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This research is inspired by Joseph Schumpeter’s understanding of economic evolution. In his view, innovations promote economic development, whereas imitations promote the diffusion of innovations, leading the economy through a process that he defines as “creative destruction”. A host of economists tend to agree on the importance and consequences of innovations and imitations within economic processes; however, opinions regarding creative destruction tend to differ. One view purports that creative destruction serves as a main variable, pushing the capitalist economic system toward equilibrium through imitation processes. A contrary view suggests that an equilibrium state actually promotes economic growth. Within this context, our research aims to model some mechanisms that may appear within economic evolution. Hurwicz’s concept of economic mechanisms is introduced in a modified Arrow-Debreu model, as a way of examining Schumpeter’s ideas on the role of creative destruction in economic processes that does not decrease the positions of agents. In relation to this, the present work suggests that it is indeed possible to design a mechanism that would transform the economic system under consideration toward a state of equilibrium, without making the positions of any agents worse off.

Using a conceptual framework based a) on a model where energy is the regulating agent and b) on the introduction of conjugated intensive and extensive quantities, together with the introduction from the beginning of the concepts of entropy and chemical potential allows to coherently model a variety of situations relating to didactically interesting examples referring to different disciplines.

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The present work deals with the investigation of the use of the elaborated aluminophosphate (AlPO$_{4}$-5) and silico-aluminophosphate (SAPO-5) materials, in uranium sorption from aqueous solution and real effluents obtained from Nuclear Research Center of Draria, Algiers, Algeria. The surface charge and acidic–basic character of AlPO$_{4}$-5 and SAPO-5 is investigated by the determination of point of zero charge. Batch adsorption experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the influence of initial uranium concentration, final solution pH, contact time, solid-to-liquid ratio and temperature. A maximum adsorption capacity of 61.96 and 74.10 mg/g was obtained for AlPO$_{4}$-5 and SAPO-5 respectively, at pH 7 with an adsorbent ratio of 0.1/150 g/ml and an equilibrium time of 120 min. Kinetic models (pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and Weber–Morris) are applied to find the mechanism for the removal of uranium ions, experimental data are analyzed by equilibrium models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin–Radushkevich and Temkin). Modeling sorption results show that uranium sorption is a chemical and endothermic process. The results showed that AlPO$_{4}$-5 and SAPO-5 are effective materials for the removal of uranium (VI) ions.

This paper aims to evaluate the simultaneous adsorption of basic red 2 (BR2) and basic violet 3 (BV3) in a binary system in a batch mode using date stones as low cost adsorbents. For both dyes, experimental kinetic data were well fitted by the Brouers–Sotolongo model $(R^{2}= 0.99)$ and intraparticle diffusion was the controlling step in mass transfer mechanisms. The intraparticle diffusion extent was found to be lower for BR2 ($1.13 \times 10^{-11}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$) than for BV3 ($1.11 \times 10^{-11}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$) when compared to individual solutions ($1.24 \times 10^{-10}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$ and $1.76 \times 10^{-11}~\mathrm{cm}^{2}/\mathrm{s}$ for BR2 and BV3, respectively). The equilibrium study revealed lower adsorption capacities (41.95 and 88.91 mg/g for BR2 and BV3, respectively) compared to the individual sorption results (92.00 and 136.00 mg/g for BR2 and BV3, respectively) for both dyes. To assess the extent of competition and the preference of dyes for functional sites, competition and separation factors were calculated suggesting an antagonistic effect as well as a greater affinity for BV3 than for BR2 to the adsorption sites. The equilibrium adsorption results were best fitted by modified Langmuir and $P$-factor Langmuir isotherms for BR2 and BV3, respectively. Besides, based on enthalpy values (16.30 and 30.26 kJ/mol for BR2 and BV3, respectively), the simultaneous adsorption of both dyes was endothermic while the entropy revealed a higher affinity of the investigated adsorbent to BV3. The sorption process in separate systems (BR2 and BV3) was thermodynamically feasible for both dyes with negative free enthalpy values. The comparison to single systems showed an increase of affinity for BV3 contrarily to BR2 and, a decrease of spontaneity with higher extent for BR2.

