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This article makes a case for including in future critical éditions of the trouvères, both electronic and print, the melodic isolates from codices such as Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1591 (R) and Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 24406 (V). An argument based on melodic structure and poetic genre favors one particular mode of manuscript transmission while suggesting a possible origin for these unica, following which a number of them are analyzed from a structural and aesthetic point of view. Cet article plaide en faveur de l’intégration, dans les futures éditions critiques des trouvères – tant électroniques qu’imprimées – des unica mélodiques des chansonniers tels que Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 1591 (R) et Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fr. 24406 (V). Un argument tenant compte à la fois du schéma mélodique et du genre poétique de ces pièces sera offert en faveur d’un modèle particulier de transmission manuscrite, proposant par la même occasion une origine possible pour ces mélodies. Par la suite, un certain nombre d’entre elles seront soumises à une analyse structurale et esthétique.

We are reporting the case of a 64-year-old patient with chronic cough who has been diagnosed with an intercostal hernia with pleural and hepatic content associated with a diaphragmatic hernia of non-traumatic origin.The patient was treated for an acutely febrile cough with signs of respiratory distress. Thoracic scan showed an intercostal hernia containing an encysted hematoma and a right anterior diaphragmatic hernia with epiploic content. The COVID PCR was negative. This is one of the rare reported cases of intercostal hernia associated with a homolateral diaphragmatic rupture. Visceral and thoracic surgery enabled treatment of the two hernial orifices by raphy as well as omentectomy of the necrotic omentum ascending to the right pulmonary hilum.These two parietal complications of chronic cough should be considered in case of intercostal flap or acute respiratory distress. Surgery must then be carried out as a matter of urgency to reduce the content of the hernias and treat the musculoaponeurotic dehiscent orifices.

Hearing voices is a common experience for people with schizophrenia. Perceived voices are in most cases a source of great distress for patients. This experience also exists in the general population and is considered as "non-clinical". Much research has focused on the psychological and neuropsychological mechanisms behind the emergence of voices. With regard to voice persistence factors, the acceptance of the voice-hearing phenomenon is still relatively unexplored. In addition, there are few standardized tools that specifically assess this dimension of voice experience. The Voices Acceptance and Actions Scale (VAAS) is the only validated tool to address voice acceptance in individuals with schizophrenia. However, to date, there is no French version. The objective of this research was to validate the VAAS in a French speaking population.Our sample consisted of individuals with schizophrenia (N=65) and voice hearers from the general population (N=321). For the clinical population, individuals with schizophrenia and auditory hallucinations were assessed using the VAAS scale in its two abbreviated versions (9 and 12 items). In order to validate the measure in French, we administered psychopathology scales (BPRS) and voice belief scales (BAVQ-R) for convergent and divergent validity. For the non-clinical population, we administered the VAAS scale online (via LimeSurvey), accompanied by a brief sociodemographic questionnaire (age, sex, country of origin, existence of medical or psychological follow-up).The psychometric properties of the VAAS scale were satisfactory and similar to the original English-language tool for both versions, with a slight advantage for the one with 9-items. The convergent validity measured with the BAVQ-R scale, and the divergent one measured with the BPRS depression subscale, were found to be satisfactory. In addition, the re-test performed 6 weeks after the first test (N=30) was satisfactory for both scales, with a Pearson correlation index greater than 70 (r=0.70; P0.001 for the VAAS 9 items) and (r=0.79; P0.001 for the 12 item version). In individuals with schizophrenia (clinical population), the level of voice acceptance was low and strongly correlated with depression. This point seems to corroborate the current data in the field suggesting that voice hearing in this population is associated with significant distress and has a significant impact on their lives. Conversely, the level of acceptance obtained from the non-clinical population was much higher, reflecting a higher level of acceptance in this population. People from the non-clinical population seemed to accept and experience their voices with less distress than people from the clinical population in this study.To date, a paucity of studies have investigated the acceptance of auditory hallucinations. Our results support the psychometric validity of the French version of the VAAS, particularly the 9-item version. Furthermore, our study supports the need to continue studying voice acceptance, as it appears to be strongly linked to depression in people with psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia. In addition, our study is novel in that it also explored, with a standardized tool, the level of voice acceptance in a non-clinical population and found people to be more accepting of the voices they hear and better at living with them. These data provide new evidence to better understand the links between the level of acceptance of voices, their experiences, and depression. Clinically, it seems essential to conduct more systematic and regular evaluations of the level of voice acceptance in those hearing voices. Finally, in terms of rehabilitation, voice acceptance can become a therapeutic target in order to improve the psychological and behavioral functioning of the person.

