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Abstract A little-known Athenian financial magistracy: the poristai The essay examines the role of the poristai, a financial magistracy that functioned in Athens between the 5th and 4th centuries BC, and to which scholars have devoted scarce attention. The importance that Athens ascribed to the poroi was a central factor in its politics from as early as the 5th century. Management of the Athenian economy underwent a series of substantial changes from the end of the Peloponnesian War onwards, and since the state required increasingly specialized financial management skills, these authorities seem to have played a prominent role. The difficult economic situation that ensued from the Sicilian defeat of 413 had necessitated the creation of this unusual board of magistrates known as the poristai, whose unusual task was most likely that of administering public funds and state revenues. This essay focuses on references to the board in ancient sources, and on the often ‘technical’ use of the verb porizo, in order to shed light on the functions and identity of some of these magistrates, and on the possibility that this initially anomalous office gradually gained a permanent status during the 4th century.

L’économie des sociétés noires africaines a connu un profond bouleversement à partir de l’ère coloniale. Suite à l’essor du commerce occidental sous la dynamique du capitalisme, elles deviendront une fonction particulière de l’économie mondiale. Aussi, les politiques économiques héritées de la colonisation resteront dans cette logique économique qui dénote également une conception de l’identité sociale, car le capitalisme est la fille d’une culture spécifique, le libéralisme. L’échec de ces politiques, manifeste à travers la précarité des sociétés, impose de repenser ce que l’économie pourrait signifier en Afrique noire pour un renouveau des politiques économiques. C’est pourquoi cette réflexion, par une démarche sociohistorique, mobilise le paradigme marxien de l’émancipation du travail pour réaffirmer la dimension fondamentale du soin dans l’économie et suggérer des perspectives pour un renouveau. Parce que l’économie participe à la construction des identités locales, cette approche aboutit à la nécessité d’endogénéiser les outils économiques en Afrique noire, à travers la création de monnaies locales et la diversification des activités pour opérer une transformation durable vers une économie multicentrée, gage de résilience pour les sociétés humaines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the agricultural sector of the Kemerovo Region (Kuzbass). The author used it as an example to identify the main stages of agricultural development of Western Siberia in 1981–1985. The study relied on the theory of modernization, which links economic and political changes with agricultural reforms. According to archival documents and regional statistics, the new tools of economic development and the favorable investment climate allowed the industry to overcome the agrarian crisis in the early 1980s, improve the state of affairs on collective and state farms, and increase the agricultural production. The new measures included producing for profit, labor contracts, and elements of land lease as the economic independence of agricultural enterprises continued to grow. The regional agricultural sector developed much faster in the 1980s than in the late 1970s. However, non-production costs, crop waste, and cattle mortality remained high while irrational utilization of state resources was quite common. In general, Kuzbass showed average agricultural indicators for the West Siberian economic region.

The study aims to shed light on the impact of the Corona pandemic on the increase in public spending represented in the expenses of management and equipment, comparing it with the last three years, and highlighting its repercussions on the state’s general budget, as public expenditures are a mirror reflecting the various roles played by the state, as they are considered the most important financial policy tools that it uses to achieve its economic and development goals. The results of the study resulted in a reduction in the size of development projects compared to the financial allocations from oil revenues to confront the Corona virus, which was exacerbated by the decline in oil prices, which negatively affected economic development.

The article introduces the special issue focusing on the intersections of work and employment dynamics, particularly in the global South, where globalization has linked societies and economies in complex ways. It examines the transformations and challenges faced by Southern countries in the realms of employment, labor markets, and economic policies.

Through an economic and geographical cross-section, this article on the Tangier-Med complex and its array of new activities is positioned in a reflexive perspective. It focuses on the difficulties of linking an economic structure that is almost imposed by the state, foreign direct investment, global value chains, and the local political economy, which is in a sense required to accommodate what neo-liberal discourses promote as opportunities. The hypothesis that structures the reflection can be formulated as follows: the strong connectivity that Tangier-Med allows and organises undermines the very foundations of the “proximity synergies” on which the consolidation and productive unification of the territory rests. This accounts for the weakness of the state in the face of local economic and social development issues. In the Moroccan context of a middle-income country, as a result, we question, through a multi-scale analysis, the relationship that exists between economic infrastructures and territories, between networks (logistic networks and production networks resulting from the international division of labour) and territories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