- Abstract : Human has learned how to achieve the equilibrium of nature and the ability of Allah and wisdom in the creation and integration. Human uses the skill of equilibrium in every waking hour, as the equilibrium helps a person to stand and walk here and there. And also his attempt to reach the equilibrium between his social and academic life, and the equilibrium in design is similar to these types of equilibrium.Equilibrium demand is important and necessary for the integration of any design in general and the interior design is particularly, it aims to beauty and looking for a system to be taking the concept of equilibrium way to achieve this. Equilibrium is one of the main characteristics that play an important role in the aesthetics of composition or design, where it achieves a sense of psychological comfort when viewed.The designer, no matter what his doctrine of intellectual diversity has deep sense and desire not involuntarily orientation to produce an equilibrium interior design, given the importance of the concept of equilibrium, the research trying to clarify and show the mysterious about this concept with designer, The initial principles of design in general and interior design in particular depend on the proper application of several concepts, The fact that these concepts are important approaches to the concept of equilibrium, So we have to clarify the relationship between balance and some of these concepts, For example, but not limited, and describe and analyze some of these concepts in the interior design to reach the equilibrium state of the research.

The analysis of unemployment implies that the relationships between the various sectors must be taken into account. This idea is at the origin of the approach of several French-speaking economists who, during the 1970s, sought to build general equilibrium models capable of forming the logical foundations of macroeconomic models that would explain economic disequilibrium and, in particular, underemployment. To achieve this goal, they believed that the Arrow and Debreu model needed to be profoundly transformed. The traditional assumptions on which this model was based had to be abandoned in order to create the problems of coordinating the activities of economic agents. It was necessary to return, in particular, to the organization of trade, pricing methods and the role of money. On this basis, they proposed macroeconomic models that distinguish between different types of unemployment that require different economic policy measures.

"Traditional Alpine architecture is based on an important set of construction techniques and forms that are waiting to be re-evaluated, so that they can become material for contemporary projects. For this to be possible, new interpretative instruments should be found to overcome the stereotypes that have often reduced tradition to a caricature, counterposing it to innovation. At this particular time, building in the mountains does not exclusively mean responding to certain needs which stem from the expansion of massive tourism phenomena. The projects of Nexus! Associates aim at looking for answers, especially about new ways of living in the valleys and marginal areas. Hence, it is now possible to imagine a new balance between tradition and innovation, past reasons and present conditions, uses and memories, with the understanding that every act of design is always a contemporary construction."

