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The reason that led to this paper to be written is to explain the new meanings of the notions of ethics, integrity, responsibility and accountability - in order to hold accountable those involved, directly or indirectly, in sports. Ethics management, “as one of the disciplines of management”, deals with the development of those leadership tools that contribute to the ethical development of an organization, as well as the methods that can be used to determine in which direction organizations should develop. Sport, already considered a notable social phenomenon, requires a real “legalization” able to frame it harmoniously and consciously in the context and rigors of a civilized conduct, of the highest morality, but also of strict legality and responsibility. The author argues that ethical management seeks to improve decision-making processes, procedures and organizational structures, so that the activities of the organization are as closely related to ethical principles

Résumé: Objectifs: Évaluer les connaissances des médecins généralistes et des pharmaciens d’officine en matière de dopage sportif, Populations et méthodes: Deux études descriptives transversales par questionnaire anonyme ont été menées en 2006 et 2009 respectivement chez 280 pharmaciens et 992 médecins. Résultats: Ils estiment que la plupart des records sont battus grâce au dopage et que les champions y recourent. Selon eux, les sports les plus touchés sont le cyclisme, l’athlétisme, le football, l’haltérophilie et la natation. Ils méconnaissent la liste des produits interdits. Pour eux, les personnes proches des sportifs et Internet sont les principales sources d’approvisionnement en dopants. Seuls 42 % des médecins et 35 % des pharmaciens pensent informer un patient sportif sur les produits pouvant positiver un contrôle antidopage. On note que 51,5 % des médecins ne connaissent pas les autorisations d’usage à des fins thérapeutiques et 90 % ignorent l’existence des antennes médicales de prévention du dopage. Ils déclarent ne pas avoir reçu d’enseignement universitaire spécifique sur le dopage et s’estiment mal informés. Conclusion: Les médecins généralistes et les pharmaciens d’officine ne semblent pas disposer de connaissances suffisantes pour assurer leurs missions et pour prendre conscience de leurs responsabilités dans la lutte antidopage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses political, social, and sporting events of note that took place in France since 2012 as of October 2013. It addresses the French presidential election in 2012 and the election of François Hollande, the Union cycliste internationale (UCI) decision to strip former professional cyclist Lance Armstrong of his wins due to doping allegations, and the success of French films at international awards ceremonies.

Copyright of Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin & Sporttraumatologie is the property of Schwiez Zschr Sportmed Sporttraumatologie and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of ALTER: European Journal of Disability Research, Journal Europeen de Erche sur le Handicap is the property of European Society for Disability Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: General practitioners daily meet amateur rugby players in whom self-medication can lead to positivity in doping control. A cross-sectional survey with a study of a cohort by self-administered, anonymous questionnaire was conducted in the department of Lot to judge the level of self-medication of amateur rugby players. From the 206 questionnaires collected, it appears that self-medication is common among these athletes. It is positively correlated to the level and number of hours of practice. The fatigue and decreased performance are the reasons most often cited and are clinical signs to look for the doctor and pharmacist. The role of patient information when prescribing and dispensing is to upgrade in the population involved in sport. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: Aim: To take stock of self-medication in sports, apart from doping intent and alcohol, and to propose some advices to limit its specific dangers for sportsman and sportswomen. Current knowledge: Self-medication is a part of a more general behavior of care than a person lavishes herself on itself (or its close relations) without taking the opinion of a health professional. In practice, substances used are: (1) non-prescription medications, over-the-counter drugs included, and (2) prescription medications, i.e. prescribed in the past but not consumed entirely or bought on the Internet. Three principal types of health problems are treated by self-medication: upper respiratory disorders, pain (especially headaches) and digestive disorders. Enhancing performance is also a reason for self-medication. Generally, paracetamol is the more used molecule. The user is rather a woman, aged from 30 to 50years, holding a bachelor''s degree or higher. According to 80% of them, self-medication solved their health problem. In sports, few data are available. However, the prevalence of the use could be higher in this population, with differences according to the level of practice. The sportsmen expose themselves moreover to two specific dangers: to deteriorate their performances and to positive an antidoping analysis. Various recommendations are made, according to whether the sporting authorities wish, or not, tolerate or recommend self-medication. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Summary: Objective: This study examined knowledge, attitudes and practices of doping among sportsmen and women in Burkina Faso. Methods: It was a descriptive pilot study which concerned professional footballers, athletes, cyclists, and their staffs. The data were collected by using self-administered questionnaires. Results: Overall, 75% of the solicited sportsmen and women agreed to participate (n =63). The mean age of the footballers, the cyclists and the athletes were respectively 24, 26, and 20years. The mean seniority in practice professional sport was 3years among the footballers, 4.5years among the cyclists, and 3.5years among the athletes. The mass media would be the principal source of information of the sportsmen and women (82%) about doping. The most harmful effects of the doping known by the sportsmen were cardiac disorders, decrease of the physical performances in the long run, psychic disorders, insomnia and renal diseases. Eleven footballers out of 34 (32%) were able to quote harmful effects of doping, six (18%) thought that doping has beneficial effects. A lot of cyclists ignored the harmful effects of the doping (15 out of 16) and declared that it has beneficial effects (12 out of 16). They were most affected by the doping. Four athletes (31%) thought that doping has beneficial effects against seven (54%) who could quote harmful effects of doping. Doping temptation was evident among sportsmen and women. Pharmaceutical products and local plants were used as doping products. Conclusion: Evidence from the data suggests an urgent need for measures to rescue the situation before doping becomes an institutionalized practice in Burkina Faso. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Psychologie Française is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Objective: To review the biological factors that may influence the urinary concentrations of anabolic steroids in doping controls. Topics: According to the World Anti-Doping Agency statistics, the use of anabolic steroids represents the main offence carried out by the athletes. The use of substances naturally produced by the body (such as testosterone, nandrolone) makes the interpretation of urine analyses very difficult. Furthermore, many biological factors (age, diet, menstrual cycle, oral contraceptives…) may modify these concentrations. Perspectives: The search of indirect markers of doping through the setting of the biological passport offers a powerful alternative to the current anti-doping method. Detecting the presence of the exogenous substances in biological matrices would not be the main purpose in that kind of strategy, but rather the examination of the spectra of biological variances that can be affected by doping substances. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The evolution of contemporary practices allowed us to consider doping as a new object of social discourse, placing this transgressive practice within the borders of medical, sociological and juridical prospects. The development of a legislation framing sporting practices leads to the installation of new institutions like to the emergence of concepts, such as “medical monitoring of sportspeople”, contributing to the introduction of new social control devices. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In recent years, numerous studies have shown that the intensive practice of sport was not without psychopathological risks. Act No. 99-223 of 23 March 1999 relative to the protection of athletes’ health and to the fight against doping has, for the first time, taken into consideration the psychological dimension of sport regardless of the concept of performance. Since then, the 16 June 2006 decree amending the decree of 11 February 2004 established the nature and frequency of medical examinations under Articles L.3621-2 and R.3621-3 of the Public Health Code. The interest of this review is to allow the athlete, who is an object of so many desires on the part of his parents, of his coach, of the public and of the society of spectacle, etc., to regain his place as an individual within the time of an interview. During this interview the professional will establish a link allowing the athlete to register his sport in a “life project” (athlete, academic, professional, family, etc.) and in a sphere of which sport is only an aspect. By allowing the athlete to “be”, during and after his sport career, the professional will try to locate him/her outside the “sports play-acting”, which is a source of vulnerability to the disease of “doing” (drug addiction, alcoholism, addiction gestures, etc.). Furthermore this interview is also an opportunity to seek personal vulnerabilities and to elaborate a psychopathological epidemiology of high-level sport, which has hitherto not been undertaken. This legislative progress integrated into the longitudinal medical monitoring is an important advance in the care of athletes who have gone from hero status to that of participating in an industry of recreation and sports spectacle. However, these texts leave many issues untreated, more especially that so far this assessment has been launched in a parsimonious and disparate way (method, processes, stakeholders, professional sportsmen, etc.) according to the sports federations and institutions that often resist its implementation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Two chronometric studies are described with the