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if the professionalization of the social professions is increasingly based on the model of professionalization engineering, what are the imaginaries underlying this movement? How can we understand that the profession of engineer, the one who, at least in the imagination, invents and designs machines with a magically predictable functioning, can be the model for designing training systems for the helping professions? This contribution proposes to explore these questions through two mythological figures often summoned when it comes to engineering and technology: Prometheus and Hephaestus. These two figures will help us to move from the model of professionalization engineering to ingenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Training the engineers and managers of tomorrow means preparing them to act in the world of labor and corporations as it will be; knowing how to cooperate facing the complex challenges (ecology, geopolitics, health, etc.) of our societies. Based on a business game played in an engineering school, this article exposes a comprehensive analysis of a game session and draws lessons from it, both operational and scientific. How does the meccanism, which allows simulating an experience making reflexivity possible, contribute to developing a professional posture - competent, relevant and ethical - in the making? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engineers at work are regularly confronted with situations where productivity and socioecological issues are at odds. In order to rule on the resulting ethical issues and find a satisfying compromise, they mobilize their scientific knowledge but also their subjectivity. The purpose of our article is to suggest ways to understand and certify this new aspect of the engineers competencies who must, on the one hand, be able to perceive the human dimension of work more clearly and, on the other hand, provide their collaborators with benchmarks in order to better understand the challenges of CSR and adapt their practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper proposes a solution for carrying out laboratory work in the strict conditions of the Covid - 19 pandemic. The traditional laboratory can be replaced by the virtual laboratory or the remote laboratory, depending on the requirements of the course and the skills required for the training of engineers. The environment for performing alternative laboratory work (Virtual or Remote Laboratory) is the Multisim software from National Instruments. The student with the help of this software can make the electrical circuits provided in the curriculum of the discipline of General Electrical Engineering. This paper presents four examples of alternative laboratory works for the field of electrical engineering, namely, three-phase electrical circuits, static electrical converters, asynchronous motor and electric drive system. The student can simulate the required regimes iNI multisimn the laboratory guide and is free to simulate other regimes at his own initiative. The paper ends with the proposal of a step-by-step algorithm, which can be a guide for any teacher who wants to organize alternative laboratory work.

How can academics who are not landscape architects find their place and make their discipline useful in the training of landscape architects? This frequently asked question is posed differently according to the discipline and the school. This article focuses on the specific case of a geographer who was first recruited at the Versailles school of landscape architecture and subsequently at the school of landscape architecture in Angers. It provides an opportunity to grasp the structural effects of these institutional frameworks on a teaching method that seeks to adapt to them by being part of specific training courses and to defend the disciplinary fundamentals common to the courses. These two perspectives make it possible to better understand and untangle a number of “pedagogical conundrums” which are characteristic of the teaching of geography considered as a supporting discipline in the training of landscape architects and urban planners. The article partially reproduces the first (pedagogical) volume of a research publication (Davodeau, 2020), which explains its biographical and reflective dimension.

The study aims to trace the numerical evolution of the engineering profession until 1939 focusing on the social and economic dimensions. In this sense, my approach relies on the theory of professionalization, the basic premise being that the profession is a constructed social identity and a social mobility elevator created by the state. According to this theory, the development of a the specific educational training system is an essential prerequisite in this process. The study also discusses the main traits of polytechnic education in Romania, with a special focus on the Polytechnic School in Bucharest. Finally, the the study analyzes the situation of the engineers’ body in Romania during 1938, using data extracted from the Asociația Generală a Inginerilor from Romania [The General Association of Engineers in Romania] (AGIR) yearbook, with the aim of highlighting the contribution of polytechnic schools in Romania to the numerical development of the engineering profession. The preliminary conclusion of this study is that engineers prepared the ground for the development of a new approach to economics, society, and politics that contributed to the increasing role played by the state in the late 1930s.

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Manuscript military maps operated according to a specific colour code, reinforced by reformed military academies in the eighteenth century. They attest to the specific map-mindedness of the British military enlightenment. Student notebooks and manuscript maps have a poor survival rate, but they were extensively used for military training and pedagogy. They circulated within a transnational network of officers and engineers who disseminated innovations in military cartography. The skills required for these maps added to perspective and geometry skills the mastery of landscape watercolour techniques and the knowledge of a color-coding specific to the military and its affordances. This article analyses the drawing curriculum at the royal military academy of Woolwich, offers an overview of the colour code’s adoption as well as a material biography of its six specific pigments, and shows that the artistic quality of these maps was an integral part of their function.