İktisat bilimi günümüzden yakın bir zaman öncesine kadar beklentileri dikkate almayan bir tarzı benimsemişti. Ancak elde edilen deneyimler göstermiştir ki iktisadi karar birimi olarak bireylerin iktisadi, sosyal ve siyasi beklentileri ekonomi politikası geliştirme sürecine etki etmektedir. Bu şekilde Türkiye ekonomisinin de karar birimlerinin iktisadi beklentileri üzerinden elde ettiği belirli deneyimler bulunmaktadır. Örneğin 2000’li yıllar öncesinde uygulanan iktisadi politikalar enflasyonu indirme amacına yönelik doğru politikalar olsa da karar birimleri üzerinde yeteri kadar beklenti oluşmamasından dolayı başarılı olamamıştır. Sonuç olarak iktisadi politika kombinasyonunda beklentilerin önemini vurgulamak amacıyla yazılan bu çalışma kapsamında da Türkiye ekonomisinin 2019-2021 dönemine dair yıllık iktisadi büyüme performansı, 1961-2018 dönemini kapsayan yıllık iktisadi büyüme hızları zaman serisi üzerinden ARIMA modeli ile tahmin edilerek, iktisadi karar birimlerinin Türkiye’nin büyüme potansiyelinin gelecek seyri hakkında fikir sahibi olması amaçlanmıştır.

The article questions the previous explanations of the economic policy of the German Empire. On the basis of the divergence in the regulatory regimes of central banks and stock credit banks, it can be shown that the regulation of the financial markets hardly followed a coherent regulatory policy course, but was at best committed to the establishment of a solid money market. This corresponded less to the image of an »intervention state« than to the function of the state as an institutional guarantor of capitalist economic activity.

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Dutch Central Planning Bureau (CPB) is the most prominent scientific advisory body of the Dutch government on economic issues. By providing a macroeconomic framework the CPB plays an important role in the preparation and coordination of social and economic policy. With the figures and forecasts it offers to national media and politicians, the CPB is also an influential actor in public debates. In both instances, the expertise that the bureau offers is strongly based on the macroeconomic models it employs. By discussing two periods in the history of the CPB, this article will investigate how the CPB gained this important role in Dutch politics and what the relation is between its modelling practices and economic expertise. The first period deals with the CPB’s initial attempts of gaining a foothold in policymaking circles from 1945 to 1955. The second period concerns the CPB’s interventions in public debates on unemployment and the growth of the public sector in the 1970s. Making use of two theoretical notions from sociology, policy device and public interventions, I will argue that the introduction of new macroeconomic models was crucial to the impact of the CPB’s interventions in both periods. Furthermore, I will argue that by targeting a broader audience in the 1970s, the CPB started to shift the mode of their expertise, from a facilitating role towards a watchdog role.

The relative liberalization of the Yugoslav socialist economy and its limited transition to market economy have led to an increase in social differences. A sizable segment of manufacturing workers, employed in non-profitable enterprises, lived in difficult material conditions. Unrealistic expectations and promises of a bright socialist future have created an atmosphere in which, starting in 1958, the worker strikes became one of the main means of pressure on political elite. Blue collar workers represented the majority of strikers. Some of the main causes of strikes were: reduced and irregular salaries, increased norms, reduced holidays and holiday compensation, restricting conditions for a sick leave, abolishing or reducing compensation for commuting and food, laying off workers in production as technology redundancies. Moreover, the belief that Workers’ Councils served only as a decoration and the reason that workers did not take part in making important decisions in companies significantly contributed to worker’s dissatisfaction. Due to a quick response of the municipal, district and republic authorities that mostly accepted labor demands, the strikes were short. The number of strikers was steadily rising. However, the rise of workers’ protests did not contribute to their greater efficiency, since the demands of strikers during the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s were being promptly accepted, while in the 1980s only demands of those workers vital for the system were met.

Although the European Semester was introduced in 2010, it was not officially launched until 2011. The Semester puts in place an annual procedure, in response to the subprime crisis, that enables EU member countries to coordinate their economic policies. As with the all the mechanisms, procedures and acts developed within the Union the European Semester is the subject of a great deal of detailed institutional communication, notably through the websites of European Union institutions. The stated goal of the process is to provide information about the way in which the European Union functions in a clear and simple way in order to make the Union more accessible to EU citizens, and therefore truly democratic. The objective of this article is to show that this façade of transparency belies a reality that legal experts are only able to fully comprehend if they look beyond the simple text of the official documents. The recommendations provided at the end of the annual cycle of the European Semester are much more binding and restrictive than their simple nature would suggest.

