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Cette leçon montre comment analyser rapidement de grands jeux de données tabulaires, pour rendre la recherche plus rapide et plus efficace.

Introduction: Cancer projections can provide key information to help prioritize cancer control strategies, allocate resources and evaluate current treatments and interventions. Canproj is a cancer-projection tool that builds on the Nordpred R-package by adding a selection of projection models. The objective of this project was to validate the Canproj R-package for the short-term projection of cancer rates. Methods: We used national cancer incidence data from 1986 to 2014 from the National Cancer Incidence Reporting System and Canadian Cancer Registry. Cross-validation was used to estimate the accuracy of the projections generated by Canproj and relative bias (RB) was used as validation measure. The Canproj automatic model selection decision tree was also assessed. Results: Five of the six models had mean RB between 5% and 10% and median RB around 5%. For some of the cancer sites that were more difficult to project, a shorter time period improved reliability. The Nordpred model was selected 79% of the time by Canproj automatic model selection although it had the smallest RB only 24% of the time. Conclusions: The Canproj package was able to provide projections that closely matched the real data for most cancer sites.

Introduction: Les projections relatives au cancer fournissent une information essentielle pouvant aider à établir l’ordre de priorité des stratégies de lutte contre le cancer, à répartir les ressources et à évaluer les interventions et les traitements actuels. Canproj est un outil de projection pour le cancer utilisant le progiciel R qui est inspiré de Nordpred et qui ajoute une sélection de modèles de projection. L’objectif de ce projet consistait à valider Canproj, programmé avec R, pour les projections à court terme relatives aux taux de cancer. Méthodologie: Nous avons utilisé les données nationales sur l’incidence du cancer tirées du Système national de déclaration des cas de cancer et du Registre canadien du cancer pour 1986 à 2014. Nous avons utilisé la validation croisée pour estimer l’exactitude des projections générées par Canproj, avec le biais relatif (BR) comme mesure de validation. Nous avons également évalué l’arbre décisionnel de Canproj pour la sélection automatique du modèle. Résultats: Cinq des six modèles ont présenté un BR moyen se situant entre 5% et 10 % et un BR médian d’environ 5 %. Dans le cas de certains sièges de cancer pour lesquels il était plus difficile d’établir des projections, l’utilisation d’une période plus courte a permis d’améliorer la fiabilité. Le modèle Nordpred a été sélectionné dans 79 % des cas par la fonction de sélection automatique de modèle de Canproj, même s’il offrait le BR le plus faible seulement 24 % du temps. Conclusion: Le progiciel Canproj a été en mesure de fournir des projections très semblables aux données réelles pour la plupart des sièges de cancer.

This article takes the Company of New France or CNF (1627-1663) as a case study to consider the legal dimensions of early modern chartered companies – how they established themselves, how they dealt with disputes, and how they exercised the regal powers delegated to them. Drawing on recent literature that challenges the entrenched notion of companies as exclusively economic entities, it considers the Company of New France as an experimentation with new tools of capital formation and governance. The article puts the CNF in comparison with other corporations and commercial associations in France as well as contemporary chartered companies in the Atlantic. While the company shared certain characteristics with other French corporations, notably a separate legal personality, responsibility for internal governance, and a contractual relationship with the king, as an overseas commercial and colonizing enterprise, the nature of its privileges, functions, and obligations were distinct. The paper’s final section considers challenges faced by the CNF in the execution of its mandate, particularly with the establishment of a new, ostensibly subordinate corporation, the Communauté des Habitants in 1645. The frictions between these two bodies underscore the inextricable ties between trade and effective governance in the colony.

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Since the advent of full participatory democracy in South Africa in April 1994, a fundamental revision of the norms, values and practices of urban management has occurred. A central feature of this is expressed commitment to greater transparency and public participation in decision-making and project execution. Manegerial practice has moved from being essentially technocratic and control-oriented to more pluralistic and development-oriented. The previously disenfranchised and largely impoverished sectors of the community have moved from exclusion and confrontation toward greater involvement and empowerment. This has not been without problems however. The current status of community participation in Cape Town is reviewed and explored against a theoretical model. The conclusion drawn is that, political impediments notwithstanding, a considerable energy and momentum has been generated at local level in civil society towards the goal of improvement in social and living environments in the city.