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The Vendée War (1793-1795) was an essential part of the French Revolution (1789-1799). A region of western France, south of Nantes, the Vendée, refused to continue obeying the new authorities of the Republic (1792), against a backdrop of forced military mobilization and anti-Catholic religious persecution. This peasant insurrection, led by nobles like Charette, suffered terrible repression, beyond military counter-insurgency. The Convention, the assembly governing the Republic, was very frightened in 1793, in a context of difficult foreign war and multiple domestic disputes. It took revenge by organizing a populicide in the Vendée. Carrier's infamous massacres in Nantes, carried out to order, were the norm, not a pathological exception. The infernal columns of the Republican army carried out the Vendée genocide. We propose to rediscover these historical facts, sometimes still hidden.

Caring for the welfare of children is a continuous and ongoing process, the foundation of which is a legally sound system. Child-friendly proceedings are designed to ensure the meaningful involvement of children in the decision-making process, which, of course, is manifested in the proper realization of the child’s right to be heard. A child’s right to be heard in civil proceedings is a crucial aspect of child-centred justice, recognizing children as active participants in decision-making. The article studies the evolution of the child’s right to be heard in the international legal system, thus examining international conventions such as the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child and regional documents that recognize the children’s right to participate in decision-making processes related to them. The article analyzes the legal framework applicable in different jurisdictions, including challenges and best practices in exercising the right. In addition, the article discusses the importance of the child’s participation in civil proceedings, emphasizing its impact on the child’s development and well-being and, on the other hand, on the quality of court decisions. The article discusses the relationship between the child’s right to be heard and the standard of protection of the best interests. It emphasizes the need for a multidisciplinary approach when dealing with cases related to children. The article reviews the practical challenges and opportunities related to this issue and circumstances limiting the right, such as age and maturity. The legal ways necessary for better realization of the child’s right to be heard are proposed in the form of recommendations in the article.

This critical review engages with Michael Devitt’s exposition on language theory and communication as presented in his book Overlooking Conventions. The review is comprised of two main sections. In the first, Devitt’s theory is elucidated, encompassing both its negative delineations in relation to linguistic pragmatism/contextualism and its affirmative attributes concerning the pre-eminence of speaker meaning and convention. The second section delves deeper into Devitt’s conception of polysemy, scrutinizing three contentious facets of his approach: (i) the reductive characterization of polysemy and its consequential omission of emerging/new linguistic usages; (ii) the parameter of regularity and its function in distinguishing novel usages from established or conventional ones; and (iii) the principled identification of polysemy and homonymy, coupled with the dismissal of psycholinguistic evidence supporting their differentiation.

Copyright of Aequitas: Journal of Human Development, Disability & Social Change / Revue de Développement Humain, Handicap et Changement Social is the property of Reseau international sur le Processus de production du handicap, RIPPH and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Le métayage est un mode d'exploitation agricole dans lequel le propriétaire foncier et le métayer se partagent la production dans des proportions fixées par contrat. L'objectif de cet article est d'analyser le contenu des contrats de métayage, la nature des conflits qui surgissent et les modes d'arbitrage adoptés par les parties contractantes dans le cas des cultures maraîchères sous serres dans une région saharienne. L'analyse exploite les données empiriques collectées grâce aux enquêtes exploratoires (20 individus) et systématiques par questionnaire auprès d'un échantillon de 100 exploitations agricoles, dans la commune d'El-Ghrous, wilaya de Biskra (Algérie), caractérisée par une forte croissance de la production maraîchère et phoenicicole, durant les deux dernières décennies. L'échantillonnage s'est fait selon une approche spatiale, basé sur un zonage raisonné, de manière à avoir des personnes répartis sur toute la commune. L'enquête a été effectuée durant les périodes 2013 et 2016/2017. Cette analyse fait ressortir trois principaux résultats: (i) le contrat de métayage, dans ce contexte, est de deux formes: un simple contrat de travail sans dimension foncière où le métayer n'apporte que sa force de travail et de son expertise (savoir-faire), sans pouvoir de décisions dans la ferme; ou bien une forme de « partenariat limité » dans laquelle il participe à la prise de décision sans contribution aux coûts de production; (ii) Les termes du contrat du métayage sont connus et acceptés par tous les acteurs ce qui réduit la marge de négociation et de modification de ces termes; et (iii) Et la mobilisation de la coutume et des règles locales ont rendu le contrat du métayage plus efficace et moins conflictuel. Cependant, la rareté de la main d'œuvre agricole, affectant plus spécialement le maraîchage sous serre, pourrait faire évoluer les termes de contrats de métayage au profit des exploitants tout en leur conférant plus de pouvoir de décision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