goal of outlining a moral representation of doping for children and adolescents. The first study, a moral chronometric task, was proposed to a sample of participants from children to adults. The conclusions indicated that children had a superficial understanding and a lack of internalisation concerning doping. A second study, a moral Stroop task, focalised on adolescence, which is a significant period of risk for doping and drug addiction. The aim of this study was to investigate whether young adolescents displayed an attentional bias to doping words and whether this attentional bias was related to physical self-esteem. Results indicated carry-over effects in young adolescents only for doping words. In addition, a poor physical self-esteem significantly enhanced carry-over effects. Finally, the results emphasise the complexity and at the same time the singularity of the morality of doping in terms of moral judgement. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Most research on doping behaviors in sportsmen is relative to professionals. However, high-risk behaviors can also be observed in amateur sportsmen. Exercise dependence corresponds to an unsuitable practice of physical exercise which leads to complications characterized by a need to increase the amount of exercise significantly, the presence of tiredness or anxiety when discontinuing the exercise, the loss of control, the increase in the time spent in exercises, the restriction of other fields of activity and the maintenance of the exercise even with a recurring physical or mental problem (Veale, 1995). It appears that exercise dependent subjects have specific representations of physical activity (Davis et al. 1993, 1995). Our objective is to study the relationship between doping practices and behavioral dependence to physical exercise in amateur sportsmen. We hypothesize that high-risk doping amateur sportsmen have the following specific profile: A threshold of consumption of physical exercises, a particular representation of the sport, a restriction of the fields of activities apart from the sport. Method: Mental representations and physical exercise habits of 317 semi-marathon runners were studied through semi-structured interviews. The sample consisted of 257 men and 60 women 20 to 60 years old. (i.e. 62 individuals from 20 to 30 years old, 116 from 30 to 40, 93 from 40 to 50, and 46 over 50 years old). All the participants were amateurs practicing foot racing in competition as principal sport. The participants were asked to answer to a self-questionnaire assessing: Their relation to physical activities, the number of hours of weekly physical exercises, the type of practice, the environment extra-sportsman, the representations of the sport, the importance given to the practice of the sport, the consumption of other products, the possibility of a consumption of doping products, their capacity to be abstinent to their physical activity. We determined an indicator of risk of doping, from different questions related to a possibility of consuming doping products. The indicator which appears most sensitive is the question: "Would you be ready to take doping products under medical control". Results: The majority (75%) of the semi-marathonians practice their physical activity between 1 and 5 hours weekly whatever their age. The median observed is equal to 4. A discriminating analysis does not make it possible to show a good capacity of classification of the individuals saying it self ready to take doping products under medical control according to the only criterion of the number of hours of physical practice. 11.7% of the subjects reported that they would agree to take doping substances if they had the opportunity to do so under medical control. The mental representations and behavioral characteristics of this subgroup are the following: 1) A pervasive search of a surpassing of themselves through physical exercise; 2) An every day life predominantly focused on physical exercise; 3) The onset of negative feelings and irritability related to exercise discontinuation; 4) Paradoxically, a moderate amount of time spent exercising (59.5% reported exercising less than 5 hours weekly). Discussion: In amateur sportsmen, the reported propensity to use doping substances is not correlated to the intensity of physical exercise measured by the amount of time weekly spent exercising. This propensity seems to occur in a specific sub-population of vulnerable subjects characterized by a behavioral dependence to physical exercise with a specific representation of their physical activity. These specific characteristics of high-risk individuals are independent from the age of the subjects. In a perspective of prevention, it is important to identify high-risk subjects to modify their manner of perceiving the sport, and to preserve other social investments. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Sociologie du Travail is the property of Association pour le Developpement de la Sociologie du Travail and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Discusses various approaches for the prevention of drug consumption by considering factors for the motivation of drug addicts. Inclusion of information about risks involved with drug intake and the details about legal and illegal drugs; Prevention to be applied in case of doping, where the drug is taken to become stronger and to win; Treatment of patients who take drugs as a means to escape from society and people.

