1. Synergistic Interaction of Certain Essential Oils and Their Active Compounds with Fluconazole against Azole-resistant Strains of Cryptococcus neoformans.
- Author
-
Khan MSA
- Subjects
- Humans, Acyclic Monoterpenes pharmacology, Syzygium chemistry, Cinnamomum zeylanicum chemistry, Terpenes pharmacology, Monoterpenes pharmacology, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission, Plant Oils pharmacology, Cryptococcosis drug therapy, Cryptococcosis microbiology, Cryptococcus neoformans drug effects, Cryptococcus neoformans ultrastructure, Fluconazole pharmacology, Drug Synergism, Antifungal Agents pharmacology, Oils, Volatile pharmacology, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Cymbopogon chemistry, Drug Resistance, Fungal drug effects, Acrolein analogs & derivatives, Acrolein pharmacology, Eugenol pharmacology
- Abstract
Objectives: This study investigated the anti-cryptococcal potential of certain essential oils (EOs)/compounds alone and in combination with fluconazole., Materials and Methods: We investigated the antifungal activity of oils of Cinnamomum verum, Cymbopogon citratus, Cymbopogon martini, and Syzygium aromaticum, and their major active ingredients cinnamaldehyde, citral, eugenol, and geraniol against clinical and standard strains of Cryptococcus neoformans (CN). Disc diffusion, broth microdilution, checkerboard methods, and transmission electron microscopy were employed to determine growth inhibition, synergistic interaction, and mechanism of action of test compounds., Results: EOs/compounds showed pronounced antifungal efficacy against azole-resistant CN in the order of cinnamaldehyde > eugenol > S. aromaticum > C. verum > citral > C. citratus > geraniol ≥ C. martini, each exhibiting zone of inhibition >15 mm. These oils/compounds were highly cidal compared to fluconazole. Eugenol and cinnamaldehyde showed the strongest synergy with fluconazole against CN by lowering their MICs up to 32-fold. Transmission electron microscopy indicated damage of the fungal cell wall, cell membrane, and other endomembranous organelles., Conclusion: Test oils and their active compounds exhibited potential anti-cryptococcus activity against the azole-resistant strains of CN. Moreover, eugenol and cinnamaldehyde significantly potentiated the anti-cryptococcal activity of fluconazole. It is suggested that multiple sites of action from oils/compounds could turn static fluconazole into a cidal drug combination in combating cryptococcosis., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Annals of African Medicine.)
- Published
- 2024
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