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O Brasil foi condenado pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, no caso de Vladimir Herzog. A sentença desse caso é emblemá- tica pela gravidade das violações perpetradas contra Herzog que implicam em exemplo da omissão do Estado brasileiro em fazer justiça aos crimes cometidos por agentes públicos e privados na ditadura Militar. O artigo explora como o Brasil implementa as decisões do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos e demonstra por meio da jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana, a influência do jurista Cançado Trindade na interpretação das leis de anistia. O objetivo principal consiste em refletir sobre a contradição da atual política de Direitos Humanos no Brasil decorrente da falta de implementação das leis internacionais que buscam consolidar esses direitos no país. O estudo conclui que há uma falta de concretiza- ção das leis internacionais que visam a melhorar os mecanismos de proteção dos Direitos Humanos no Brasil. A metodologia adotada é analítica indutiva, por meio da técnica de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental.

Launched in 2004 by the Federal Policy of Brazil, the operation named Lava Jato evolved to a task force among several Brazilian institutions in co-operation with international organizations. The criminal investigations, initially focused on money laundering, enlarged to cover allegations of corruption of public officials and politicians. However, the outputs of the Lava Jato builds on a previous strategy of the Brazilian authorities to promote the alignment of the legal and institutional framework to the international recommendations for combating corruption and economic crime. The article starts by exploring the Brazilian public policies adopted for legally typify white-collar crimes and address its critical stages such as the prevention, detection, investigation and prosecution of offense, and the recovery of the proceeds. Secondly, it investigates the possible deviations of the actions implemented by the Curitiba branch of the Lava Jato Operation, which were mainly driven by public opinion pressure and ideological interference. Further, it oversees the economic impact of national anti-corruption actions by comparing the developments of the Brazilian operation Lava Jato to its Italian equivalent Mani Pulite. Based on the Italian and Brazilian experiences, the study proposes additional global driven legislative measures directed to neutralize the interference of local public opinion and political interests, and aimed at reducing the negative economic outputs generated through misguided criminal investigation and the prosecution of offense. This paper also works out the concept of crime and victim in a globalized context, in line with UN Agenda 2030.

Spots, stains and smears keep recurring in Shakespeare’s plays and poems, where they often appear as the marks of sin, evil and violence. While this is undoubtedly the case in a number of occurrences, I argue here that these polluted sites of exploration also allow a deeper understanding of Shakespeare’s poetics since, in the early modern period, smears were often linked to the creative process. This article first explores “patched” texts as well as ink and bloodstains in the context of writing practices, before proceeding with an analysis of dramatic spots and stains to show that, if “stains” often implied sexual violence, “spots” were more specifically connected to sin and soul, even though the meanings of the two words sometimes overlapped. In this context, I suggest that Old Hamlet’s ghost, who materializes Hamlet’s doubts and trauma on stage, is not just one of Shakespeare’s great theatrical stunts but also a major dramatic stain. In the last section, I address smears as slime and ooze in Antony and Cleopatra, seen from the perspective of Lucretian philosophy. Egypt’s mud both defiles and revives through the Nile’s powers of regeneration. Like the clouds in the sky, this constant process of de/re-composition provides an analogy for Shakespeare’s writing process. Marked by stains and impurity, the playwright’s poetics reveals its textual fabric to be simultaneously soiled and sublimated by its blots and spots.

Introduction to CrOCEVIA monographic issue "Dati empirici e risorse lessicali"

Measure for Measure is a dark tragicomedy unusually set in a Central European city, a place which works as a palimpsest characteristic of Shakespeare’s geographical ambiguities. The playwright uses Italian sources, resorts to commedia dell’arte devices, gives his characters Italian names, and as is often the case with his other Italian plays, endows Italy with a certain sense of freedom as opposed to Vienna, where sexual behavior is about to be strictly regulated. But rather than consider the submerged Italian background of Measure for Measure as evidence of authorial revision, this article argues that Vienna makes sense in the play and that Shakespeare, in offering several distorted perspectives on his city, was clearly influenced by the visual arts of his time. In this attempt to resort to new, unexpected ingenious effects, he worked out an experimental, anamorphic geography intended to reproduce an ambivalent map of love, where unabashed sexual licence is confronting repressed desire. Indeed, just like Holbein’s Ambassadors which switches from a grand vision of power and knowledge to that of a disquieting skull, Measure for Measure shows a passage from ducal palace to the margins of the city which foregrounds whores and hangmen as well as syphilitic bodies and skeletons.