Investment depends on subjective factors, such as expectations, conventions, and confident animal spirits. In a context of economic instability and crises, economic policy is the main source to support entrepreneurs’ expectations and investment. In this sense, macroeconomic policies are capable of affecting effective demand and building a good institutional environment, which is essential to keep the entrepreneurs’ expectations confident and promote their animal spirits. Given these propositions, this contribution has two objectives. The first is to develop a Keynesian type of macroeconomic policy able to stimulate investment and effective demand, and, as a result, mitigate unemployment. The idea is to offer alternative macroeconomic policy prescriptions in relation to the New Consensus Macroeconomics one. This proposal aims to establish the role, according to the Post Keynesian view, the logic of operation of each policy, and the proper coordination among these Keynesian macroeconomic policies. The second objective is to present, briefly, relevant empirical evidence of the Post Keynesian macroeconomic policies.

Cet article fait une comparaison des déterminants et des effets des investissements directs étrangers dans les économies des pays côtiers et sahéliens de l'espace UEMOA tout en mettant en évidence les canaux de transmission par lesquels ceux-ci agissent sur leurs différentes croissances économiques. En tenant compte des facteurs d'attractivité et des effets spillovers par des modèles structurels appliqués sur des données de panel, nous avons tenté de cerner les mécanismes à travers lesquels les IDE agissent sur ces économies et de les comparer. Les résultats issus de nos modèles indiquent que, pour les pays côtiers et sahéliens de l'UEMOA, les déterminants en commun des IDE sont la croissance économique, le capital humain, les exportations, la rente sur les ressources naturelles et la dette. Le degré d'ouverture facteur d'attractivité des IDE dans les pays sahéliens ne l'est pas dans les pays côtiers. Les IDE entrants dans ces pays agiraient positivement et significativement sur la croissance économique, le capital humain, les investissements domestiques et les exportations, mais seuls les exportations et le capital humain constitueraient les canaux de transmission par lesquels les IDE agissent sur la croissance économique de ces deux groupes de pays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L'économie de la république du Congo-Brazzaville repose principalement sur l'exploitation des hydrocarbures le long de la côte atlantique. Le bois, les services et une agriculture embryonnaire constituant le reste de l'activité. Le Congo-Brazzaville est un pays en développement inclus dans l'initiative pays pauvre très endettés (IPPTE). Les deux piliers de l'exportation sont le bois et le pétrole, tous deux exploiter principalement par des compagnies françaises qui versent en contrepartie des devises très importantes à l'État. Le bois représente une part importante des exportations du Congo-Brazzaville : Acajou, Okoumé, Limba, etc. L'activité industrielle repose sur la production des biens de consommation : le tabac, le ciment, le textile, le savon, les boissons alcoolisées, les chaussures, etc. Plus de 95 % du commerce et aux mains des étrangers ou de personnes d'origine étrangères. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article reflects on the economic condition of the Republic of Congo-Brazzaville in 2020. Topics discussed here include exploitation of hydrocarbons along the Atlantic coast, wood services and embryonic agriculture, and the need for the diversification of the Congolese economy. Also being discussed here is the exploitation of natural resources available in France.

This work explains the territorial development of great North-Kivu. Its interest deals mainly with the problematic of economic solutions of development in Butembo and Beni by insisting on people lacation factors of socio-economic activities The analysis of people location factors prooves that the development of economic sites is linked to the population, their accommodation and exchanges development For more precisions, the site of beni possesses a major importance of administrative services, its proximity to natural ressources, its borderly geographic positions that facilitates economic operations at the border. The concentration of activities in Butembo Site is not only based on its geographical position towards Uganda but also on its historical factor as well as a former site of transit and former extra customary center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La « dédollarisation » est une mesure de l'autorité monétaire, qui vise à confier à nouveau à la monnaie nationale ses attributions (fonctions) économiques classiques prises en otage par la devise, généralement le dollar ou toute autre monnaie étrangère. Ce phénomène, la « dollarisation », a fait ses preuves dans l'économie nationale au rang du sous-multiple du dollar américain, et dont la cause économique prépondérante serait à situer dans le déséquilibre macroéconomique... Un recadrage macroéconomique conséquent s'avère donc un prérequis à la réussite de la dédollarisation de l'économie nationale congolaise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is generally accepted that the "invention of tradition" is the product of two combined phenomena : on the one hand, government intervention in the economy resulting from the establishment of contemporary nation-states, and on the other hand, the process of "commodification". In Japan, the "commodification of traditions" is being carried out at a tremendous pace in the run-up to the Tokyo Olympics. The short-term objective is to attract foreign tourists to Japan in order to stimulate the country's economy, and at present, the search for a "Profitable Cultural Heritage" has become the driving force of the Japanese nation's cultural and economic policies. The Edo period, during which a traditional culture created by the people was born, is at the heart of this process of commodification. The "commodification of Edo", which appears through clothing trends, historical fictions and movies, and also video games, tends to present a one-sided vision of this period, a vision of a society devoid of any contradiction, which is at the origin of what we will call "representations of the Good Old Edo." Moreover, the construction of these "representations" also constitutes a means for the nation-state to encourage the integration of a national consciousness among Japanese people, leading them to turn away from current problems to contemplate with nostalgia the traditions of a happy society. After first analyzing the constitution and evolution of "representations of the Good Old Edo", we will examine in detail the creation of the "Tokyo cultural resources district," which is at the heart of a series of political measures aimed at transforming cultural heritage assets into tourist resources, and at the center of the cultural program of the Tokyo Olympics. Finally, we will highlight in a concrete way the various problems related to this project. Beyond the matter of the Tokyo Olympics, it seems important to us that historians get to work in order to counter the wave of cultural nationalism caused by the spread of these "representations of the Good Old Edo". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Politique Étrangère is the property of Institut Francais des Relations Internationales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Mondes en Developpement is the property of De Boeck Universite and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Cuba, between 1959 and 2008, no large range land redistribution to individual producers had been considered. Since 1990 several redistribution processes of land were implemented with important impacts, but none of them was so deep in terms of area scale. Since 2008 Cuba has developed a process of non-used land distribution aimed to producers having little or no land. This mesure represents an important innovation in agrarian policy. Such a radical change is worth being described and analyzed, although little information on the matter has been published. Besides, there are not many analyses available regarding agricultural structure evolution, particularly small production. The property and/or usufruct relationship and the rules for rights of transmission are another topic that has been little documented. From fieldwork observations done in Cuban rural areas, literature review and the analysis of available statistics, this paper focuses on this land transformation process within a wider historical framework, and begins to explore forgotten topics related to the agrarian issue in Cuba.

