlessness of government in fulfilling public interests because of the limitation of national budged as a result of corruption. Currently, corruption spreads to all government institutions including Directorate General of Taxes (DGT) as tax authority in Indonesia. Corruption in the area of DGT becomes an importance issue because it has a broad impact and destructive to economic development and it reduces the public trust toward this institusion. In Indonesia, tax corruption is built by some patterns that have similarities between the study result and testimony from tax corruption actors, in which there is the existence of tax mafia in protecting any corruption cases related to taxes. To eradicade this practice, this study suggests the impoverishment and social sanction as a strategy to provide deterrent effect, to minimize the corruption activities in tax sectors specifically and public sectors in general, to reduce the leakage of budget, and to increase the government income. By these efforts, it is expected the equalities in development to be achieved. To apply them, it is needed the seriousness and strong commitment from government.

The paper presents and discusses the travel notes diary of Canadian scientist Robert J. Wilson when he visited Brazil in April 1967 during the Smallpox Eradication Programme run by the World Health Organisation. Wilson's report makes it possible to reflect on the smallpox eradication campaign in Brazil; on the Canada-Brazil cooperation to improve the quality of the smallpox vaccine; on his assessment by of scientists and Brazilian laboratories; on the effects of intersections between scientific activity and social and cultural activities; on the role played by specialist communities of experts role in international scientific cooperation projects; and on a Canadian traveller's concepts and prejudices about Brazil at the end of the 1960s.Apresenta e comenta o diário de viagem ao Brasil do cientista canadense Robert J. Wilson em abril de 1967, no âmbito do Programa de Erradicação da Varíola dirigido pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. O relato de Wilson possibilita reflexões sobre a campanha de erradicação da varíola no Brasil; a cooperação Canadá-Brasil para a melhoria da qualidade da vacina antivariólica; a avaliação de Wilson acerca de cientistas e laboratórios brasileiros; os efeitos das interseções entre atividade científica e atividades sociais e culturais; o papel das comunidades de especialistas em empreendimentos de cooperação científica internacional; e os conceitos e preconceitos de um viajante canadense com relação ao Brasil do final da década de 1960.

Introduction: In 1980, partners initiated a mobile simplified EPI (Expanded programme on immunization) strategy for immunizing, with mobile teams, rural and urban populations in Western Africa. This strategy delivered EPI vaccines in two sessions: 1) 3-8 month-old children: BCG-Diphteria Tetanus Pertussis + reinforced killed Polio vaccine; 2) 9-15 month-old children: Diphteria Tetanus Pertussis + reinforced killed Polio vaccine, Measles-Yellow Fever. This strategy was compared to WHO-UNICEF extended EPI strategy, but results were never published in the context of a planned rapid polio eradication with oral polio vaccine., Methods: For comparison with standard WHO-UNICEF extended EPI strategy, using oral polio vaccine in four sessions, all the costs generated by these two strategies in 1988 have been collected in two adjacent zones in Burkina Faso, Western Africa: 203,642 inhabitants for WHO-UNICEF extended EPI strategy (Yako); 109,483 inhabitants for mobile simplified EPI strategy (Gourci). An EPI coverage survey at the end of this year has been done in these two adjacent zones with efficiency (costs per fully immunized child) computed., Results: In Africa, the simplified mobile EPI strategy using reinforced killed polio vaccine was found two times more efficient (12.71 US$ per fully immunized child) than WHO-UNICEF extended EPI strategy using oral polio vaccine (29.67 US$ per fully immunized child), even if DTP-reinforced killed polio vaccine (0.52 US$ per dose) was more expensive than DTP and oral polio vaccine (0.14 US$ for the combined dose). The missed opportunities uncaught up would have doubled coverage in the WHO-UNICEF extended EPI strategy, versus only a 10% increase with the mobile simplified EPI strategy. The main reason for uncaught up missed opportunities in WHO extended EPI strategy was the absence of requested vaccine delivered by a health agent when attending population at meeting point, due to insufficient cold box volume carried on his moped for transport of vaccine., Discussion: After 30 years, since 1990, of poliomyelitis eradication in Africa using oral polio vaccine and with non-added costs in this study of polio mass campaigns, these results should be published to review EPI strategy., (Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI.)