Soprano, conductor, muse, artistic director, mentor--Canadian Barbara Hannigan's career is exceptional in every way for its eclecticism, for the undeniable excellence of her achievements, and for her seemingly inexhaustible energy. Catapulted to superstar status for her stunning performance in the role of Lulu in Brussels in 2012, named "Star Artist" at the Lucerne Festival in 2014, and winner of the Glasshütte Original MusicFestivalAward in 2020, where she was described as a 'creative volcano,' Hannigan has premiered more than 85 works, many of them written for her. In 2017, she launched Equilibrium (eq), a unique mentoring program for a small group of young emerging artists she has selected to work with. While attending the eq workshops, the author observed that in addition to encouraging these musicians to approach their budding careers with confidence, discipline and joy, and to surround themselves with stimulating artistic partners, Hannigan offers her partnership in their projects and continues to nurture them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Willard Gibbs formulated in 1873 a mathematical function, the Gibbs energy, whose variation governs the perfect gas evolution. In 1895, Ludwig Boltzmann presented a microscopic description of the perfect gas in concordance with the phenomenological approach of Gibbs. The chemical thermodynamics has been historically developed using the model of the perfect gas fromthe existence of the chemical potential postulated in 1876 by Gibbs. The chemical potential, a quantity ascribed to every chemical species, represents the driving force of a chemical reaction. Chemists and physicists use since the beginning of the 20th century Gibbs and Boltzmann model to express the evolution laws of chemical reactions and phase transitions. This model, which presents a weakness to describe certain systems so-called as not ideal systems, was gradually declined in numerous successive empirical models of complexities and increasing predictive performances but restricted to particular systems. A unified model of microscopic evolutions based on kinetics is presented in this manuscript which is a clearly-cut breakthrough with thermodynamic chemistry: the existence of the chemical potential is not recognized and the calorimetric entropy from the second law of thermodynamics, which is consistent for heat transfer prediction, is not consistent to predict microscopic evolutions. Kinetic entropy rising from this approach replaces calorimetric entropy in the function that governs chemical reactions and phases equilibria evolutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In power plants intended for the disposal of solid household waste, the processes take place at a high temperature. For such installations, nonequilibrium processes are characteristic of a change in the composition of combustion products caused by the final rates of the ongoing chemical reactions. This affects the basic characteristics of the combustion process of municipal solid waste. A mathematical model has been created for calculating the chemically nonequilibrium composition of the fuel. Solid household and industrial waste is a high-energy fuel. It is a high energy fuel. The process of thermal neutralization of solid household waste is considered. An alternative calculation method is presented that allows one to find the composition of combustion products under conditions of nonequilibrium in the process of thermal utilization of solid domestic waste. The data on the composition and properties of solid household waste obtained by the developed method of calculation allow predicting the yield of super Eco toxicants in combustion products. On the basis of the equations of formal chemical kinetics, an alternative was created, which consists in determining the composition of combustion products taking into account the kinetics of chemical reactions. The assumption is introduced that transformations in the gas phase are elementary, one-stage. Various chemical interactions can be represented by a set of elementary stages. The most probable are mono-, biand three molecular chemical reactions. The method allows predicting the yield of Eco toxicants by finding the composition of the fuel combustion products prior to its utilization.

The case for increasing returns is accepted by most heterodox economists. Yet allegiance to decreasing returns in orthodox circles still endures directly and in the form of substitution assumptions. In forty short years from 1928 to 1968, beliefs shifted from Pigou calling rising cost ‘inadmissible’ to Alchian deeming decreasing returns ‘a universally valid law’ until Kaldor revived the case for increasing returns in the 1970s. How did these shifts of view occur? After dapham opened the door and Pigou defined the orthodox stand, the 1930s debates swept through imperfect competition and many other issues into Keynesian disequilibrium theory. In 1939, ‘The Hicksian Getaway’ opened an Age of Denial leading to equilibrium theories based on substitution; then during the 1960s a second challenge to rising cost based on learning and technical change was defeated by ‘The Hirshleifer Bescue’ of decreasing returns and thus substitution in neoclassical theory. Why economists' substitution assumptions still hold sway is the focus of this study. First, the paper reviews ‘The Hicksian Getaway’ in its context and with respect to equilibrium models. Second, the paper analyzes and disproves ‘The Hirshleifer Bescue’ as an invalid argument based on a non-sequitur and thus simply asserted. Third, the case for increasing returns is developed into a theory of planning horizons supporting a generalized complementarity in economics. Some methodological implications are explored at the end.

The Chemistry Cube Game invites students at secondary school level 1 and 2 to explore basic concepts of chemistry in a playful way, either as individuals or in teams. It consists of 15 different cubes, 9 cubes for different acids, their corresponding bases and precursors, and 6 cubes for different reducing and oxidising agents. The cubes can be rotated in those directions indicated. Each 'allowed' vertical or horizontal rotation of 90° stands for a chemical reaction or a physical transition. Two different games and playing modes are presented here: First, redox chemistry is introduced for the formation of salts from elementary metals and non-metals. Second, the speciation of acids and bases at different pH-values is shown. The cubes can be also used for games about environmental chemistry such as the carbon and sulphur cycle, covering the topic of acid rain, or the nitrogen cycle including ammoniac synthesis, nitrification and de-nitrification.