Resume Le burn-out peut concerner le domaine professionnel mais aussi parental. Les meres, confrontees a de nombreux facteurs de stress, sont effectivement susceptibles de presenter des symptomes d’epuisement. Afin de mieux cerner cette problematique, cette recherche s’interesse aux facteurs explicatifs de l’epuisement maternel aupres de meres de jeunes enfants. Cent vingt meres ayant au moins un enfant entre un et trois ans ont complete des questionnaires comprenant une fiche anamnestique et cinq echelles : le Maslach Burnout Inventory adapte a la maternite, la Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, l’echelle parentale de provisions sociales et l’echelle de stress de la vie quotidienne lie a l’interface famille/travail. Les analyses ont montre que 34,2 % (n = 41) des meres de jeunes enfants presentent un certain degre d’epuisement. Les facteurs principaux en lien avec ce syndrome seraient : le fait de ne pas avoir d’activite professionnelle, la perception de difficultes financieres, un mauvais sentiment de competence parentale et la symptomatologie depressive. Cette etude preliminaire permet de mettre en evidence l’importance de l’epuisement chez les meres de jeunes enfants et souligne la necessite de developper des programmes d’intervention et de prevention.

This thesis studies the mechanical behavior of a 0.2C-5Mn-2.5Al Medium Mn steel that exhibits a very high degree of work hardening due to transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) during plastic deformation. During TRIP, paramagnetic retained austenite is transformed to ferromagnetic martensite with the application of plastic strain and generates a significant amount of work hardening. The rate of work hardening is seen to vary greatly depending on processing parameters—notably the intercritical annealing temperature. These steels also often deform heterogeneously through the propagation of Lüders or PLC strain bands.This research develops a method to characterize the kinetics of the TRIP effect through measurements of the samples magnetic properties. The method is novel in that it is performed in-situ with no effect on the tensile test and is able to correct for the effects of the applied stress on the magnetic properties. The results of these experiments were compared to characterizations of the strain bands to demonstrate that TRIP coincides with the passage of a Lüders or PLC band. The strain rate sensitivity of the steels is analyzed and the presence and type of PLC bands are characterized with respect to the transformation kinetics., Cette thèse caractérise un acier Moyen Mn à 0.2C-5Mn-2.5Al qui montre un écrouissage très fort au cours de la déformation plastique dû à l’effet TRIP. Pendant TRIP, l’austénite résiduelle paramagnétique se transforme en martensite ferromagnétique sous déformation plastique, ce qui conduit à un fort écrouissage. Le taux de cet écrouissage dépend des paramètres de fabrication et surtout la température de recuit intercritique. Ces aciers ont aussi des fois le tendance de se déformer de façon hétérogène par des bandes de Lüders ou PLC.Dans cette thèse, une méthode de caractérisation de la cinétique de transformation de phase est développée sur la base des mesures de l’aimantation saturée de l’acier. La méthode magnétique est unique dans son implémentation in-situ sans aucun effet sur l’essai de traction. Une correction pour les effets de la contrainte appliquée sur l’aimantation est aussi introduite pour la première fois avec une base physique. Les résultats des mesures magnétiques ont été comparés contre des caractérisations des bandes de déformation pour montrer que la transformation de phase coïncide avec le passage des bandes de déformation. La sensibilité à la vitesse de déformation est analysée et une caractérisation de la présence et type de bande PLC est présentée en fonction de la cinétique de transformation de phase.

National audience

Refusant les étiquettes de parodie et de satire, cet essai explore ce que la thématique et les structures narrative et mélodique de notre chantefable doivent à la comédie romantique et à la chanson de geste et reconnaît l'influence de Jean Renart sur le portrait de sa propre héroïne., Rejecting the labels of parody and satire, this essay explores the influence of romantic comedy and epic on the themes and narrative and melodic structures of our chantefable, and acknowledges the role Jean Renart's Lienor plays in the construction of its own heroine.