In an anamorphic play such as Measure for Measure, the grotesque is endowed with a strong satirical power, and its close relation to the macabre makes it even stronger. Shakespeare actually depicts a dramatic vanitas and places the morbid at the heart of Vienna, regarded as a world marked by confinement and instability. In this town infested by the syphilis and threatened by the plague, Claudio, Juliet, Isabella, Mariana, Angelo and the Duke are described as doppelgängers haunted by the same quest for absolutes and the same luxuriousness. Thus, the play presents us with a whole series of frail and disquieting characters, and the medieval theme of the Dance of Death running throughout the tragicomedy reveals the vanity of their speeches and attitudes. Therefore, beyond its festive characteristics, the Shakespearean grotesque is particularly dark, and it underlines flaws whose tragic dimension will be clearly seen in a play like King Lear.

In this paper, I intend an in-depth examination of the highly symbolical universe of colours in Shakespeare’s The Winter’s Tale against the background of the Reformation, which gave pride of place to dark and sad dyes. In the wake of Michel Pastoureau’s works on the subject, I will thus not only aim at exploring the broad chromatic fields of the play (black, white and red) but also at having a closer look at its “sentimental” colours (yellow and green) as well as at its “dishonest” hues (the colours of the rainbow), as those defended by Autolycus, whose polychrome world reflects a subversive vision of Bohemia. This analysis will lead us to question the playwright’s aesthetic values at work in the last scene of the play, which stages the beautifully painted—albeit wrinkled—statue of Hermione.

This paper focuses on the notion of “genre(s)” and tries to demonstrate that in the Renaissance England, artists often relied on a labyrinthine genre to improve the subtlety of the writings. The image of the labyrinth was chosen for a variety of reasons: derived from classical sources, sometimes representing chaos, sometimes standing for a complex harmony, this rich, ambivalent figure was at the same time attractive and repulsive. Gradually, the myth pervaded reality: under the Tudors, several kinds of mazes entertained Shakespeare’s compatriots. Indeed, knots and maze gardens proliferated, literally provoking the amazement of people contemplating their twists and turns. The old tradition which consisted in treading the path of a turf-maze still persisted, as Elizabethan literature shows, even though less and less young people wanted to take part in these pagan rituals. In the seventeenth century, poets started lamenting the gradual disappearance of these curves drawn on the grass. Still, the myth of the labyrinth was very pregnant in narrative, dramatic and poetic fictions. With its eccentricities and its extravagances, Renaissance literature gave the symbol a new life. Such translations as Edward Fairfax’s Godfrey of Bulloigne or the Recoverie of Jerusalem (1600) and Robert Dallington’s Hypnerotomachia (1592) allow us to enter a world full of “diversions” – in both senses of the word – and of intricate mazes. And more importantly, the image of the Cretan circumvolutions, when present in the texts, refashioned the style of Renaissance books: this is the reason why the labyrinth itself can be seen as a genre, fully operative during the Elizabethan period. Dramatists in particular used this peculiar genre to stage deviant trajectories and plots of “seduction”, in the etymological sense of the term. More generally, writers re-shaped labyrinthine discourses in order to respect the ideal of copia which had been defended by Erasmus. Finally, this essay explores the multiple meanings of “erring” for the Renaissance artists, given the fact that many of them played on its different facets (going astray or making a wrong choice), in order to produce “amazing”, and sometimes deceiving, literary works.

Objective: Volatile halogenated anaesthetics offer a myocardial protection when they are administrated before a myocardial ischaemia. Cellular mechanisms involved in anaesthetic preconditioning are now better understood. The objectives of this review are to understand the anaesthetic-induced preconditioning underlying mechanisms and to know the clinical implications., Data Sources: References were obtained from PubMed data bank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi) using the following keywords: volatile anaesthetic, isoflurane, halothane, sevoflurane, desflurane, preconditioning, protection, myocardium., Data Synthesis: Ischaemic preconditioning (PC) is a myocardial endogenous protection against ischaemia. It has been described as one or several short ischaemia before a sustained ischemia. These short ischaemia trigger a protective signal against this longer ischaemia. An ischemic organ is able to precondition a remote organ. It is possible to replace the short ischaemia by a preadministration of halogenated volatile anaesthetic with the same protective effect, this is called anaesthetic PC (APC). APC and ischaemic PC share similar underlying biochemical mechanisms including protein kinase C, tyrosine kinase activation and mitochondrial and sarcolemnal K(ATP) channels opening. All halogenated anaesthetics can produce an anaesthetic PC effect. Myocardial protection during reperfusion, after the long ischaemia, has been shown by successive short ischaemia or volatile anaesthetic administration, this is called postconditioning. Ischaemic PC has been described in humans in 1993. Clinical studies in human cardiac surgery have shown the possibility of anaesthetic PC with volatile anaesthetics. These studies have shown a decrease of postoperative troponin in patient receiving halogenated anaesthetics.