L’idée prit corps de convoquer une réunion des Supérieurs des Sociétés Missionnaires le 23 octobre 1905. A cette même année, la commission exécutive ou commission d’examen fut constituée. Elle fut créée afin d’examiner quelles reformes devraient être introduites dans l’administration de l’Etat Indépendant du Congo. Son a été d’éliminer et de prévenir les abus signalés par la commission d’enquête. Les résolutions et propositions formulées dans la réunion des supérieurs, ne concernent nullement ou d’une manière seulement indirecte les relations avec l’Etat Indépendant du Congo. Ce sont des vœux qui se rattachent soit à l’évangélisation soit à l’œuvre civilisatrice en général. Telles sont les résolutions qui traitent des écoles, des taxes et prestation des autochtones, de la question arabe et de la moralité publique.

In work the general principles of transfer of thermal energy in limited space are theoretically considered. To simplify the task, the tasks are defined in the Cartesian coordinate system. The dependence of the transfer on the coefficients of thermal conductivity, heat capacity and eigencoefficients of differential partial differential equations of an inhomogeneous and homogeneous nature are analyzed. Modeling sets initial and boundary conditions. In solving the problem, the method of multiple separation of variables is used. In conclusion, the final form of the function of the phenomenon of heat transfer in a limited space is derived from 4 variables.

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Prepared by other iconoclasms, French revolutionary vandalism spared nothing and inspired the destruction of successive revolutions throughout the world. The contradiction lies in the fact that, at the same time, the actors of this drama were developing the idea of heritage that is still prevalent in our country today. There was no shortage of decrees and laws, most of which had no effect. Two prominent examples are briefly discussed here: the desecration of the royal basilica of Saint-Denis and the fate of Notre-Dame cathedral in Paris. The powerlessness of a few men who were aware of the tragedy unfolding before them shows how the machine that mercilessly crushed human beings was also particularly effective in erasing the traces and roots of a two-thousand-year-old culture founded on God and the King.

Les conventions de droit matériel ont, dans les domaines où elles interviennent, un effet décisif d'unification. Il en résulte que le droit commercial international de la matière devient commun à tous les Etats contractants. Le seul facteur de diversité devient alors les éventuelles divergences d'interprétation entre les juridictions étatiques ou arbitrales qui auront à connaître de l'application de la convention.

Le principe du non-refoulement qui permet de garantir un accès effectif aux procédures d’asile est consacré par la Convention de Genève relative au statut des réfugiés de 1951, repris par le Protocole de New York de 1967 et par d’autres instruments régionaux. Ce dernier interdit aux États de renvoyer une personne dans un État « où sa vie ou sa liberté serait menacée en raison de sa race, de sa religion, de sa nationalité, de son appartenance à un certain groupe social ou de ses opinions politiques ». Cette étude fait voir que malgré cette protection juridique, le principe de non-refoulement est désormais de plus en plus menacé par d’autres pratiques administratives et aussi par des impératifs d’ordre sécuritaire. Comme conséquence, le demandeur de protection se voit opposer l’irrecevabilité de sa demande et renvoyer vers son pays d’origine ou de transit.

La loi modifiant et complétant le Code de la famille, promulguée le 15 juillet 2016, et entrée en vigueur juste une année après sa promulgation, est venue organiser l’adoption internationale. Les rédacteurs ont sans doute été placés devant une réalité, celle de la lutte contre la traite et l’enlèvement des enfants. Le droit devait donc évoluer. Et dans cette perspective, l’Etat congolais va ratifier la Convention de la Haye de 1993 sur l’adoption internationale, le 18 décembre 2019, entrée en vigueur le 01 avril 2020. L’adoption internationale existe selon cette Convention à partir du moment où les deux parties (l’enfant et les futurs parents) ont établi leur résidence dans les pays différents, même si elles détiennent la même nationalité. Il faut dès lors rechercher la loi applicable et connaître les effets de cette adoption ou sa mise en œuvre, selon les règles du droit congolais, et dans le respect de la convention sur l’adoption internationale ratifiée.

Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article seeks to explore the symbolical relevance of love links and locks present in the pastoral drama Flori, published Maddalena Campiglia in 1588. I demonstrate how theatre enabled a woman writer of the Italian Renaissance to express herself on marital conventions and female freedom, whatever her social status and her desires for artistic and personal self-affirmation might have been.

Humanity today is facing a series of changes. These changes concern the human habitat in general, cities and urban complexes in particular. The globalization, markets and production methods cause population movements between regions and towards cities, mainly to bigger cities. It is necessary to reconsider internationally the place of cultural heritage and its role in the future of countries and peoples, due to the changes in the political governance, economic development and globalization, the danger of marginalization and the extinction faced by many communities, as well as the gradual erosion of traditional beliefs and convictions. The loss of the valuable patrimonial fund represents a cultural, scientific, economic loss, but, first of all, an identity loss: the disregard of history leads to the dilution of the feeling of belonging to the national community. The lack of a patrimonial conscience of decision-makers and the population must be remedied by a set of complex legislative and operational measures, whose public awareness component is essential. Thus, in order to outline policies, programs and projects in the field of cultural heritage, which would consolidate the territorial development of our country, this study aims to make a diagnosis of the international regulatory framework in terms of both its historical evolution (because it will allow us to better understand its origins and further evolution), as well as the strengths and gaps that exist at this time. However, the state institutions and organizations responsible for the protection, conservation and improvement of cultural heritage must develop their skills, tools, attitudes and, in many cases, their role in the process of creating and implementing regulations in this field, taking into account the international and national legislation.

In the first half of the twentieth century, the European continent was devastated by two wars and the human rights have been trampled to an unprecedented degree. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms is directly inspired by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). It safeguards a list of rights and freedoms that the Western European governments in the postwar period accepted without hesitation, being fundamental to such an extent that it deserves international recognition. The Convention ensures, among other things, the right to judicial protection, freedom of expression, assembly and association and freedom of thought, conscience and religion. Additional protocols include property rights, the right to education, to free elections and the abolition of the death penalty, and others.

While Aristotle’s and St. Thomas’s teachings about economics are often ridiculed today, this article argues that actually what they had to say about this issue, especially about the nature of sound currency, backed up by force of law, is quite profound. According to both of them, sound money plays an essential role in the preserving commutative justice within States. By so doing, it preserves communication between talented people who make qualitatively unequal contributions to a State’s continued existence and welfare.

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unprecedented proliferation of antisocial phenomena in the sphere of organized crime is a source of insecurity for life social life and, equally, a real aggression against the rule of law. In contemporary society, terrorism, illicit drug trafficking and trafficking of human beings, armament, ammunition and radioactive substances are the main forms of manifestation of organized crime with unprecedented cross-border implications. Aware of the danger these categories represent and given the variety of legal systems, the states of the world have taken measures aimed at adapting a new legal framework in order to prevent some procedural imbalances. New facts regarding organized crime have incriminated in accordance with international, European, regional or bilateral treaties, conventions and agreements.

The right of the parties to be present at the hearings and to be informed, even though there have been ongoing complaints before the European Court of Human Rights, for violations of Article 6 of the Convention, recent years continue to refer to court cases whose decisions are found to be irregular according to the procedure and states are fined with high financial costs. There is therefore a need to remind the obligation that the national authorities have to comply with these decisions and not to be repeated in the future. In support of this purpose, several issues of the Constitutional Court in Albania and ECHR decisions are addressed. The number of cases is growing year after year. As a result, we understand that remains the main duty and responsibility of the judicial authorities in the de facto implementation of the right to participate in trial and information of court proceedings. While a person should recognize this right and make use of the means made available by the right to exercise it. It is interesting to show the current situation in which Albania confronts the Convention and the ECtHR. We have we have over 50 cases so far adjudicated at the European Court of Human Rights, with the Albanian State party, subject to the violation of Article 6 of the Convention.