Resume L’attachement antenatal renvoie au lien d’affection qui se developpe entre une femme et son fœtus. A l’heure actuelle, peu d’outils permettent la mesure de ce concept et un seul a ete etudie en francais (Prenatal Attachment Inventory). Ce travail se propose d’etudier les proprietes psychometriques de la version francaise d’un second outil : la Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (Condon, 1993). Cet auto-questionnaire, initialement compose de 19 items, a ete etudie aupres de 117 femmes primipares (27,5 ± 4,27 ans) en cours de troisieme trimestre de grossesse. Dans cette etude, la MAAS est apparue comme un outil aux proprietes psychometriques moyennes. La structure factorielle originale n’est pas confirmee ; une solution non satisfaisante a quatre facteurs se degage. La consistance interne, bien que correcte pour le score total, s’avere insuffisante pour les facteurs degages. Les auteurs, dans l’attente d’investigations complementaires, recommandent l’utilisation de l’outil uniquement dans son score global.

Resume Cette etude traite de la validation en langue francaise de la version courte du Maternal Self-report Inventory (MSI) aupres de femmes venant d’accoucher. Le MSI est un questionnaire permettant de mesurer l’estime de soi maternelle. Notre echantillon est compose de 251 femmes ayant accouche en France (30 ± 4,52 ans) et qui ont ete sollicitees pour completer, deux jours apres leur accouchement, le MSI compose initialement de cinq sous-dimensions et l’Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EPDS) (appreciation des symptomes depressifs). L’analyse factorielle a degage cinq facteurs correspondant partiellement a ceux de l’etude originale. Ces cinq facteurs sont correles negativement au score d’EPDS. Cette etude atteste de la bonne validite interne du MSI en francais. Cet outil, simple d’utilisation et bien accepte par les meres, devrait permettre aux professionnels de sante non seulement de depister les meres « fragiles » et ayant besoin de soutien, mais aussi d’adapter leur praxis en fonction de chacune des problematiques rencontrees.

Prenatal attachment (PA) is defined as the relationship that develops between a woman and her foetus. Three measurements exist for evaluating PA: the Maternal Foetal Attachment Scale (MFAS), the Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale (MAAS) and the Prenatal Attachment Inventory (PAI). Of these three, only the PAI has been used in French.The overall objective of the current study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of this second measure of PA: the MAAS. This scale was developed in 1993 by Condon. The MAAS is a 19-item self-report questionnaire which allows for calculating a total attachment score and two subscale scores; one score estimating the quality of the affective attachment experience and the other that estimates the intensity of concern about the foetus. For each item, the future mother provided an appreciation on a 5-point Likert scale (1=absence of feelings for the foetus; 5=very strong feelings for the foetus).The sample was composed of 117 primiparous French females (27.5 ± 4.27 years) in the third trimester of pregnancy (32.84 ± 3.77 weeks of amenorrhea). The study was carried out over a period of 5 months (January-May 2012). Each woman was asked to provide demographic data, a French version of the MAAS, a validated French version of the PAI, and a scale evaluating depressive symptoms (Edinburgh PostNatal Depression Scale, EPDS).The MAAS demonstrated moderately good psychometric properties. Condon's two-factor structure of MAAS was not supported in our sample. Four factors were identified with exploratory factor analysis. Internal consistency was satisfactory for the global scale and for the factor 1 but not sufficiently adequate for the other factors. Concurrent validity was indicated by moderate correlations between the global MAAS scores with the total PAI score. A weak but significant inverse correlation was found between the MAAS and the EPDS suggesting good divergent validity.The authors suggest that additional research be conducted on the measurement before confirming the validity of the French version.

This study aimed to question pregnant women about motivations to give birth with and without epidural analgesia, and about their perceptions of childbirth and pain.One hundred and fourteen pregnant women completed questionnaires measuring their wish of an epidural analgesia, pain experienced during a childbirth, general anxiety, their perception of a childbirth and then motivations of a woman to give birth with and without epidural analgesia.Women gave more motivations to give birth with an epidural analgesia. Differences were found concerning pain evaluation and childbirth perceptions depending on the fact that women wanted or not wanted an epidural analgesia.Various motivations and differences between women observed in this study show the necessity to take into account wishes and expectancies of the women concerning childbirth pain relief.

