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Objective: This study aims to evaluate surgical training in ophthalmology through feedback from residents., Materials and Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was created, including 20 items which assessed the number of complete or partial surgical procedures performed during a semester, self-assessment of surgical skills, use of surgical simulators, an overall rating of the surgical training received and some suggestions to improve surgical training. It was sent by email to all residents in training in Île-de-France (DES Île-de-France and Inter-CHU), France., Results: From October 23 to November 7, 2021, 89/137 residents responded to the questionnaire (65%). Since the beginning of their residency, ninety percent of the residents received training using simulators. Over 90% performed all of the technical steps of a "standard" cataract surgery at least once during the semester, and 60% 10 times or more. The least performed technical steps or procedures also received the lowest self-assessment: management of expulsive hemorrhage, open-globe or lacrimal laceration wound suturing, capsular tension ring injection, and intraocular lens explantation. Residents gave an overall average rating of 6.6/10 to their training and suggested some feedback on videos of resident surgeries (67%) and theoretical courses dealing with surgical techniques (61%)., Discussion: The increasing use of simulators should improve surgical training. Residents express the need for training regarding surgical complications and emergencies as well as improvement of their technical skills via improved feedback., Conclusion: Surgical teaching appears suitable for learning cataract surgery but seems less effective for the management of emergencies and intraoperative complications., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction and Objective: Botulinum toxin (BT) is used in a variety of therapeutic applications, including the treatment of strabismus. Two injection techniques coexist - transconjunctival injection and open sky injection. The goal of this study was to evaluate the results of BT injections in esotropia in children under 10 years of age and to compare the two techniques., Patients and Method: This is a retrospective, monocentric study, including children who received BT injections to treat their strabismus by the aforementioned techniques between 2014 and 2017. The results of these injections were recorded, and subgroup analyses (injection technique, age, degree of deviation, type of strabismus) were performed. The primary endpoint was the optimal success rate defined as residual strabismus less than or equal to 10 Δ., Results: The study included 68 children with a mean age of 28.9 months and a mean deviation angle of 34.7 Δ. Patients received 1.2 BT injections. The success rate was 38% at 6 months, 35% at 12 months, and 35% at 24 months. There was 33% transient ptosis and 5% consecutive exotropia. There was no evidence of significant difference in success rate between the transconjunctival and open sky injection methods, baseline angles, age of injection, or type of strabismus., Conclusion: BT injection is effective and safe in pediatric esotropia, regardless of the injection method., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Pigmented perivenous chorioretinal atrophy is a rare condition, the etiology of which is still unknown, with approximately one hundred cases described in the literature. The lesion is characterized by chorioretinal atrophy with retinal pigment in a bony spicule distribution along the retinal veins. These pigmentations are small round lesions, which are in a pattern similar to the appearance of osteoblastic cells. This condition is often bilateral and asymmetric. It appears to be sporadic most of the time. The atrophic areas do not affect the macula; therefore visual acuity is not disturbed. Optical coherence tomography shows an alteration of the external layers of the perivenous retina. Fluorescein angiography reveals a hyperfluorescence of the perivenous retina. Visual field measurement reveals a paracentral scotoma. This condition appears to be localized and self-limited, yet our knowledge is still limited because of the small number of cases reported. The present work reports two cases of pigmented perivenous chorioretinal atrophy in children. Our descriptions correspond to the data reported in the literature., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Endogenous endophthalmitis is a rare eye disease, affecting vulnerable subjects (such as preterm or older elderly subjects), with reserved visual and sometimes vital prognosis. We present a preterm boy, born at 35 weeks and 2 days gestation, who developed a right eye Pseudomonas aeruginosa endogenous endophthalmitis secondary to a left-foot peripherical catheter-infection-associated bacteremia. He had a first intravenous antibiotic therapy associating third-generation cephalosporin and fluoroquinolone, then Ceftazidime® by intravitreous injection and a subconjunctival injection of betamethasone. Because of the development of vitreoretinal retraction, phacophagia and vitrectomy were performed. We point and discuss the severity of this disease, associated with poor visual and vital prognosis, and the importance of prompt biological diagnosis so that the appropriate intravenous antibiotic therapy is chosen. Treatment is also discussed, especially the interest value of antibiotic intravitreous injection in preterm infants., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: We report the case of an acute rise in intraocular pressure occurring decades after the treatment for prematurity (ROP)., Case Report: A 54-year-old preterm woman presented an acute rise in intraocular pressure in her right amblyopic eye. Prominent dilatation of iridal vessels was noted. Fundus was not visible at that time because of corneal edema. Ocular echography was normal. The fellow eye showed temporal attraction of temporal vessels suggestive of retinopathy of prematurity at the cicatricial stage. Neovascular glaucoma was postulated and pressure control was obtained after cyclodestruction and transscleral cryoapplication. After resolution of corneal edema, fundus examination revealed extensive peripheral retinal photocoagulation scars. Iridocorneal angle presented extensive iridocorneal synechias without true new vessels. Visual acuity remained limited to hand motion., Conclusion: Prominent iris dilatation seen in some preterm patients can mimic rubeosis, and, in the present case, mislead to a diagnosis of neovascular glaucoma. Diagnosis can be difficult if the patient is not specifically asked for a history of prematurity. The case underlines the notion that ROP patients may present very late complications of the disease.