Research background: The presented article analysis major impacts of corona crisis on global and subsequently Slovak economy. It divides major impacts into several basic categories. These categories are presented in the methods part of the article. First of all, we analyze and discuss economic impacts, subsequently shocks in supply and demand and at last impacts of policies. These categories contain wide literature research in order to offer complex overview of the topic. The results and discussion part offers comparison of three important economic indicators. Namely gross domestic product, inflation rate and unemployment rate in periods before, during and shortly after the corona crisis. Some of the selected countries play major role in global economy – China, United States and European union. Other selected economies have the most direct impact on Slovak economy like Germany, Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland and Austria. For complex overview, we also included results of Euro area and Italy as a country with the worst course of pandemic. Purpose of the article: Major purpose of presented article is description of major impacts of corona crisis on Global and Slovak economy. The need to shut down individual parts of economies and in some cases total lock down results in important damages. The article underlines these damages. Methods: Among the methods used in this article, the most important one have descriptively analytical character. We also used other methods of formal logic like analysis, graphic method, comparison and synthesis. Findings & Value added: Overview of the major corona crisis impacts on Slovak and global economy during corona crisis.

Research background: The world economy is currently affected by the devastating effects of the global COVID 19 pandemic, reaching the Great Depression of the 1930s. The economic policies of the affected countries are currently focused on short-term measures on the aggregate demand side. To this end, the growth of the public finance deficit is being prepared in the area of fiscal policy, which will ultimately deepen the indebtedness of national economies. If this economic policy is to be sustainable in the long term, measures on the aggregate demand side must be accompanied by measures on the aggregate supply side. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to determine how the current globalization processes affecting the supply and demand sides of selected national economies will be affected in the short and long term as a result of the global COVID 19 pandemic. Methods: A description of the AS - AD model will be performed, covering both short and long periods, and then a description of the impact of globalization processes on aggregate supply and aggregate demand. This will be followed by an analysis of the expected economic and social impacts of COVID 19 on individual globalization processes affecting the supply and demand sides of selected national economies and economic units. Findings & Value added: The article will help to find a systemic approach to the recovery of national economies affected by the effects of the global pandemic COVID 19 through the prism of the AS - AD model.

In Canada's government, program evaluation reports include recommendations aimed at improving their procedures and implementation. The development of recommendations can be a tedious step in the evaluation process and involve several stakeholders. Nevertheless, little research has been done in order to define how these recommendations are developed and if they are implemented afterwards by program managers. This article introduces the findings from a survey taken by federal evaluation directors, in order to better grasp the issues related to the development and implementation of recommendations. The findings demonstrate a high level of support from stakeholders towards the evaluation process and development of recommendations, which supports an increased use of evaluations. This study's findings corroborate those of previous studies and show that recommendations are mainly focused on improving the effectiveness and efficiency of programs, rather than on the more strategic decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Interventions Économiques is the property of Association d'Economie Politique and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)