Discussing some examples involving the equilibrium condition in phase transitions and chemical reac- tions, we show how it is possible to introduce the concept of chemical potential (?) even at the beginning of high school. This provides the students with a simple way of conceptualizing and managing quantitatively phenomena which, on the surface, are quite different; and it allows them to do this in a way which is both unifying and coherent.

Oligopoly is a market situation where there are a small number of bidders (at least two) of a good non-substituent and a sufficient number of consumers. The paper analyses the Cournot equilibrium in both cases where each firm assumes the role of leadership and after when firms act simultaneously on market. There are obtained the equilibrium productions, maximum profits and sales price.

Oligopoly is a market situation where there are a small number of bidders (at least two) of a good non-substituent and a sufficient number of consumers. The paper analyses the Stackelberg model for a leader of production and many satellites. There are obtained the equilibrium productions, maximum profits and sales price where one of the company is the leader of quantity, and other satellites. There are also survey the situations where the firm based on its marginal cost of production can effectively take the lead of production.

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The incorporation of cyclical phenomenon into an equilibrium analytical framework has long been considered as a fundamental and controversial issue until Lucas in the early 1970s proposed an answer to this dilemma. Different authors have then questioned the (dis-)continuity one could observe between the interwar period and Lucas’s program of research. In this debate, Lutz’s analysis has been quite ignored. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Lutz’s Konjunkturproblem in der Nationalökonomie (1932), an important contribution on the origins of modern equilibrium business-cycle theories.

The present paper approaches the study of the adsorption of an acid dye on a commercial granular activated carbon (GAC). Batch experiments were conducted to study the equilibrium isotherms and kinetics of Indigo Carmine on GAC. The kinetic data were analyzed using the Lagargren, Ho, Elovich, Weber-Morris and Bangham models in order to establish the most adequate model that describes this process, and to investigate the rate of IC adsorption. Equilibrium data were fitted to Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Langmuir isotherm equilibrium model and Ho kinetic model fitted best the experimental data.The effects of temperature (25 – 45 °C), initial concentration of dye (7.5 – 150 mg•L−1), GAC dose (0.02 – 1 g•L-1), particle size (2 – 7 mm in diameter), solution pH (3 – 11) on GAC adsorption capacity were established. The adsorption process is found to be favored by a neutral pH, high values of temperature and small particle sizes. The highest adsorption capacity (133.8 mg•g-1) of the GAC is obtained at 45 °C. The removal efficiency increases with GAC dose at relatively low initial concentrations of dye. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard enthalpy (H), standard entropy (S) and standard free energy (G) were evaluated. The adsorption of Indigo Carmine onto GAC is an endothermic process.

A model of prey and predator species is discussed to study the effects of the limited prey density and presence of toxicity. The model is studied for sustainable optimal harvesting. The existence of equilibrium points is analyzed to find the stability of coexistence equilibrium, and use Pontryagin’s maximal method to obtain the sustainable optimal harvesting. The results show that the optimal harvesting is obtained from the solution of optimal equilibrium. The toxicity factor decreases the sustainable harvesting.

We proposed a model of prey-predator fishing by considering proportion of prey density and toxicity in ecosystem. The model is analysed to study about biological equilibrium, bionomic equilibrium and its stability. The aim of the model is to determine the optimal sustainable harvesting for each species. The optimal harvesting is resulted from Pontryagin’s maximal principle. The global stability of coexistence equilibrium is analyzed from Lyapunov function. The effect of toxicity leads to the decreasing of sustainable harvesting.

