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Objectives : Worlwide and in France, the use of psychoactive substance (UPS) is a public health problem. Few French surveys were conducted in an emergency department (ED). The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of SPA use among patients presenting to the ED, their socio-economic data, and to establish a link between UPS and reason for ED admission. Methods : We conducted a prospective observationnal study in the ED of university hospital of Bordeaux between April 2016 8th and 17th. All patients aged from 18 to 75 years completed anonymous questionnaires about their SPA consumption. Results : 529 patients were included in the study. 34.6% of them reported UPS (excluding tobacco and alcohol) during the year before ED visit. Socioeconomic data having associated with UPS were: young age, precariourness and social aids, and consumption of tobacco or alcohol. Most frequently used drugs were: marijuana, cocaine, MDMA, hallucinogenic mushrooms, amphetamines and poppers. Conclusions : Emergency department is an interesting place for UPS assessment. This study was conducted at a local level. Further studies should be carried out at regional and national level. Our data are a valuable indicator to analyze trends and assess the medical consequences of drug abuse., Objectif : La consommation de substances psychoactives (SPA) est un problème de santé publique dans le monde et en France. Peu d’enquêtes françaises ont été réalisées dans un service d’urgences sur le sujet. Le but de cette étude est d’évaluer la prévalence de la consommation de SPA chez les patients consultant aux urgences, leurs données socio-économiques, et d’établir un lien entre leur consommation et leur motif de consultation aux urgences. Matériels et Méthodes : Cette étude prospective a été menée sur dix jours au mois d’avril 2016 aux urgences adultes du CHU de Bordeaux – site Pellegrin. Tous les patients âgés de 18 à 75 ans ont rempli un auto-questionnaire anonyme concernant leur consommation de SPA. Résultats : 529 patients ont été inclus durant l’étude. 34,6% d’entre eux ont déclaré avoir consommé des SPA (hors tabac et alcool) moins d’un an avant la consultation aux urgences. Les données socio-économiques ayant une influence positive sur la consommation de SPA étaient : l’âge jeune, des ressources économiques de type « précarité avec aides sociales », et la consommation de tabac et/ou d’alcool. Les drogues les plus consommées étaient : le cannabis, la cocaïne, la MDMA, les champignons hallucinogènes, le poppers et les amphétamines. Conclusion : Les urgences constituent une source intéressante d’étude de cas d’abus et de toxicité des SPA. Cette étude a été menée à un niveau local. Des études complémentaires doivent être effectuées à un niveau régional et national. Nos données constituent un indicateur précieux pour analyser les tendances et évaluer les conséquences médicales de la toxicomanie.

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L’analyse des dosages isotopiques (δ13C, δ15N) dans le collagène osseux, pour reconstruire des tendances alimentaires humaines, est une méthode aujourd’hui utilisée en routine. Celle-ci permet d’appréhender la consommation de ressources protéiques au cours des dernières années de la vie de l’individu. Dans le cadre d’une étude paléoalimentaire réalisée sur des groupes néolithiques de Ligurie, des dosages isotopiques ont été effectués sur des restes osseux humains (n=14) et animaux (n=13) du site de La Pollera (culture VBQ, 4900-4600 BC cal., Italie). Le matériel provient de fouilles anciennes et l’ensemble des restes osseux humains (trouvés en contexte sépulcral), est enduit par un consolidant inconnu qui est susceptible d’avoir un impact sur les valeurs isotopiques du collagène osseux. Afin d’identifier la nature de ce dernier, quatre échantillons consolidés ont été analysés par spectroscopie IR à transformée de Fourier (IRTF) et microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). Les résultats montrent la nature de ce matériau exogène : de la colle animale. De plus, les observations au MEB et les paramètres déduits de l’analyse IRTF ont permis une évaluation globale de l’état de conservation des vestiges osseux. Parallèlement à ce travail, le collagène osseux de tous les échantillons humains et animaux a été extrait pour les analyses isotopiques. Les résultats de compositions élémentaires, de dosages isotopiques et la comparaison avec d’autres données isotopiques sur la région, montrent (1) que le collagène est bien conservé pour tous les échantillons et (2) qu’il ne semble pas avoir de modification des données isotopiques originelles de l’os par le consolidant à l’exception d’un échantillon. Cette étude conforte la possibilité d’étudier les collections anciennes potentiellement soumis à des contaminants exogènes, mais reste prudente quant à la possibilité d’effectuer des datations radiométriques. The use of stable isotope analysis (δ13C, δ15N) on bone collagen to reconstruct human palaeodiets is now a routine procedure. This method allows getting information on protein consumption during the last years of individual’s life. Within the framework of a palaeodietary study on Ligurian Neolithic populations, we applied this method on human (n=14) and animal (n=14) bone remains from the cave of La Pollera (VBQ culture, 4900-4600 BC cal., Italy). The main part of bone material comes from old excavations. The ensemble of human remains (coming from burials), was coated with an unknown consolidant that may have a confounding effect on the isotopic values. In order to get information on the chemical composition of this consolidant, four coated bone samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Additionally, the amide II black spot test was carried out. Results showed the nature of the consolidant, which is animal glue (i.e. collagen based). Besides, the general state of preservation of the bone material could be evaluated by parameters deduced from FTIR analyses and SEM observations. Bone collagen of all animal and human samples was extracted for stable isotope analysis. Elemental and stable isotope compositions, as well as the comparison with data obtained on other Neolithic Ligurian samples, show (1) a good preservation of collagen for all samples, and (2) no obvious contamination of stable isotope data by the consolidant except for one sample. This study is encouraging to proceed with stable isotope analysis on material coming from old excavations, but pinpoints necessary cautions for radiocarbon dating.