Planetary Eradication of Rinderpest: the Last Straight Line. Vingt-quatre moutons sahéliens âgés de deux ans et pesant en moyenne 30 kg ± 1,7 ont été répartis en deux groupes recevant l'un, une ration de production (B) et l'autre, une ration d'entretien (A). Dans chaque groupe existent un lot témoin et un lot infecté avec Trypanosoma congolense à raison de 104 trypanosomes par kilogramme de poids métabolique (kgP0,75 ). Les lots infectés ont développé une forte parasitémie avec un pic important après deux semaines d'infection. A partir du 17ème jour post infection les animaux infectés du lot A ont montré des températures rectales plus élevées, une chute de l'hématocrite plus importante que chez les animaux infectés du lot B. Cependant, la parasitémie s'est révélée plus importante chez les animaux recevant la ration de production B. En comparant les lots infectés avec leur témoins on a noté une différence hautement significative pour les GMQ. La réduction de l'ingestion volontaire de la matière sèche est plus marquée chez les animaux du lot B. Elle passe de 68,42 g MS/kgp0,75 à la première semaine post infection à 57,67 g MS/kp0,75 à la sixième poste infection pour les animaux du lot B et de 57,94 g MS/kgp0,75 à 53,09 g MS/kgp0,75 chez les animaux du lot A.

After the smallpox eradication in 1980, the analysis of this first worldwide success allowed to establish the conditions of a possible eradication. Several diseases preventable through immunisation have a plan of eradication from WHO, namely poliomyelitis in 1988, measles in 2001 and congenital rubella syndrome in 2012. In spite of an important international support, technical, operational and political obstacles refrain and delay the objectives of eradication. Only four of the six regions of the world of WHO have successfully eliminated poliomyelitis, and only one has eliminated measles and congenital rubella syndrome. The objectives of eradication are postponed until 2020 and remain a real challenge for public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie Exotique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

INTRODUCTION: La Commission Régionale de Certification de l'Eradication de la poliomyélite pour l'Afrique(CRCA) en session à Brazzaville du 8 au 10 octobre 2007 avait déclaré la Mauritanie '' libérée de la poliomyélite ''. Objectif: Décrire l'épidémiologie des PFA (Paralysies flasques aigues) et évaluer les indicateurs de performance du système de surveillance pour la période de 2008 à 2012 ayant suivi cette déclaration. METHODES: Les données du service de surveillance épidémiologique ont été nettoyées et analysées à l'aide du logiciel Epi-infoversion 3.4.3 (CDC Atlanta). RESULTATS: 319 cas de PFA ont été notifié soit une incidence moyenne de 4.61/100000 enfants de moins de 15 ans par an. La distribution des cas cumulés par mois montre une importante notification des cas PFA pendant la période de Février à Juillet et à la suite de l'épidémie de 2009 alors que l'incidence des cas confirmés a été plus importante entre Novembre et Février. L'âge moyen était de 4ans (E.T. ,4ans) et 77.4% avaient un âge = 5ans. 18 cas de PFA ont été confirmés poliovirus sauvage(PVS) dont 6 en 2009 et 12 en 2010 et tous d'importation. L'âge moyen était de 3.4 ans (E.T ,2.6 ans). 44,4% étaient des filles et 55.5% garçons. Cette proportion était proche de celle des PFA non polio (45.1% versus 54.9%). 61% avaient reçu au plus une dose de vaccin polio orale (VPO) pour les cas de PFA polio contre 7.4% pour les PFA non polio. Aucune discrimination de genre na été observé sur la population des PFA ayant reçu une dose au plus (ratio-sexe= 16/17=0.94). La fièvre était présente pour 90%des cas de PFA non polio contre 85% pour les cas PVS. Cette fièvre à progresser en 3 jours pour tous les cas de PVS et pour 82,7% des cas de PFA non polio. Le taux d'hospitalisation était de 13.6% pour les cas de PFA non polio contre 89% pour les PFA polio. Dans tous les deux groupes, les membres de prédilection étaient d'abord l'un des 2 membres inférieurs de façon alternative (46.8%), ensuite les deux membres inférieurs à la fois (22.2%). En troisième lieu, un membre supérieur et un membre inférieur de façon asymétrique (5.3%) et en quatrième lieu, tous les 4 membres (4.6%). Le diagnostic final des cas de PFA non polio n'était pas rapporté pendant toute la période de l'étude, cependant, 2 cas ont été classés compatible et un cas de paralysie associée à la vaccination contre la polio a été rapporté en 2012 chez un enfant féminin de 3 ans ayant reçu sa première dose de VPO. En ce qui concerne les performances des indicateurs de la surveillance, 4 indicateurs n'ont pas atteint les performances escomptées: Le pourcentage des échantillons arrivés au laboratoire national moins de 3 jours après les prélèvements est resté en deçà des objectifs, variant entre 40% et 70%. Il en est de même des Districts de santé ayant notifies au moins un cas (50 à 68%). Le pourcentage des prélèvements dans lesquels un entérovirus non polio a été isolé a connu une évolution en dents de scie avec des valeurs de 0.0% en 2008 et en 2010 et 1.9% en 2011. L'examen de suivi du60emejour n'a concerné que les cas dont l'échantillon était jugé inadéquat au laboratoire. CONCLUSION: Les PFA qui ont été notifiés en Mauritanie de 2008 à 2012 présentent tableau clinique qui est classique, et sont notifiés avec un pic régulier en début des périodes de soudure (Mars-Juillet) suggérant l'hypothèse d'un lien écologique avec les changements de climat et de régime alimentaire. Les performances des indicateursde la surveillance des PFA sont à améliorer, notamment: 1) La compréhension des critères de jugement de la qualité des échantillons. 2) L'examen de laboratoire et l'interprétation des résultats. 3) La détermination du diagnostic final pour chaque cas de PFA non polio. 4) L'enregistrement des informations dans la base des données.