Abstract: Aim. – This paper presents a review of the biological mechanisms of action of Growth Hormone and it’s associated effects on physical performance. Current. – Growth Hormone is used as a doping substance (to date hardly detectable) since the 80’s in response to the large progresses made in the detection of anabolic steroids. Growth Hormone has two main effects, both through direct and indirect pathways. Growth Hormone has definite but indirect action on growth through Insulin-Like Growth Hormone-I secretion and a direct action on lipolysis and insulin-resistance. Supplementation in Growth Hormone in order to increase physical performances (increases in muscle strength, muscle mass, endurance...) is efficient in Growth Hormone deficient adults but not in other amyotrophic patients with different pathologies. In the elderly and the endurance and/or strength-trained athlete, studies reported a lack of any positive effect on physical performance associated to multiple negative side effects. However, body composition is positively modified with an increase in lean body mass (extra cellular water + conjunctive tissue) and a decrease in fat mass. Conclusion. – Since no evidence support the beneficial effect of growth hormone on physical performances in healthy subjects, extrapolating the results of scientific studies on doping is hazardous as the environmental conditions surrounding the usage of growth hormone are different. The effect of growth hormone on the reduction of fat mass appears to be the main raison for its use as doping substance. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

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Abstract: Objective. – This study examined attitudes toward doping and their correlates among elite athletes in South-Eastern France. Method. – Overall, 1,197 young elite athletes aged 16–24 were asked to participate. They were recruited in sporting public centres, in training centres depending on professional football and basketball clubs, and during courses organised by regional federations for their best athletes. Data were collected with a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. We used a cluster analysis in order to summarize attitudes toward doping in contrasted profiles. Results. – Among the initial sample, 996 young athletes agreed to participate (response rate 83%). We found a consensus among respondents concerning negative aspects of doping (dishonest, unhealthy and hazardous because of sanctions, for 95.2% of them). However, the cluster analysis showed that 52.8% of participants were prone to agree with a variety of statements dealing with sportive or non-sportive benefits of doping. This attitude was linked to motives to do sport, and it was more prevalent among males, older respondents, those practising an individual sport without contact (such as athletics or cycling), and those registered in a training centre depending on a professional club. Conclusion. – Information and preventive actions targeting young athletes should focus more on anticipated benefits of doping, because this population seems already well aware of deleterious consequences of doping. Such actions should also take into account the variety of such anticipated benefits, which can be sportive as well as non-sportive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objectives. – To investigate the medico-legal aspects of national and international procedures for monitoring prescription drug use by competing athletes.Methods. – We studied the French law No. 99-223 of March 23, 1999, relating to the protection of the health of athletes? We also studied annual statistics from the Ministry of Sports concerning anti-doping controls, substances detected by the National Doping Control Laboratory and penalties applied since 2000, as well as the World Anti-Doping Code, which came into effect on January 1, 2004, and should be universally applied by 2006.Results. – Athletes registered with a federation or unregistered athletes taking part in competitions approved by sporting federations can use prescription drugs but must follow strict rules. Athletes under investigation for drug use must declare all drugs or products recently taken. The use of prescription drugs not on the list of the prohibited substances is allowed, but evidence of the use of such drugs is the responsibility of the prescriber. A medical practitioner in France who considers it essential to prescribe prohibited drugs or drugs under certain restrictions must systematically inform the athlete about the regulations by providing various certificates and forms. For international athletes, a form authorizing therapeutic use must be submitted to the validation committee of the applicable international federation. Disciplinary, ordinal and penal sanctions are also described.Conclusion. – Prescription drug use by an athlete is never a light matter and always engages the responsibility of the doctor. Anti-doping controls and sanctions encourage physicians to comply scrupulously with the medico-legal rules set forth by the public health code and the world anti-doping code. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Aim. – Evaluate the knowledge of retail pharmacists of doping in sport and to describe their attitude in front to this phenomenon.Methods. – We proceeded by a prospective self-reported survey by postal mail with 105 retail pharmacists in Dakar which contains 299 pharmacies.Results. – We have received 68 answers. Only 10% of pharmacists know doping definition. They are 66% who think that senegalese sportsmen use doping products. They feel concerned with the problem of doping (81%) and 19% of them said having been contacted during these last 12 months for advice on doping products. They consider that doping is a kind of drug addiction and a public health problem. They estimated to 95% that the most effectiveness means of prevention would be to talk about side effects of doping products with the support of doctors.Conclusion. – This study which has to be extended must bring us to do big preventing actions. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The extent of sport doping and its potential risks for health is to be considered as a problem of public health. Until now, a very few number of prevention programs have shown to be efficient. The aim of this prospective study was to compare the benefit of a specific educational intervention versus an information-based intervention to reduce adolescent athletes'' intent to use drugs. The participants were 545 adolescent athletes in Lorraine (France) randomly included in two experimental groups, health education-based intervention (EX-E) and information-based intervention (EX-I), and a control group. The interventions were divided in four steps. For the EX-E group: information on epidemiology of doping in sport, discussions about nutritional supplement and other authorised products, a drug refusal role play, information on self-medication. For the EX-I group: information on the IOC prohibited substances list, discussions about risks for health, discussions about ethic and fair play in sport, information on antidoping controls. The program was evaluated by a self-administrated questionnaire before, just after the intervention and three months later. A significant increase of protective factors and reduction of risks factors was found in the EX-E group three months after the intervention. No difference was observed in the EX-I and TEM groups. This work suggests that health education-based interventions are effective in preventing drug use among adolescent athletes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Objective – Estimate the phenomenon of doping in sport among french adolescents.Method – Our effective population was the students of the Midi-Pyrenees French Region in 1999 exception made of the high-level sport section. The data were gathered by an anonymous questionnaire filled by a representative sample of 1 506 girls and 1 420 boys aged from 13 to 20 randomly selected by a two stage sampling. Regionals estimations are given.Results – A sport-practice out of school concerned 85% of our sample. Nearly 3 000 students of our effective population (2% of this population) would consume a substance classified as a doping-drug for sport (sometimes innocently), and 8.6% of our athletes would consider to know a « friend consumming doping substances for sport-practice». The situation would be more worrying if we consider that more than 12 000 adolescents (8.7%) of the effective population would be tempted to consum suc a substance. The most cited doping substances were caffeine shape of tablet, beta 2 mimetics and cannabis. A total of nine students also declared a creatine consumption. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This article contains abstracts in French of articles included in this issue on sociology topics, including articles about xenophobia and nationalism, a sociological study about marriage and intimacy, and an article about doping in professional cycling.

Nous avons réalisé une recherche systématique et prospective d’articles de la presse grand public portant sur les produits dopants, du 1er janvier au 31 mars 2003. Sur les 58 articles de presse répertoriés, 83 % (48 textes) provenaient des dépêches de l’Agence France-Presse (AFP). La majorité des données recueillies (71 %) concernait les résultats internationaux de contrôles antidopage. Nous n’avons relevé aucune information sur de nouveaux produits dopants. L’analyse de ces articles a permis : L’analyse systématique de la presse grand public pourrait ainsi constituer un outil intéressant de veille et de suivi pharmacoépidémiologique des substances dopantes dans le sport. Mots clés : dopage, sports, presse, substances dopantes, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoépidémiologie Abstract To study the coverage by French newspapers of doping in sports, we performed a systematic review of articles appearing between January and March 2003 on the following French websites: L’Equipe, Le Monde, Le Figaro, Libération, La Dépêche du Midi and Agence France-Presse (AFP). We recorded a total of 58 articles about doping. Among them, 48 (83%) were collected from the AFP news. L’Equipe, a French sports newspaper, published seven articles (12%). Most of the recorded data reported results of worldwide antidoping control (71%). No information about new drugs was found. The analysis of the selected articles pointed out the following: Systematic analysis of newspaper reports can be considered as a relevant method for monitoring the pharmacovigilance and pharmacoepidemiology of doping in sports. Keywords: doping in sports, newspaper, drugs in sports, pharmacovigilance, pharmacoepidemiology Texte reçu le 28 août 2003 ; accepté le 11 décembre 2003 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: "Les auteurs déclarent n’avoir aucun lien d’intérêts."