International audience; no abstract

The objective of the study was to evaluate the incidence of eating disorders, including not otherwise specified eating disorders (EDNOS) and subthreshold disorders, inappropriate compensatory behaviors (such as self-induced vomiting, strict dieting, fasting) along with depressive symptoms among young French adult males.The sample was composed of 458 young men in age ranging from 18 to 30 years (mean age=21.9±2.4). The average body mass index was 22.8±3. Participants completed two questionnaires: the Questionnaire for Eating Disorders Diagnoses (Q-EDD) assessing full-criteria eating disorder symptoms based on DSM-IV criteria (i.e. clinical eating disorders) and subthreshold disorders, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D) assessing depressive symptoms.Out of the 458 surveyed respondents, eating disorders were reported by approximately 17% of the overall sample, with 1.5% meeting diagnostic criteria for serious clinical disorders, 3% meeting diagnostic criteria for EDNOS and 12% meeting diagnostic criteria for subthreshold disorders. Exercise bulimia represented 1% of the overall sample and binge-eating disorder 2%. The most frequent subthreshold disorder was subthreshold nonbinging bulimia (7%). Participants with eating disorders were equally divided between those desiring weight gain, those desiring weight loss and those wanting to keep their current weight. Participants without eating disorders were more likely to want to gain weight compared to participants with eating disorders (45.5% versus 30% respectively; P0.05). After controlling for body mass index, 30% of participants tended to perceive themselves as thinner than they actually were and 6% tended to perceive themselves as fatter. Regarding normal-weight participants, 28% perceived themselves as thinner and 8% as fatter than in reality. Overeating episodes were reported by 19% of participants. Binge-eating episodes (recurrent or not) were reported by 8% of young men, including 32% of participants with eating disorders and 3% of participants without eating disorder. Six percent reported repeated binging (at least twice a week for at least once a month). Inappropriate compensatory behaviors were mostly used by participants with eating disorders, except for excessive exercise (34% versus 35% for participants without eating disorders). The most typical compensatory behavior was fasting (11%). According to the cut-off score of 22, 18% of young men had a moderate to severe depressive symptomatology, including 5% of participants who also reported an eating disorder (i.e. 30 participants). A one-way ANOVA was conducted to examine differences in depressive symptoms as a function of eating disorder groups, namely the clinical eating disorders sample (n=22), the subthreshold disorders sample (n=54) and the asymptomatic sample (participants without eating disorder; n=382). Results were statistically significant, (F(2,455)=7.27, P0.001) and post-hoc tests (Scheffé tests) were used to examine the group differences. The mean CES-D scores for the clinical eating disorders sample (19.45±8.2; P0.05) and the subthreshold disorders sample (18.15±10.9; P0.05) were significantly higher than for the asymptomatic sample (14.19±8.9). There was no significant difference between the two eating disorder groups (P0.05).The results demonstrate that a significant proportion of men with eating disorders manifest comorbid depressive symptomatology. These results suggest that EDNOS and subthreshold disorders should be taken into consideration, as they represent 15% of the total sample. Participants reported high rate of excessive exercise and fasting, which could reflect the importance of muscle tone or strategies to increase muscle mass. Further research is necessary in order to better understand male eating behaviors and disorders.

Self-esteem is defined as the opinion of one's self that one establishes and maintains during the lifetime. Self-esteem is considered to be based on general as well as specific elements that define the individual's identity. Whereas overall self-esteem evolves over the lifespan, specific elements change regularly and thus have an impact on these specific types of self-esteem. Maternity is a central defining element of a woman's life, and it is believed that a woman can develop a specific self-esteem based on her experience of motherhood. Many studies have shown how overall self-esteem is affected during the perinatal period, and the relationship between self-esteem and other variables, notably post-partum depression.The objective of this study was to translate, evaluate, and validate the short version of the Maternal Self-Esteem Inventory (MSI, SheaTronick in 1988) for use in French populations. The MSI short form is a 26-item questionnaire using a Likert response format in five points.The sample was composed of 251 French female participants (mean age 30; SD=4.52) who had given birth two days earlier. Participants completed the MSI and the Edinburgh Post-natal Depression Scale (EDPS).The results of a factorial analysis showed five factors which partially correspond to the original English version of the MSI short form. These five factors were negatively correlated to the EPDS. The five factors showed good to excellent internal consistency.The current study provides a translated and validated version of the MSI short form in French. It provides a specific indicator of self-esteem with regards to motherhood and the experience of maternity. The MSI can provide useful data that can help identify women at risk for negative feelings about themselves, which can lead later to manifestations of perinatal psychopathology (e.g, post-partum depression).