The observation of miasmas and fevers was attested in the region of Biguglia, South of Bastia, in 1499, confirmed during the 17 th century. Drainage works on the eastern coast were started in 1770, abandoned during the revolutionary period, restarted under the Second Empire, with few results on the endemic. Thus in 1875, 80% of the inhabitants of the eastern plain were considered on their appearance to suffer malaria. The rural population was miserable, the mortality high. However, it was not possible to distinguish the responsibility of malaria among the other fevers.In 1899 and following years, A. Laveran was in Corsica. He confirmed the presence of Anopheles in the localities where malaria was present. He encouraged the creation in Bastia in 1902 of the Corsican League against Malaria and he chaired it. The actions of this League were based on the fight against the larvae by chemical destruction, on the use of mosquito nets and on massive and free preventive "quininisation". A sanitation and development law for Corsica was passed in 1911. Initial results were observed, confirmed by Léger and Arlo (1913) [6]. After WW1, the activities started again, in particular by Sergent and Sergent. An antimalarial application station, subsidized by the Rockefeller Foundation, was created in Bastia in 1925, supported by the laboratory of parasitology of the Faculty of Medicine of Paris. Plasmodium falciparum was predominant, transmitted essentially by Anopheles labranchiae of the maculipennis complex, up to an altitude of 500 m. The role of population displacements, linked to pastoral practices, the absence of stables and therefore of zoonotic deviation of anopheles were underlined.The liberation of Corsica in October 1943 allowed the installation by the American army of numerous airfields on the eastern plain. An intense local mosquito control by DDT was then carried out, impressing the population. However, malaria prospered on the island with an acme of indices in 1947. From 1948, campaigns of spraying insecticide against adults, chemical control of larvae or use of larvivorous fish, treatment of patients in dispensaries led to very good results. Since 1953, malaria transmission is interrupted in Corsica excepted 30 indigenous cases in 1970-71. Currently, the situation in Corsica of an anophelism without malaria is considered to be under control with a low risk of resumption of a localized transmission., (Copyright © 2023 SFMTSI.)