Introduction: Iris mammillations are congenital abnormalities characterized by vitiliform protuberances regularly spaced on the surface of a velvety iris. They can be either isolated or associated with melanocytosis involving iris, sclera or periocular tissues, resulting in a risk for uveal melanoma. They can be complicated by ocular hypertension. We report three cases of iris mammillations in three children., Cases Report: For each patient, age, circumstances of revelation, anterior and posterior segment examination, intraocular pressure, associated anomalies, and progression were noted. Patient no. 1: In a 13-month-old boy examined for a squint, bilateral iris mammillations were fortuitously discovered. Intraocular pressure remained normal over 22 months of follow-up. Patient no. 2: In an eight-year-old boy, bilateral iris mammillations with papillary excavation were fortuitously discovered. Intraocular pressure was normal and the excavation did not change over 20 months of follow-up. Patient no. 3: A five-year-old boy was examined for a scleral pigmentation in the right eye. The examination found unilateral iris mammillations and ipsilateral ocular melanocytosis. Intraocular pressure and fundus were normal and remained normal over 13 months of follow-up., Discussion: and conclusion: Iris mammillations are congenital abnormalities, generally unilateral, sometimes hereditary. The differential diagnosis includes Lisch nodules of neurofibromatosis and iris melanoma. The etiology of iris mammillations is unknown; these lesions can be complicated by ocular hypertony and, in case of associated melanocytosis of the iris, sclera or periocular tissues, by uveal melanoma. These potential complications warrant a regular clinical follow-up.

We evaluated 36 eyes in 23 infants between one and eleven months old who had primary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation for congenital cataracts. All eyes had a capsulorhexis of anterior and posterior capsulae and anterior vitrectomy. In order to obtain an emmetropia at age 5 years, we chose a 35% undercorrection of lens power for infants less than six months old, and 25% for infants between seven and eleven months old. The average follow-up was 15.3 months. Nine eyes developed posterior synechiae and eight developed a posterior opacification. The average postoperative refraction was +5.81 dioptries at one month, +4.56 at four months, +1.5, at one year, and +0.19 at two years. There was a marked subjective visual improvement in 34 eyes.

Purpose: Endoscopes for use in ophthalmology can be manufactured in dimensions smaller than 0.89 mm., Materials: Gradient-index lenses that give a higher resolution than fiber bundles can be miniaturized down to 0.35 mm., Results: We used this new endoscope in 6 eyes of 6 patients during anterior segment surgery. Preliminary clinical experience has demonstrated the usefulness and practical application of this new instrument., Conclusion: The clear views the instrument provides of the ciliary sulcus and ciliary body behind the iris make it useful in secondary posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation, retroprosthetic membrane behind keratoprosthesis, Molteno valve, and in endolaser photocoagulation.