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This article investigates the reception of Galileo and Descartes' principles of statics in the works of some French scientists in the second half of seventeenth century, tracing their importance for the genesis of a concept of force. Through an examination of the link between statics and dynamics - especially concerning the phenomena of collision and the motion of falling bodies - it will be shown, first, that these principles of statics actually contributed to the genesis of dynamics; secondly, that the authors examined in this article managed to unify the various fields of mechanics by building a common axiomatic basis, and, thirdly, that there exists a conceptual identity between actions in engines and actions in dynamic phenomena. The evidence brought fourth in this articles challenges the view according to which statics, and more particularly the law of the lever, was an obstacle for the development of dynamics, and particularly for the conceptualization of force. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article intends to propose new hypotheses concerning the origin of the 'Principe général' of mechanics of Jean Le Pond D'Alembert expressed in its Traitb de dynamique in 1743. The examination of the statics of Pierre Varignon and its inheritance suggests that D'Alembert retains, through a case of oblique collision on a hard surface, a method of decomposition and equilibrium of forces which is close to its principle. On the other hand, this principle requires a definition of the equilibrium widely spread in the 17th and 18th centuries, D'Alembert seeming then more to innovate from an epistemological point of view that on a technical one. Finally, the determination of rules of collision based at the same time on decompositions of movements at the level of the centre of mass and on appeal to a principle of relativity constitutes a know-how at the beginning of the 18th century which can be moved closer to methods developed by D'Alembert. These three aspects try then to replace the science of D'Alembert in a context by insisting on the essential role of the collisions of body and on that of the notion of equilibrium concerning the birth of its principle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why not agree upon a contract based on imbalanced services: because the party benefiting from an excessive service unlawfully exploited the precarious situation of the other party as a result of whom came to accept an unfair contract, or because contractual equilibrium must be an essential characteristic of each and every contract with clearly established services? Which of the two reasons mentioned above is more important in terms of current contractual discipline? These are two questions which, irrespective of the answers, will involve an important matter of choice, in relation to which it will be possible to correctly assess the solutions proposed by the new Romanian Civil Code, as well as by the main drafts on European codification of contract law. The present study upholds the idea of imbalanced services only if it constitutes rather a repair for a contractual problem, if it is oriented towards the legitimate interests of the most vulnerable party of that contract and less interested in punishing the guilty conduct of the person who has benefited from an excessive service. As a consequence, we support the objective perspective in what imbalanced services are concerned, a reason for which we will be making a few comments on some of the new legal provisions, by referring to the main drafts on the European codification of contract law, and stating later on a few de lege ferenda proposals, in terms of contracts based on imbalanced services [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on the achievement of the contractual equilibrium by the parties despite the issue of defaulting and the lack of interest due to the absence of the legally intended situations. The coexistence of interests is required for attaining the sense of responsibility by the contracting parties. Information on the decentralization in management for the requirement of the liberal, planned and individualistic doctrine is also presented.