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: La Commission Régionale de Certification de l'Eradication de la poliomyélite pour l'Afrique(CRCA) en session à Brazzaville du 8 au 10 octobre 2007 avait déclaré la Mauritanie « libérée de la poliomyélite ». Objectif: Décrire l'épidémiologie des PFA (Paralysies flasques aigues) et évaluer les indicateurs de performance du système de surveillance pour la période de 2008 à 2012 ayant suivi cette déclaration. Méthodes: Les données du service de surveillance épidémiologique ont été nettoyées et analysées à l'aide du logiciel Epi-infoversion 3.4.3 (CDC Atlanta). Résultats: 319 cas de PFA ont été notifié soit une incidence moyenne de 4.61/100000 enfants de moins de 15 ans par an. La distribution des cas cumulés par mois montre une importante notification des cas PFA pendant la période de Février à Juillet et à la suite de l'épidémie de 2009 alors que l'incidence des cas confirmés a été plus importante entre Novembre et Février. L'âge moyen était de 4ans (E.T. ±4ans) et 77.4% avaient un âge ≤ 5ans. 18 cas de PFA ont été confirmés poliovirus sauvage(PVS) dont 6 en 2009 et 12 en 2010 et tous d'importation. L'âge moyen était de 3.4 ans (E.T ±2.6 ans). 44,4% étaient des filles et 55.5% garçons. Cette proportion était proche de celle des PFA non polio (45.1% versus 54.9%). 61% avaient reçu au plus une dose de vaccin polio orale (VPO) pour les cas de PFA polio contre 7.4% pour les PFA non polio. Aucune discrimination de genre n'a été observé sur la population des PFA ayant reçu une dose au plus (ratio-sexe= 16/17=0.94). La fièvre était présente pour 90%des cas de PFA non polio contre 85% pour les cas PVS. Cette fièvre à progresser en 3 jours pour tous les cas de PVS et pour 82,7% des cas de PFA non polio. Le taux d'hospitalisation était de 13.6% pour les cas de PFA non polio contre 89% pour les PFA polio. Dans tous les deux groupes, les membres de prédilection étaient d'abord l'un des 2 membres inférieurs de façon alternative (46.8%), ensuite les deux membres inférieurs à la fois (22.2%). En troisième lieu, un membre supérieur et un membre inférieur de façon asymétrique (5.3%) et en quatrième lieu, tous les 4 membres (4.6%). Le diagnostic final des cas de PFA non polio n'était pas rapporté pendant toute la période de l'étude, cependant, 2 cas ont été classés compatible et un cas de paralysie associée à la vaccination contre la polio a été rapporté en 2012 chez un enfant féminin de 3 ans ayant reçu sa première dose de VPO. En ce qui concerne les performances des indicateurs de la surveillance, 4 indicateurs n'ont pas atteint les performances escomptées: Le pourcentage des échantillons arrivés au laboratoire national moins de 3 jours après les prélèvements est resté en deçà des objectifs, variant entre 40% et 70%. Il en est de même des Districts de santé ayant notifies au moins un cas (50 à 68%). Le pourcentage des prélèvements dans lesquels un entérovirus non polio a été isolé a connu une évolution en dents de scie avec des valeurs de 0.0% en 2008 et en 2010 et 1.9% en 2011. L'examen de suivi du 60eme jour n'a concerné que les cas dont l'échantillon était jugé inadéquat au laboratoire. Conclusion: Les PFA qui ont été notifiés en Mauritanie de 2008 à 2012 présentent tableau clinique qui est classique, et sont notifiés avec un pic régulier en début des périodes de soudure (Mars-Juillet) suggérant l'hypothèse d'un lien écologique avec les changements de climat et de régime alimentaire. Les performances des indicateurs de la surveillance des PFA sont à améliorer, notamment: 1) La compréhension des critères de jugement de la qualité des échantillons. 2) L'examen de laboratoire et l'interprétation des résultats. 3) La détermination du diagnostic final pour chaque cas de PFA non polio. 4) L'enregistrement des informations dans la base des données. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Une nouvelle formulation galénique réunissant, dans une même gélule, bismuth, métronidazole et tétracycline a obtenu une autorisation de mise sur le marché en France en 2012. Elle répond à un besoin médical, celui de disposer d’un nouveau traitement pour l’éradication de Helicobacter pylori, en réponse à l’évolution des résistances aux antibiotiques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Les recommandations thérapeutiques sont en pleine évolution du fait de la nécessaire adaptation à l’émergence de résistances de plus en plus fréquentes aux antibiotiques de base des trithérapies classiques. En effet, l’augmentation des échecs d’éradication de Helicobacter pylori, suite à la résistance croissante à la clarithromycine, a généré de nouveaux protocoles d’antibiothérapie. La trithérapie a été supplantée par le traitement séquentiel et, dernièrement, par une quadrithérapie bismuthée. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the medical and sanitary discourse of the Nazis on the eradication of the bacterial typhus disease during Germany's occupation of Poland in World War 2, from 1939 to 1944. It discusses their use of flamethrowers to destroy homes and shelters on the Eastern Front, their killing of Polish elites and the Soviet Jewish people starting in 1941, their creation of Jewish ghettos starting in 1939, and their mass killing of Polish and Western European Jews starting in the fall of 1942. The educational film on how to fight against the spread of the disease entitled "Kampf dem Fleckfieber!" and the Jewish people considered the vector of typhus by the Nazis are also talked about.