The Cigre (Conférence internationale des grands réseaux électriques) and the Unipede (Union internationale de la production et de la distribution d'électricité), created respectively in 1921 and 1925, were both an important lever and a sounding board in the development of a technological internationalism in the interwar period, which can already be clearly described as technopolitical. In this concert of electrotechnical nations, in the shadow of economic powers and "general" diplomacy, France and Italy played a decisive role and their relations proved to be complex, marked from the end of the 1920s by a triangulation with Germany. In this international perspective, focused on Europe, the question of the possible recognition of a third official electrotechnical language alongside English and French, with the promotion of German, and concomitantly that of the so-called "secondary" languages, first and foremost Italian, gave rise to debates that were both bitter and passionate. Nevertheless, in the governance of Cigre in the interwar period, with its headquarters in Paris, the Italian national committee played a very important role. This position of Italy, superior to the already substantial number of its Cigre members, is directly linked to the overall quality of the training and the international infl uence of Italian electrical engineers and, more widely, of their electrotechnical companies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knowing to write effectively is key to communication within the different interfaces of any professional role – client-facing, colleague-facing and/or public-facing. Complaints of poor service from professionals often focus on their failure to communicate, not merely in terms of politeness and consideration, but with respect to a lack of clear explanations underlying professional decisions. In other words, the process of interpreting their specialist body of knowledge to the client appears to be a great challenge. Communication that performs a translation function between the world of the professional and that of the client is ‘interdiscursive’: it involves a fusion of genres. Interdiscursivity also arises in communication within the workplace, for example in seeking or giving authorisation or advice. In this article, we examine the challenges that interdiscursive communication pose, from the point of view of engineering and of health professionals, some of whom are also teachers in these fields at university level. Our findings are based on interviews we conducted with these different groups. We hereby aim to extend the theoretical and contextual framework drawn up by a previous survey study. Although the interview participants show a certain awareness of interdiscursive writing skills, the conclusions drawn from this awareness differ between the groups, as well as between the employed versus the self-employed professionals. While the former group writes in a way that rather disregards the target audience and does not see much sense in learning and training writing skills, the latter group was obliged to find ways of managing the demands they faced.

In the second half of the 19th century, the French École centrale des arts et manufactures became one of the engineering schools that enjoyed a worldwide reputation. There were many foreigners among its students. This article focuses on the graduates born in the Ottoman Empire, particularly on Jews and Armenians. It analyses their backgrounds, their common features and their professional careers, tracing their links with other centraliens. The patterns in the Ottoman centraliens’ professional trajectories help us picture a world full of opportunities where highly qualified men could cross borders and build careers with ease, but where, at the same time, origins, allegiances, contacts and credentials mattered greatly.

This article shows, on the one hand, the existence of plural professional identities (place granted to professional activity, definition of the role of the engineer, characteristics of the engineer profession). It shows, on the other hand, that objective variables – linked to sociodemographic characteristics, to the curriculum followed or to the functions occupied in the working sphere – explain neither the plurality of professional identities nor their formation. However, subjective variables – defining a system of adhesion to individual values related to the private sphere (family, leisure…) and to the social sphere (politics, religion…) – appear to explain more clearly the expression and the formation of professional identities. In a more and more individualised society, personal values contribute to shaping professional identities.

The article discusses working hours and days and gender norms of time availability and engineers in France and Finland. It notes that between intensification, and conquest of new territories, questioning the standard of Fordian time availability reflect market dynamics of labor and the transformations of capitalism. It adds that for employees and workers, particularly women, the fragmentation of working time work gives rise to long days when working hours can be short.

The management of the collective work, the production of devices of measure and the prescription of the tasks are skills traditionally associated with the engineers. In the industrial society, this population is associated with professional and organizational capacities where the measure, the optimization and the rationalization are many important aspects of their professionality and their work. Nevertheless, the recent managerial policies expose more the engineers to practices of evaluation and to techniques of measure of their own work. Among these, the lean management causes a systematization of the standards and the practices of evaluation in design offices.

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This study looked at the various “masks” hiding the physical and mental difficulties of engineers’ work. It is based on qualitative research conducted in three large companies in the automobile, aeronautics, and energy sectors. In the examination of these difficulties, the study showed that the invisibility of these difficulties depended considerably on the quality of the employees’ work conditions as well as their educational and occupational socialization in a highly competitive environment. It likewise tried to determine the conditions needed to render the relations between health and work at the individual and collective levels visible. Finally, it showed how an activity that would primarily seem to engage cognitive and intellectual capacities also engaged the workers’ bodies. Their bodies bore the marks of the job’s difficulties, whether or not the constraints were physical or mental in nature, and forced the engineers to be aware of their pain when their limits were reached.

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Analisa a atuação de engenheiros na constituição da infraestrutura viária de Minas Gerais entre as décadas de 1840 e 1880. Construir estradas e pontes e conservá-las com regularidade foi tarefa desempenhada pelo governo provincial mineiro que, desde a década de 1830, contava com repartição voltada para projetar, edificar e manter vias de comunicação consideradas públicas. Os engenheiros inseriram-se nessa agência desde sua fundação, atuando de forma significativa na elaboração de projetos e na execução direta de determinadas obras. O estudo fundamenta-se na documentação administrativa que relatava ao governo provincial detalhes do andamento das obras. O acervo gerado no transcurso das intervenções oferece informações técnicas, administrativas, financeiras, da mão de obra e dos agentes envolvidos com as construções.The article analyzes the role played by engineers in the construction of road infrastructure in Minas Gerais between the 1840s and 1880s. Building and providing regular maintenance for roads and bridges was a task carried out by the Minas Gerais provincial government, which since the 1830s had a specific agency assigned to designing, building, and maintaining public communication routes. Engineers were part of the agency from its inception, playing a significant role in designing projects and in the actual execution of certain works. The current study is grounded in administrative documentation in which the details of work progress are reported to the provincial government. The gathered records provide technical, administrative, and financial information, along with data on labor power and the agents engaged in construction works.