In this paper, we analyze the impact of the cavitation model on the numerical assessment of lubricated journal bearings. We compare results using the classical Reynolds model and the so-called p-θ model proposed by Elrod and Adams [1974, “A Computer Program for Cavitation and Saturation Problems,” Proceedings of the First LEEDS-LYON Symposium on Cavitation and Related Phenomena in Lubrication, Leeds, UK] to fix the lack of mass conservation of Reynolds’ model. Both models are known to give quite similar predictions of load-carrying capacity and friction torque in nonstarved conditions, making Reynolds’ model the preferred model for its better numerical behavior. Here, we report on numerical comparisons of both models in the presence of microtextured bearing surfaces. We show that in the microtextured situation, Reynolds’ model largely underestimates the cavitated area, leading to inaccuracies in the estimation of several variables, such as the friction torque. This dictates that only mass-conserving models should be used when dealing with microtextured bearings.

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title SUMMARY /title This article analyses the history of the term chercheur from the seventeenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, focusing, in particular, on the work of the naturalist and philosopher Charles Bonnet (1720-1793) and on research traditions related to the life sciences. Although the term was initially used in a pejorative sense, to describe an English Puritanical sect, it came to assume its modern meaning through a series of transformations.

Microinjection of a crude yeast extract into fully grown immature Xenopus laevis oocytes induces the reinitiation of meiotic maturation as does Xenopus laevis oocyte MPF (Maturation Promoting Factor) by itself. Using several strains of yeast exhibiting temperature sensitive cell cycle block (cdc), it was observed that yeast extract exhibits MPF activity only when obtained during the time interval from the G2 period to the metaphase. This observation stresses eucaryotic ubiquity of MPF.

The peripheral conversion of T4 to T3 has been demonstrated in primitive Vertebrates, larval Lampreys (which do not have thyroid follicles but synthesize T3 and T4 in the endostyle) and in more evolved Vertebrates. Up to now the presence of rT3 has never been demonstrated in fish, its eventual role in Amphibia remains to be established but seems important in chick embryo. The conversion of T4 to T3 is stimulated during amphibian metamorphosis and in salt water fish, concurrently with stimulation of thyroidal secretion. In fish, prolactin stimulates 5-deiodination of T4 directly without the involvement of the pituitary thyroid axis.

Parathyrin of the corpuscles of Stannius (PCS), glands which are restricted to Holostei and Teleostei, resembles mammalian parathyroid hormone secreted by the parathyroids. These glands made their first phylogenic appearance with Amphibians, whereas the Stannius corpuscles disappeared. We have compared, in the clawed toad, Xenopus laevis, the effects of injections of extracts of corpuscles of Stannius and of the active synthetic fragment of parathyrin (1-34 hPTH). Both hormones elicited hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia within a 4 days treatment. These results are interpreted according to the hypothesis that in the most primitive Amphibians there are receptors leading to hypocalcemic effect co-existing with the appearance of "new" glands which secrete a hypercalcemic hormone in mammals.

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