BACKGROUND: Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae and manifests as damage to the skin and peripheral nerves. The disease is dreaded because it causes deformities, blindness and disfigurement. Worldwide, 2 million people are estimated to be disabled by leprosy. Multidrug therapy is highly effective in curing leprosy, but treating the nerve damage is much more difficult. The World Health Assembly targeted to eliminate leprosy as a public health problem from the world by 2000. The objective of the review was to assess the successes of the leprosy elimination strategy, elimination hurdles and the way forward for leprosy eradication. METHODS: A structured search was used to identify publications on the elimination strategy. The keywords used were leprosy, elimination and 2000. To identify potential publications, we included papers on leprosy elimination monitoring, special action projects for the elimination of leprosy, modified leprosy elimination campaigns, and the Global Alliance to eliminate leprosy from the following principal data bases: Cochrane data base of systematic reviews, PubMed, Medline, EMBASE, and the Leprosy data base. We also scanned reference lists for important citations. Key leprosy journals including WHO publications were also reviewed. RESULTS: The search identified 63 journal publications on leprosy-related terms that included a form of elimination of which 19 comprehensively tackled the keywords including a book on leprosy elimination. In 1991, the 44th World Health Assembly called for the elimination of leprosy as a public health problem in the world by 2000. Elimination was defined as less than one case of leprosy per 10000 population. Elimination has been made possible by a confluence of several orders of opportunities: the scientific (the natural history of leprosy at the present state of knowledge), technological (multi-drug therapy and the blister pack); political (commitment of governments) and financial (support from NGOs for example the Nippon Foundation that supplies free multi-drug therapy) opportunities. Elimination created the unrealistic expectation that the leprosy problem could be solved by 2000. First, the elimination goal was not feasible in several areas which had high incidence of leprosy. Even if elimination was to be attained, significant numbers of new cases of leprosy would continue to occur and many people with physical imperfections, severe psychological, economic and social problems caused by leprosy would need continuous assistance. Extra-human reservoirs of Mycobacterium leprae, the relationship between leprosy and poverty, prevention of disabilities, lack of a reliable laboratory test to detect subclinical infection and a vaccine are also challenging issues. CONCLUSION: The evidence base available to inform on leprosy elimination is highly positive with the availability of multi-drug therapy blister packs. There are concerns that leprosy was not the right disease to be targeted for elimination as there are no reliable diagnostic tests to detect subclinical infection including the lack of a vaccine, extra-human reservoirs (monkeys and armadillos), increase in the burden of child cases, no good epidemiological indicator as prevalence instead of incidence is used to measure elimination. Multi-drug therapy treats leprosy very well but there is no proof that it concurrently interrupts transmission. The high social stigma, prevention of disabilities, and the relationship between leprosy and poverty are still major concerns.