The notion of the cultural heritage of humanity is relatively recent, but its protection and conservation date back to the Renaissance. Over time, this type of initiatives has been supported legislatively, which provided a legal framework, including the obligation to protect and rescue humanity’s exceptional natural and cultural assets. One form of legislation on the protection and conservation of heritage is the Paris Convention of November 1972 which, for the first time, brought to public attention the idea of World Heritage. Romania adopted the convention by Decree No. 187/1990. Since then, our country has managed to list eight UNESCO cultural and natural sites and with the promulgation of Law No. 410 of December 29, 2005, on the protection of intangible cultural heritage, it registered six other heritage elements, the Romanian culture thus occupying a well-deserved place among the cultures of the world. The 1972 Convention is important due to the impetus was given to the countries of the world to preserve, protect and promote their national values, but also to place them among other world property of exceptional value.

Copyright of Présence Francophone is the property of College of Holy Cross, Department of Modern Languages & Literatures and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Commenting David Hume’s metaphor of the “wall” of benevolence and the “vault” of justice in the third Appendix of his Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals, the paper compares those two “social virtues”, and thus describes two forms of social links, corresponding respectively to the “natural virtue” of benevolence and to the “artificial virtue” of justice. I also examine Hume’s enhancing of the possible contradictions between those two virtues, when he remarks that some isolated acts of justice, though absolutely necessary to the cohesion of the “vault” of justice, actually constitute a “form of evil”; an observation that other authors such as Francis Hutcheson, Adam Smith and John Rawls, have somehow neglected.

Анистратенко Антонина, Мойсей Антоний. Путешествие во времени как отголосок ритуальной пластики фольклорных обрядов в художественной прозе. Художественная литература как вид искусства проистекает из фольклорной традиции и, глубже, в мистических верованиях, что ей предшествовали. Путешествие во времени как прием в художественной литературе, по нашему мнению, имеет гораздо более глубокие корни и относится к началу периода господства мифологического мировоззрения. В данной статье мы попытаемся осветить особенности, характер и способ заимствования приема путешествия во времени из фольклорной пластической обрядности в художественной прозе на материале современной украинской литературы. Для реализации анализа авторами взяты за основу образцы современных романов с использованием путешествия во времени: В. Кожелянко «ЛжеНострадамус», В. Пелевин «Generation П», Ю. Щербак «Время смертохристов» и историко-этнографические исследования, основанные на полевом материале, в т. числе пластических и драматических обрядов украинцев. Ключевые слова: путешествие во времени, современная проза, пародийность, условность, хронотоп. Anistratenko Antonina, Moysey Antoniy. A time travel as plastics aftersound of ritual folk ceremonials in the artistic prose.The artistic prose as a form of art appear in the folk tradition and, more deeply, in the mystical beliefs that preceded it. The journey in time as a reception in fiction has much deeper roots and comes from the period of domination of the mythological worldview, in our opinion. In the proposed article we will try to analize the peculiarities, the nature and method of borrowing from the folklore plastic rituals into artistic prose on the material of modern Ukrainian literature. For the analysis result the authors use the samples of contemporary novels using time travel: the "False Nostradamus" V.V. Kozhelanko, "Generation P" V.Yu.Shrebak, "Time of Deaths of Christ" and historical and ethnographic materials, based on field material, on Plastic and dramatic rituals of Ukrainians. The time in the literary work plays a conceptual role for the genealogical marking. Therefore, is developing the problems of chronotopic inversion in modernist literature, the manifestations of the time space of an artistic work, the origin of elements of time repeatedly became the subject of close study of literary critics. These are, first and foremost, such works as V. Danilenko's monograph "The Harvest in the Desert", "The Structure of the Artistic Text" by Y. Lotman, "The Forms of Time in the Chronotop of the Novel" by M. Bakhtin, "The Chronotop" by L. Gogotiishvili, "The Chronotop as an Aspect of the Study of the Slavic Romanticism "by N. Kopistyanskaya," Categories of Medieval Culture" by A. Gurevich, works by A. Durkheim, V. Cabo and others. The basis for the realization of travel in time isthere is also combined with the ceremonial drama, besides the unstable and non-vectored time manifestation. In the national calendar, the greatest unit of measurement of the annual time is the season of the season changes. According to folk tradition, off-season boundaries are fuzzy, they differ in different regions. This is how cyclical the recurring calendar time is expressed. In order to make the trip, it used proclamations and ritual actions with certain objects, for example, a cherry or apple tree that was kept, torn during the flowering period and could affect the speed of the winter and spring arrivals. Before the realization of the journey in time in the work of art is also a condition that causes a shift of timeplanes. A way of fixing the conditionality in fiction, which was secured by the existence of magical plastic rituals, when the magician conducting ritualism causes the realization or materialization of the intentioned out of time. From idea to creation does not pass any time interval, as is customary in the historical flow of time. This happens due to identtification. We can conclude that the methods and concepts of borrowing and fixing the shift of time planes or traveling in time as a way of accepting artistic prose are considered in the article, it is worth mentioning the following principles: the switching of the recipient from linear time to calendar cycle time, providing characters (for example, Clim Starigl of the novel "False Nostradamus" by V.Kozhelanko) of supernatural possibilities, in particular, dominating over absolute time, overcoming the distance in time from the preseent to the future (divination). Key words: travel in time, modern prose, parody, convention, chronotope.