Aim: One of the major problems encountered in heart transplant is the limited cardiac preservation time. The time limit from the moment the donor heart is removed to the transplant itself is 4-6 hours at maximum. Extending the preservation time would therefore provide access to a larger pool of donors, and also permit long-distance (transfrontier) organ transfer. To attain this aim, a number of different cardiac preservation solutions have been proposed and evaluated either clinically or experimentally; however, no consensus has yet been reached by the various heart transplant teams involved. As finding an optimal solution is of major importance, the aim of the present study was therefore to assess the efficacy of several cardiac preservation solutions: the University of Wisconsin solutions (UW-1 and UW-1 + calcium = UW-2), the Saint-Thomas' Hospital solution (STH-1) and a new solution (NS) developed by our laboratory., Method: Male Wistar rats (n = 60) were anesthetized by i.m. injection of pentobarbitol, and randomized into six groups, i.e., NS (group I), STH-1 (group II), UW-1 (group III), UW-2 (group IV), saline solution, NaCl (group V), and controls (group VI). All the hearts except those in the control group were preserved by immersion (8 hours, 4 degrees C) in the different solutions (n = 10/group). The hearts were either a) reperfused in Langendorff mode (functional assessment, n = 5/group); or b) frozen (energetic assessment, n = 5/group)., Results: The hearts treated with NaCl displayed arrhythmia and a collapsed mean left ventricular pressure throughout the reperfusion period (3.6 +/- 1.3 mmHg) compared to the NS hearts and the control group (97 +/- 2.6 and 122 +/- 1.9 respectively), while the STH-1, UW-1 and UW-2 hearts showed an intermediate-range ventricular function (48 +/- 4; 39.9 +/- 4.1; and 69 +/- 1.8 respectively). Creatine kinase levels were higher in the STH-1 and NaCl groups (541.9 +/- 168 and 1,080.8 +/- 126.2 IU/L respectively). The energetic charge was significantly lower in the NaCl and UW-2 groups (P = 0.001) compared to the control, NS, STH-1 and UW-1 groups., Conclusion: It was found that the composition of the respective solutions had a major effect on the the quality of myocardial preservation. Compared to the other solutions tested in this study, the NS solution was found to be optimal for the preservation of isolated hypothermic rat hearts.

Objective: To review current data on minimally invasive cardiac surgery., Data Sources: Search through the Medline data base of French or English articles., Data Extraction: The articles were analysed to make a synthesis of the various techniques with their main indications and contra-indications., Data Synthesis: Minimally invasive cardiac surgery includes various surgical procedures. The usual techniques are described, their major benefits and drawbacks are discussed. The main goals of anaesthetic management are preservation of ventricular function and systemic perfusion, detection and treatment of myocardial ischaemia, prevention of hypothermia in case of coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart via sternotomy, intermittent selective ventilation of the collapsed lung using CPAP in case of limited thoracotomy. Expertise in transoesophageal echocardiography is essential for insertion and checking the accurate positioning of the various catheters of the endovascular CPB Heartport system (pulmonary vent, endosinus catheter, venous cannula, endoaortic clamp) allowing coronary artery bypass grafting and mitral valve surgery through limited thoracotomy and finally, detection of retained intracardiac air and assessment of complete clearing of cardiac cavities after mitral valve surgery through limited thoracotomy and aortic valve surgery via ministernotomy. Short-acting anaesthetic agents allow rapid recovery from anaesthesia, early extubation and discharge to the surgical ward within 24 h, whereas overall time spent in the operating room is often longer than with conventional cardiac surgery.

Purpose: To determine the incidence, circumstances of occurrence and evolution of gastrointestinal complications after cardiac surgery with extracorporeal circulation (ECC)., Methods: Retrospective chart study of gastrointestinal complications in 6.281 patients undergoing ECC between january 1994 and December 1997., Results: Sixty patients developed 68 gastrointestinal complications (1%). Complications included: upper gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 23), intestinal ischemia (n = 19), cholecystitis (n = 7), pancreatitis (n = 6), and paralytic ileus (n = 16). The incidence of these complications was low after coronary artery (0.4%) or valvular surgery (0.8%) and high after cardiac transplantation (6%) and after surgery for acute aortic dissection (9%). Compared with a control population, patients with gastrointestinal complication had a higher Parsonnet score (29 +/- 15 vs 13 +/- 12 points; P = 0.002), were more frequently operated upon as an emergency (40/60, 66% vs 1120/6221, 18%; P = 0.01), underwent ECC of longer duration (114 +/- 66 vs 74 +/- 42 min; P = 0.01), and presented more frequently with low cardiac output after surgery (45/60, 75% vs 435/6221, 7%; P = 0.001). The mortality rate after gastrointestinal complications was 52%. The major factor associated with mortality was the occurrence of sepsis (OR = 38.7). Other factors were: renal failure (OR = 7.9), age > 75 yr (OR = 3.5), mechanical ventilation for more than seven days (OR = 2.7), associated cerebral damage (OR = 3.9)., Conclusion: Gastrointestinal complications after ECC occur in high risk surgical patients. These complications are frequently associated with other complications leading to a high mortality rate.