This paper examines interpretations of the drought problem in Brazil's northeast sertão during the First Republic. It compares analysis of drought as primarily a natural or climatic phenomenon – embraced by civil engineers working for the Inspetoria [Federal] de Obras Contra as Secas (IFOCS) – with analyses emphasizing social and political conditions that made drought a crisis for the sertanejo poor. The latter are evident in the report of doctors Belisário Penna and Artur Neiva describing their expedition through the sertão sponsored by IFOCS in 1912. This comparison allows for consideration of the intersection between natural (geographic, climatic) and social (political, cultural) factors that produced the region's periodic crisis. The analysis is informed by the work of social scientists who highlight the multi-dimensional causes underlying natural disasters in politically marginal communities. Technocrats' faith in the context-independent utility of their expertise lay at the heart of IFOCS's ultimate failure to rescue sertanejos from famine, migration and poverty. Because the drought agency's technical personnel never had the political will or muscle to confront the social organization underlying the sertão's recurrent calamity, their ability to alleviate the human suffering that droughts precipitated was severely limited.

En la Argentina, el Estado financió, construyó y operó los ferrocarriles estatales guiados por un criterio de subsidiariedad hasta el primer gobierno de Yrigoyen (1916-1922) en que se introdujeron cambios y se modificó parcialmente la orientación de la política ferroviaria. Los Ferrocarriles del Estado contribuyeron al desarrollo de la ciencia, su demanda de profesionales ayudó a la formación del campo profesional de los ingenieros y la conexión de las capitales de las provincias del centro y norte facilitó las comunicaciones y las tareas científicas, en particular aquellas que estudiaron las enfermedades endémicas del país.In Argentina, the State financed, built, and ran government-own railroads based on recourse to subsidies until the first Yrigoyen administration (1916-1922), which introduced changes and shifted the direction of rail policy somewhat. The Ferrocarriles del Estado contributed to the development of science, created a demand for professionals which helped form the professional engineering field, and, by linking the capitals of central and northern provinces, facilitated both communications and scientific tasks themselves, especially research into diseases endemic to the country.

The article explores that how economists and engineers measured efficiency of communication systems used in Soviet Union during the first five-year plan. Various topics discussed include rationality in the communications sector, its economic aspects, profitability in communication industry and cost value of communication services.

25 years ago, a department of Human relations training was created in a new school of engineers. We will see the history of this department, how it was perceived by professors and students, the oppositions, and the pedagogy we have implemented, particularly with project management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the conception and realization of road building plans as a lens to understand changes in local decision-making and the relations between municipalities and the state. My purpose is to go beyond the usual studies of road constructions as a central state decision to equip and modernize France from the capital. The analysis of historical events shows three main actors for road construction in Lyon. The interwar period relates to a period of municipal dynamism with the financial and technical autonomy of local authorities through the figure of the local engineer. Then, another period begins with the late of the 1930s and the return of such questions as a state affair. This was confirmed after World War Two by the growing expertise of the engineers of the Ponts et Chaussées. The third and last period of time begins with the 1980s, when the most salient inputs became local again, even if the political perspective diverged from the one of the interwar period.

Exposure to scenic lighting devices: risk to the health of entertainment professionals. The European directive 2006/25/EC on minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from optical radiation provides for risk assessment in workplaces. This is particularly important in entertainment, where intentional exposure to spotlights may be required for periods of 8 hours per working day. The aim of the study was to provide the lighting engineers with information, relative to the risks associated with spotlights, to help them to estimate the risks a priori of a lighting plan. This study consisted of determining the risks associated with 63 different spotlights, then distributing them into 4 groups of risks defined by the standard EN 62471, in calculating their permissible minimal exposure distance, corresponding to the use of 1 and 5 spotlights for a daily exposure time of 8 hours. This study highlighted that spotlights may cause health problems for entertainment workers. The classification proposed by the standard EN 62471 is not sufficient to estimate the risks of a lighting plan. Furthermore, the permissible minimal exposure distance and the permissible maximal exposure time do not constitute relevant parameters to reduce the risks to acceptable values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article discusses the view of social works and "projects" generally through the prism of the various branches of the social sciences. It seeks to combine them into a study of this phenomenon from the framework of a long term historical analytical model. Beginning with the modern era it traces the diversity, context, and subjects of the historical evolution of the topic. Other themes include the engagement of governmental authorities, the stimulation of social change, and the activities of commercial enterprises.

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Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)