According to Aristotle spoken words are signs of impressions, and those words which are used as names have conventional meanings. This theory of meaning poses a problem because it is unclear how exactly impressions which are essentially subjective may be assigned to names conventionally, i.e. due to certain interactions between different persons. In the following article the nature of the problem as well as the most prominent notions of conventions are analyzed: it is shown that considering the ways by which conventions about meanings should be established according to them the problem cannot be eliminated. It is also claimed that this is the problem not only for the particular Aristotle's theory of names, but also a problem for a much wider set of theories of meaning and interpretation.

Series about the Adventures of Teoś Kefirek Małgorzaty Strękowskiej-Zaremby According to the Patterns of a Detective Novels Małgorzata Strękowska-Zaremba is the author which writes a children’s novels. In her cycle of Teoś Kefirek she was inspired by classic pattern of detective novel, but she was able to modify it. She tries to work out her own style, creates colorful characters and fixes them in the 21st century realities and on the other hand she is capable of using conventional elements of genre and renews them with her own suggestions. She also intertwined the moments of great suspense with situations full of humour on account of young readers.

The purpose of the research is to analyze the law enforcement practice of protecting the rights of abducted children by the example of several European countries (France, Finland, and Sweden) and to highlight the main trends in the development of this practice at the international level. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, interpretation, structural-functional approach, classification, synthesis and interpretation of the information obtained. The main method of analysis of documents which are normative legal acts in the field of protection of the rights of abducted children at the level of international legislation, as well as the national legislation of France, Finland, and Sweden. The main result of the research was an analysis of the main national regulations on the protection of the rights of abducted children in France, Finland, and Sweden, as well as the activities of the central authority for international child abduction in these countries. In addition, the main trends in the development of law enforcement practice in the protection of the rights of abducted children at the international level were highlighted, using the examples of the countries studied. Scientific novelty of the research is substantiated by the determining role of The Hague Conventions of 1980 and 1996 as fundamental international documents in the field of international child abduction, the definition of the fundamental principle in the formation of national legislation and resolving the issues of protecting the rights of abducted children, and identifying the specifics of law enforcement practice in protecting the rights of abducted children in individual countries (France, Finland, and Sweden).

Copyright of Synergies Pologne is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Pologne is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

By elaborating the proposed work, we want to bring theoretical contributions and enter a scientific domain which may not be at the beginning of its course to Romanian society, but which we consider to be able to handle improvements under doctrinaire and practical aspects. Objectively, we intend to reinforce the “statute” of leasing operations on a national level, operations which are still searching for their own identity, lacking any “legacy” gained from experience or historical post-December accumulations, and what has been gained has been assumed in a rush, under the influence of the Romanian society’s processes of democratization and European integration and are mechanical accumulations/teachings which resulted from the enforcement and necessity of complying with certain treaties and agreements which have not been sufficiently analyzed. Because they were taken in fractions, a series of norms resulted, lacking the consistency and sufficiency needed to improve education in the leasing domain, which has often led to contractual imbalances and a considerable decrease of the leasing market in Romania.