Résumé: L’infection à Helicobacter pylori est reconnue comme la principale cause de cancer attribuable à une infection dans le monde. Elle est responsable de l’essentiel des adénocarcinomes gastriques de type intestinal comme diffus, qui sont la conséquence à long terme de l’infection chronique de la muqueuse gastrique. Des études cas témoins ont montré l’association, reconnue déjà en 1994, confortée par des études d’intervention par éradication de H. pylori qui ont montré la possibilité de prévenir au moins partiellement le cancer gastrique. Des études expérimentales ont permis d’observer le rôle des cellules souches mésenchymateuses originaires de la moelle osseuse à l’origine du processus néoplasique dans environ un quart des cas et éventuellement celui d’une transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse dans les autres cas. L’évolution vers le cancer gastrique peut être liée à des facteurs génétiques (polymorphisme des gènes de certaines cytokines), des facteurs environnementaux (consommation de sel, régime carné…) mais les facteurs bactériens sont prédominants. Certaines souches de H. pylori possèdent un îlot de pathogénicité appelé cag et produisent une oncoprotéine appelé CagA qui modifie les voies de signalisation cellulaire et est un élément essentiel dans la transformation cellulaire. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal Africain D'Hépato-Gastroentérologie is the property of Lavoisier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Tiers Monde is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sexologies is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Launched in 1988, the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) aims to eradicate polioviruses, which are the etiologic agents of poliomyelitis. Coordinated by the World Health Organization, this program relies on two pillars: mass vaccination campaigns that target children and active surveillance of the virus circulation. The GPEI has led to the eradication of two out of three serotypes of wild polioviruses and to the containment of the last serotype in two countries.Two polio vaccines exist: the injectable vaccine and the oral one. Both induce an efficient protection against poliomyelitis, but only the oral vaccine is able to stop poliovirus transmission chains. Therefore, the oral vaccine is essential to contain polioviruses and, finally, to eradicate them. In some contexts where the vaccine coverage is not sufficient, the attenuated strains contained in the oral vaccine can circulate for months and recover a pathogenic phenotype through genetic drift. In order to prevent this phenomenon, a new vaccine strain has been developed through genetic engineering: it has been designed to be as immunogenic as the historical vaccine strain, but more genetically stable to prevent the loss of its attenuation determinants. After being evaluated in vitro and through clinical trials, the novel strain has been rolled out in several African countries and in Tajikistan in 2021., (Copyright © 2021 SFMTSI.)

L'auteur fait un bref historique de l'introduction et de l'extension de la tique africaine Amblyomma variegatum aux Antilles. Son rôle vecteur dans la cowdriose et son association avec la dermatophilose grave rendent cette tique particulièrement dangereuse pour l'élevage. Elle est déjà répandue aux Petites Antilles de Porto Rico jusqu'à La Barbade et S. Vincent. La chronologie de son expansion soudaine et inexpliquée à partir des années soixante cadre bien avec la multiplication du héron garde-boeufs (Bubulcus ibis) dans cette région, alors que la tique ne s'était guère répandue pendant plus de 130 ans, avant l'arrivée dans l'hémisphère occidenta l de cet oiseau africain, qui est souvent infesté de larves de la tique et effectue des mouvements inter-îles importants. L'invasion à court terme du continent américain, avec ses conséquences néfastes pour l'élevage, paraît inévitable, à moins d'éliminer très vite la tique de toutes les îles infestées. L'éradication, tout en posant des problèmes d'ordre pratique, humain et social, est techniquement faisable et présente un rapport coût/bénéfice très positif

Aims of the study: To determine the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection in Vietnam in case of perforated gastro-duodenal ulcer and to evaluate efficiency of medical treatment to obtain eradication of HP and ulcer healing.Patients and methods: One hundred and eleven patients with perforated gastro-duodenal ulcer underwent surgical suture. HP infection was diagnosed by urease test and pathologic examination of peroperative antral biopsies, and by postoperative detection of HP-specific immunoglobulins G. HP infection was defined by positivity of at least one test. Medical treatment included omeprazole, clarithromycin, and amoxicillin for 7 days followed by omeprazole for 3 weeks for duodenal ulcer and 5 weeks for gastric ulcer. Follow-up endoscopy with biopsies was performed 4 to 6 weeks after treatment cessation.Results: Among 111 patients, 107 (96%) were infected by HP. The 4 patients non-infected by HP were treated by omeprazole alone and excluded from the study. Ulcer healed in 99 patients (93%). HP eradication was obtained in 102 patients (95%). The 8 patients with a non-healed ulcer and the 5 patients in whom HP eradication was not obtained at the first endoscopic control received additional medical treatment. Ultimately HP eradication and ulcer healing were obtained in all cases.Conclusion: In a country in which prevalence of HP infection is high, acid-reduction surgery is unnecessary in case of perforated gastro-duodenal ulcer treated by simple surgical closure. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]