Resume But Malgre les avancees medicales et scientifiques, le sentiment de culpabilite est souvent present a la suite d’une fausse couche. L’objectif de cette recherche etait de se pencher plus precisement sur les modalites d’expression du sentiment de culpabilite, sur les facteurs qui y sont associes et sur les consequences que celui-ci peut occasionner. Patientes et methodes Les entretiens semi-directifs de 31 femmes ont ete retranscrits et analyses afin de degager les themes relatifs a la culpabilite. Resultats Environ un tiers des femmes s’interrogent sur des causes eventuelles de leur fausse couche autres que medicales. Certaines femmes evoquent une causalite psychogene. La culpabilite apparait de maniere plus ou moins directe. L’absence d’explication medicale semble particulierement difficile pour les femmes. Conclusion Il est important de rechercher et de discuter les sentiments de culpabilite ressentis par les femmes apres la perte precoce de leur grossesse et de ne pas laisser le manque d’explication accroitre leur sentiment de responsabilite.

Desptite medical and scientific advances in the field of obstetrics, psychological trauma following a miscarriage may result in feelings of guilt. The objective of this research was an in-depth examination of the different expressions of feelings of guilt, and the factors, which are associated, and their consequencies.Thirty-one semi-directive interviews were transcribed and analysed to study themes associated with guilt.About one third of women question themselves and interpret some level of personal responsibility for their miscarriage. Many women evoke psychological causes of miscarriage. In all cases, guilt is expressed more or less directly. The lack of medical explanations for miscarriage is particularly difficult for women.The results of the current study underline the importance for careful consideration of any expressed feelings of guilt by women experiencing miscarriage; increasing basic medical information and providing overall psychoeducational support can help women better understand their experience and perhaps avoid excessive feelings of responsibility.

The object of this study is to create and put into place a psychological support intervention including three components (support, educational and cognitive) for women who have suffered a miscarriage.One hundred and thrity-four women participated in the study: 66 composed the "immediate intervention" group (II) and 68 the "differed intervention" (DI) group. All participants completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Impact of Events Scale-Revised (IES-R) and the Texas Grief Inventory (TGI) at 3 and 10 weeks as well as 6 months following study enrollment.Results at 3 weeks show a significant difference between the groups for both anxiety and event impact.In terms of prevention, the brief early intervention tested in this study appears to be particularly pertinent following miscarriage.

Early maladaptive schemas developed during childhood are relatively stable. Once activated, these early maladaptive schemas could influence reality perceptions and create cognitive distortions. Previous studies showed that early maladaptive schemas are linked to depression: early maladaptive schemas could be a risk factor for depression (Young, 2001) and a vulnerability marker for depression (Dozoïs, 2007).The main objective of the present study was to explore the influence of early maladaptive schemas on depression severity among a French adult population.One hundred and sixty-two participants (mean age 29 years; SD=13.86) were enrolled, 66 men (mean age 29 years; SD=13.65) and 106 women (mean age 30; SD=14.07). Participants were invited to complete the Young Schema Questionnaire, short version (YSQ-S1-Young 1994) and the Beck depression Inventory, 2nd version (BDI-II-Beck 1994). Fifty-six participants were randomly selected to complete a paper version of the scales, and 95 participants completed an online electronic version.Fifty-two percent of the participants were not depressed, 15% slightly depressed, 17% moderately depressed and 16% met criteria of severe depression. All 15 schemas scores were positively correlated to depression scores. Comparing schema scores and depression severity it can be noted that for severely depressed participants all schema scores were significantly higher, and six of 15 schemas were significantly higher in the case of moderate depression. In addition, three schemas (imperfection, vulnerability, fusional relation) are significantly and positively linked to depression scores, whereas one schema (everything is owed to me) appears to be a significantly negative predictor of associated depression.This study confirms results of previous research concerning the link between early maladaptive schemas and depression. What is more, the results show that the importance of these schemas increases with depression severity. The most important variation was found on schemas concerning interpersonal relationships like "abandonment" or "social insulation and social exclusion" as well as schemas related to personal competence as for example "failure" or "dependence and incompetence". Further research will be necessary to explore the role of depression as an activator or/and by reinforcing early maladaptive schemas.