Seafarers stayed paradoxically, distant from ICT, mobile and internet phone. This situation begins to change, while a new international convention of the maritime labor comes into effect. The hybridization between internet and international conventions can result in a new regulation of a labor market. But this cyberpolitics is still very virtual. The connected seafarer allow to put in light the process of construction of internet at sea, as a market and the links to the need of internet to organize new social regulations of maritime labor.

Within the paper it is examined the institution of extradition between Romania and Serbia, in the light of the provisions of the Treaty into force and the Romanian special law. We have also achieved a comparative examination between the provisions of the bilateral instrument and that of the European Convention on Extradition of 1957, an aspect which highlighted some elements of resemblance between them, several provisions of the European legislative act being taken into the bilateral legal act. The elements of novelty of this paper concern the comparative examination of the two international legal instruments, references to Romanian special law and de lege ferenda proposal, through which we express our opinion for the adoption of a new law regulating the institution of extradition between the two countries. The work can be useful for academics and institutions with direct responsibilities in the domain of judicial cooperation in criminal matters in the two states.

Copyright of Annales Historiques de la Révolution Française is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this paper I discuss the concept of habit from a sociological point of view. My aim, in part, is to consider the ways in which sociologists and social philosophers could use and have used ‘habit’ in their analyses and explanations. In particular the concept of habit can contribute to our understanding and explanation of the behavioural regularities involved in social structure. In addition, however, I am interested in the limitations of the concept of habit, within a sociological context, when compared against other concepts which are used to do similar work. In particular I contrast the concept of habit with the concepts of ‘rule’ and ‘convention’, drawing out the strengths that it has relative to those competing concepts but also identifying important aspects of behavioural regularity which they bring to light and which habit ignores. In the conclusion to the paper I consider ways in which these various concepts might overlap and might be used in conjuction with one another.

Consideration of international law in the national legal system of the State, continues to grow. In this sense, the international community rushed to build a supranational legal arsenal, capable of harmonizing the increased divergence contained in the legal systems of States. Certainly, the importance given to international conventions is not determined by the mere fact of its ratification or non thereof but rather the appreciation of the legal system as a whole. However, the effectiveness of the international standard is problematic because it is often considered that it is likely to generate a loss of sovereignty and control of economic and social development of countries.

Dans ces dernières années, le secteur des services a pris une place prépondérante dans la dynamique économique vu l’importance du nombre des entreprises actives dans ce secteur et le nombre croissant des prestations consommées. Dans ce contexte, la problématique de la qualité se pose avec acuité, et plus particulièrement le problème de l’incertitude sur la qualité ses services, du fait qu’une mauvaise ou une incertitude sur la qualité du service, place toute l’entreprise en position de désavantage concurrentiel. C’est dans ce cadre que s’inscrit ce travail. L’objectif est de déterminer les sources de l’incertitude sur la qualité des services ainsi que les moyens nécessaires pour la résoudre. L’hypothèse de cette recherche est que le caractère spécifique des services est la source principale de l’incertitude sur la qualité et que les conventions de qualité sont des outils de résolution de cette incertitude. L’étude empirique a porté sur deux entreprises, REDAL et le Groupe Banques Populaires (GBP). A partir des informations recueillies on a essayé de montrer que les deux entreprises recourent à des conventions de qualité (par l’application du système management qualité et les engagements de service) selon le degré d’immatérialité de la prestation

Copyright of Food Systems / Systèmes Alimentaires is the property of Classiques Garnier and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The fundamental rights and freedoms contained in international documents may be the object of the denial of an extradition request as independent exceptions, even if they are not covered by extradition treaties. The right to life is a fundamental human right whose protection must be achieved in the extradition proceedings. By Law no. 30/1994, Romania ratified the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, adopted by the Council of Europe.