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Bien que connue depuis les temps les plus anciens, la dépression de Wadi el Natroun n'avait jamais été prospectée autrement que pour sa richesse en sels minéraux. C'est en 1977 que les auteurs, cherchant à savoir s'il existait des lacs naturels à Spirulines en République Arabe d'Égypte, découvrirent dans la dépression de Wadi el Natroun certains lacs comme Abou Gobara et El Khadra où croissaient spontanément les algues spirulines. Le climat du site, l'origine et la composition des eaux, ainsi que la concentration en algues, ont été étudiés afin d'estimer la productivité du site en vue d'une éventuelle exploitation industrielle. L'exploitation de ces lacs permettrait de mettre en valeur le site de Wadi el Natroun par la production d'une substance très riche en protéine pour l'alimentation humaine dont à tant besoin la République Arabe d'Égypte. Even though it has been known from olden days, the depression of Wadi el Natrun had never been prospected other than for its wealth of mineral salts. It was in 1977 that the authors began searching for natural lakes with Spirulina algae in the Arab Republic of Egypt and, in the depression of Wadi el Natrun, discovered varions lakes such as Abu Gobara and El Khadra where Spirulina algae grew in a natural state. The climate of the site, the original and composition of the water as well as the algae concentration were analyzed to evaluate the productivity of the site for eventual industrial exploitation. The exploitation of these lakes would give value to the Wadi el Natrun site by producing a very protein-rich substance for human nourishment which the Arab Republic of Egypt needs so badly.

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The use of gynecological pessary to put back up prolapsed organs to their normal position appears to be as effective as surgical management to relieve symptoms related to uro-genital prolapse and restore body image. This millenary device can be used temporarily, awaiting a surgical solution or as a therapeutic test (mimicking the effect of a surgical procedure to predict its functional outcome or identifying a masked urinary incontinence). It can also represent an alternative to surgery (patient choice, women who wish to complete childbearing or who are unsuitable for surgery because of medical comorbidities) and thus can be used in first intention. Pessary can also be used to confirm or deny the responsibility of pelvic organ prolapse for atypical symptomatology as pelvic heaviness or pain. However, this use requires adjuvant treatment. In this paper, we highlight an original effective process not yet published to optimize the tolerance of pessary.

Objectives: The use of pessary to put back up prolapsed organs to their normal position dates back prior to several millennia. This work aims to discuss its place in our clinical practice through an updated bibliographic review and emphasizes a hands-on approach to pessary fitting and management in terms of indication, pessary type selection, device' size, insertion, removal, follow-up visits and care., Methods: A review of the literature, in the light of the latest publications and recommendations of French and international learned societies, as well as our own experience, were analyzed., Results: This device appears to be as effective as surgical management to relieve symptoms related to urogenital prolapse and restore body image. It can be used temporarily, awaiting a surgical solution or as a therapeutic test (mimicking the effect of a surgical procedure to predict its functional outcome or identifying a masked urinary incontinence). It can also represent an alternative to surgery (patient choice, women who wish to complete childbearing or who are unsuitable for surgery because of medical comorbidities) and thus can be used in first intention. However, despite its moderate cost and its harmlessness, this device remains somewhat little known as regards the practical modalities of its use, which, moreover, appear not consensual., Conclusion: A guide intended for the attention of the patients as well as a film relating to the practical modalities of the device' use were elaborated to improve the knowledge of both professionals and users in order to optimize and secure the care pathway., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Microscopic blue-green Spirulina algae, such as have been consumed since ancient times, are algae having a very high protein content (70 p. 100 of dry matter). At present the Spirulina platensis species in the Kanem region in Chad is gathered by primitive methods, sold in the marketplace and consumed by the local population. The Spirulina maxima species exists in a seminatural state in Mexico City, and an industrial pilot plant harvests and produces one ton per day. Both species, Sp. platensis and maxima, can be cultivated in the same way in a controlled synthetic medium in large-area basins. Whether these Spirulina come from a natural medium or synthetic culture basin, harvesting includes the successive stages of concentration, filtration and washing followed by drying done in a conventional manner. The characteristic constituents of Spirulina platensis and Spirulina maxima, in addition to the high protein content, are both nucleic acids that account for about 4 p. 100 of the dry matter and the fatty-acid composition which is saturated C16 and ethylenic C18 substances. Linoleic acid and especially gamma-linolenic acid arecharacteristic of these two species. The unsaponifiable content is made up in particular of sterols such as cholesterol and beta-sitosterol as well as by triterpenic alcohols such as alpha-amyrin.