Characterizing the relevance, the level and the type of uncertainty can help a manager find the best ways to manage the potential consequences of aging on an infrastructure service level. In the presence of high uncertainty, the manager must have a formalized decision-making process to protect its global resources. The cost of the treatment and the potential consequences of risk associated with these resources constitute a "risk provision" liability. In order to communicate with financing agencies, this provision can be combined with the system’s residual value to obtain a "heritage index". Finally, in order to follow the evolution of an infrastructure system, the manager can use the notion of turbulence that arises from combining the heritage index and the net present value of the maintenance plans. This turbulence index monitors the equilibrium between the economical efficiency of the action plans and the heritage sustainability. The control of this equilibrium and its uncertainty are two key elements for the sustainable development of our infrastructures. Sur la base d’une caractérisation de la pertinence, du niveau et du type d’incertitude, un gestionnaire peut savoir quels sont les outils les mieux adaptés pour gérer les conséquences du vieillissement d’une infrastructure sur son niveau de service. En présence d’une incertitude élevée, le gestionnaire doit disposer d’un processus de décision formalisé qui lui permet de protéger ses ressources globales. Le coût du traitement et des conséquences potentielles des risques associés à ces ressources constitue un passif à considérer comme une « provision pour risques ». Pour communiquer auprès des financeurs, cette provision peut être combinée avec la valeur résiduelle du système pour déterminer un indicateur de patrimoine. Enfin, pour suivre l’évolution de son système d’infrastructure, le gestionnaire peut utiliser la notion de turbulence issue d’une combinaison entre l’indicateur de patrimoine et la valeur actuelle nette des plans d’actions de maintenance. Cet indicateur de turbulence permet de surveiller l’équilibre entre l’efficacité économique des plans d’actions et la durabilité du patrimoine. La maîtrise de cet équilibre et de son incertain sont deux éléments essentiels du développement durable de nos infrastructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: In this work, we started with the development of an algebraic Reynolds stress model designed for a turbulent mixing layer. By comparison with the second-order models of L.R.R. and S.S.G., this model makes clear improvements as for the prediction of a mixing layer developing towards an asymptotic state. Thereafter, and in order to improve the performance of the algebraic model for turbulent flows that are far from equilibrium, we proposed a relaxation model similar to that proposed by Speziale and Xu. Using the relaxation model, we simulated numerically the time evolution of a rapid axisymmetric contraction. The obtained results bring a manifest confirmation of the validity of the model for non-equilibrium turbulent flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The different sensorial systems involved in the postural control form a super system preserving the static and dynamical equilibrium of a standing human being, motionless or moving. Now, the human posture captors are endowed with conditions that are sufficient to constitute a dynamical system. Then, we can show that: (i) generic properties of dynamical systems may be applied to the postural system, (ii) we may benefit from conceptual justifications to postural interactions experienced at a clinical level. Moreover, concerning the issue of the multi-causal chain in posturology, it is possible to infer and characterize a certain number of generic properties relative to these postural interactions. From this theoretical grounding, based on the knowledge of dynamical systems, it appears licit to introduce the concept of Non-linear Postural Dynamics (NPD). In a first part of this paper, the bases and foundations of NPD are presented, while the second part deals with different possible modes of NPD. Indeed, because the postural system is comparable to the structure of a dynamical system, it turns out that the former, natural seat of non-linear interaction dynamics, exhibits four dynamical modes and only four, « solutions » to the whole postural system. These four modes are as follows: (1) the quasi-linear mode, (2) the stationary mode, (3) the non-linear convergent mode, and (4) the chaotic mode. The present paper is devoted to the definition and articulation of these postural dynamic''s modes. A codification of the clinical elements of their recognition should constitute a logically indispensable sequel. However, by their very constitutive principles themselves, some of these modes call for a functional multi-disciplinary approach. As a consequence, in the search for therapeutic protocols, not blindly but rather built on the interplay of various medical fields relative to posture and its physio-dynamical equilibrium, it is necessary to identify in a first step, and as surely as possible, the postural mode in which the patient stands. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This Note presents a new method to measure the equilibrium vapour pressure of water in a complex medium. In this article a “complex medium” refers to a medium in which physico-chemical interactions alter the thermodynamical properties of the water, especially its activity and its equilibrium vapour pressure. This new method consists in placing a sample of the complex medium in a temperature-controlled chamber which volume can be incrementally increased by means of a piston. The equilibrium vapour pressure can be deduced from the variation of the equilibrium total pressure measured for each volume increment. The method has been validated on various saturated salt solutions and on a reference soil. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Mathématiques & Sciences Humaines is the property of Editions du CNRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: We investigate equilibrium positions of a solid in large deformations. We take the party that a solid can flatten in a solid with a lower dimension. A structure flattened by a power hammer is an example of such a situation. Moreover, we take into account the spacial variations of rotation matrix. We prove that under reasonable assumptions, there exist equilibrium positions which may be non-unique. To cite this article: M. Frémond, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 347 (2009). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue d'Etudes en Agriculture et Environnement is the property of Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: We introduce here a general approach to model games with a large number of players. More precisely, we consider N players Nash equilibria for long term stochastic problems and establish rigorously the ‘mean field’ type equations as N goes to infinity. We also prove general uniqueness results and determine the deterministic limit. To cite this article: J.-M. Lasry, P.-L. Lions, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 343 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Man, who is composed of articulated segments, is constantly subjected to gravity in static equilibrium (posture) as in motion. The classical approach of biomechanics consists in describing intersegmentary tridimensional kinematics and the mechanical actions involved in motion. This article puts forward a more cross-disciplinary approach by describing as well: the interactions between mechanics and biochemistry, that is, the link existing between the constraints resulting from motion in the level of osteoligamentary structures and tissue metabolism; the interactions existing between mechanics and neurology, that is, the link between those same constraints in the level of mecanoreceptors and the neurological control of this motion. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We introduce and study an interacting particle system. The evolution is Markovian. The elementary step of the dynamics is the following: one point is randomly chosen in the ambient space, the nearest particle moves to that point. We investigate in particular equilibrium properties of the system. To cite this article: J.-B. Gouéré, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 342 (2006). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: According to flow visualizations performed in water tunnel and referring to a simple phenomenological model describing the nature of exchanges occurring within a two-dimensional mixing layer, a model was built up to specify the nature of flows ensuring the recirculating zone equilibrium over the upper surface of a delta wing at high angle of attack. Perturbing the flows equilibrium leads to delay the vortex breakdown. To cite this article: O. Rodriguez, J. Pruvost, C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: We start with a rotating frame which enforces a resonance between the frequency of a relative equilibrium of the N-body problem and that of an infinitesimal variation normal to the plane of the equilibrium. Continuation then yields a remarkable class of periodic solutions. The first example is the family, discovered by Christian Marchal, which links the relative equilibrium of Lagrange to the Eight. To cite this article: A. Chenciner, J. Féjoz, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 340 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: An iterative resolution method for inverse Cauchy problems is presented. The successive iterations satisfy the equilibrium equations exactly. Numerical simulations prove the accuracy of the method and its ability to solve Cauchy problems when the domain boundary is not regular. To cite this article: A. Cimetière et al., C. R. Mecanique 333 (2005). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The notion of limit applied to the body as experienced and represented. The term “limits” refers to the external impediments to our action, as well as the delimitation of the body, the frontier separating it from the external and the reassuring border of its envelop. Limits are thus associated with external constraints, the equilibrium surface between the inner and the outer and also the container of interiority. These different meanings when referred to the experience of the body make it possible to bring out two processes involved for instance in adolescent experience: that of the expanding body voluntarily breaking limits; that of the receding body returning to its protective envelop. These two directions can be illustrated by the phenomenological concept of the self-body (corps propre) and the containing function of the Ego-skin (Moi-peau). They make their appearance again in the metaphor of the hearth space, borrowed from Freudian psychoanalysis. This strange disturbing space is a reassuring container with respect to the external and at the same time a prison opposing the freedom of the subject. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Upright undisturbed stance constitutes a fundamental attitude involving very cunning sensori-motor strategies. Until now, few analyses on postural control have been undertaken to explain the influence of both supports in this particular task. With the aim of analysing asymmetrical postures resulting from neurological (hemiplegia) or traumatic (amputation) origins, a new analysis and a reference framework are proposed, describing the influence of each support in upright stance maintenance. Ten healthy adults (eight men and two women ranging in age from 20 to 42 years) volunteered for this study. The subjects were required to remain as still as possible in upright stance. The control mechanisms for equilibrium maintenance were estimated by separate measures of the elementary and resultant centres of pressure through two force platforms. The analysis of the relationship between the elementary and resultant centres of pressure on the one hand and the centre of gravity on the other hand emphasises that both took place similarly and at the same time in the control of upright undisturbed stance. This control is done through two strategies that come into play at the level of the ankle and/or hip in the medio-lateral and antero-posterior directions, respectively. Furthermore, the various trajectories (elementary and resultant centres of pressure, centre of gravity) and analytical methods (frequential, correlations and cross-correlations) are compared. This methodology should be very interesting in the analysis of pathologies inferring postural asymmetry in weight distribution, since one could suppose that asymetric patients could be characterised by specific control of both supports. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The description of water transport in soil at low water content proposed is based on the idea that liquid–gas phase change occurs with vapor diffusion in the gas phase. The phase change modelisation introduces a phenomenological coefficient characterized through an experimental investigation done on small-scale soil samples. Then, numerical simulations are compared to experimental drying kinetics carried out on macroscopic soil samples. Good agreement is obtained, which strengthens the hypothesis of transport in the gas phase associated with a non-equilibrium liquid–gas phase change. To cite this article: A. Chammari et al., C. R. Mecanique 331 (2003). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aims of the study. – To assess to which extent the non visual somato-sensorial information may, through a recalibration process, induce a reorganisation by the central nervous system to control undisturbed upright stance.Materials and methods. – Ten healthy adults were placed in complete darkness for a 24 min period. Their postural performance was recorded through a force platform on which they were required to stand still at regular intervals. Centre of Pressure (CP) displacements, recorded from the platform, were modelled as fractional brownian motion. Through this analysis, one may objectively assess from which distance and for how long the corrective process is initiated with the aim of slowing and retrace its steps. In addition, the degree to which the CP trajectories are successively controlled was determined.Results. – Once in complete darkness, an increase of the mean time intervals (Δt) before the corrective process intervenes was observed, the effect being mostly significant for the mediolateral direction. In parallel, the mean distances covered at this Δt were slightly affected for both mediolateral and anteroposterior directions. Lastly, the degree to which the CP trajectories are controlled tended to decrease.Conclusion. – These data suggest a reorganisation of the control mechanisms called into play for maintaining an undisturbed upright stance, thus implying participation of the central nervous system. This short-term adaptation is discussed on the basis of our knowledge of long term adaptations previously observed in blind individuals, and also in a rehabilitation perspective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The instability and the features of vortex sheet evolution are studied. We consider the self-organization of localized vortices (in two-dimensional flows) into clusters-like and spiral-like structures and show that quasi-final states do not ‘forget’ conditions of their initial origin. We discuss the physical significance of the obtained results. To cite this article: V. Pavlov et al., C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 757–762. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this paper, the minimum entropy introduced in [6] for Boltzmann-BGK equation is used to build a new moment method. This method is based on space velocity decomposition in two positive and negative parts. As a result, this half moment model satisfies some good properties (hyperbolicity, realisibility, conservativity, entropy locally dissipated, simple boundary conditions, good asymptotic behavior near kinetic equilibrium which leads to Navier–Stokes equations). Moreover, an efficient numerical scheme and numerical results are presented. To cite this article: B. Dubroca, A. Klar, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 335 (2002) 699–704. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

We build explicitly an infinite number of equilibrium solutions of unloaded Marguerre–von Ka´rma´n membrane shells. This construction is based upon the existence of three elementary solutions, together with the solution of a Monge–Ampe`re equation associated with a partition of the reference configuration of the shell. To cite this article: A. Le´ger, B. Miara, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. I 335 (2002) 649–654. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The commisures are the two extremities of the mouth. They make a big complex in their architecture and their function. Their repairing should have an important attention to their final shape and function. The frequency of the retraction of the scarring tissue imposes additional muscular exercise which has to be premature, intense, and prolonged. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The labial balance appreciated by statics and movement is the guarantee of morphology, bilabial competence and symmetry in function (ou bien in movement?). The restoration of the lips aims for this balance, the basic axiom is “to repair the lip by the lip”. Three main technical forms meet these requirements: forward movement, rotation and transposition. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]