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Since its inception in 1973, the Agricultural Land Reserve (ALR) in British Columbia remained a single zone, with the same rules used in every decision made by the Agricultural Land Commission (ALC). In 2014, Bill 24 divided the ALR into two zones, with each zone governed by different rules. Zone 1 included the Lower Mainland, Vancouver Island, and the Okanagan regions. Zone 2 covered the rest of the province, which was about 90% of the ALR. The Government changed the legislative framework to reflect the diversity of the agricultural land base and to give farmers in Zone 2 more flexibility to earn non-farm income from their agricultural land. In 2019, the ALR was returned to a single zone with a single set of rules. Given its historical significance, we evaluated the effects of Bill 24 and found little evidence that the new rules influenced Commission decisions. Understanding why Bill 24 had little effect provides important insights about creating effective land use policy.

In the Kootenay region of British Columbia (BC), mining has historically been a male dominated sector. Natural resource dependent communities, such as those found in the Kootenay region, have traditionally lacked employment opportunities for women. In addition, women choosing to pursue careers in the mining sector can face numerous challenges. As part of the larger Regional Workforce Development in Rural BC project, this research focuses on ways to build a more gender diverse mining workforce in the Kootenay region. Building connections to planning theory and practice in the region, the paper investigates the opportunities available to women in rural resource communities, and the challenges they face regarding employment in the mining sector. Results show that in the Kootenay region there may be a shift occurring in mining company culture. More progressive policies and respectful workplace culture, combined with gender-oriented planning initiatives, appear to create a more gender inclusive mining sector. The results also show significant challenges associated with social infrastructure and supports, specifically a lack of child care spots, high rental and real estate prices, and the lack of opportunities for further education for women who want to enter the Kootenay mining workforce.

Francophone minority communities (FMCs) in British Columbia are among the most diverse in the country. In Metro Vancouver, immigrants seem to be very present in Francophone community sites. However, our research indicates the existence of socio-racial distancing which impede community cohesion. This article is based on the results of two studies: (1) a critical ethnography on the participation of Francophone immigrants in Francophone community sites and (2) a qualitative study on community cohesion in FMCs. We offer two explanations for the existence of socioracial distancing. On the one hand, inequalities related to the intersection of different identity markers push some ethnoracial groups to live in certain municipalities rather than others, while the activities offered by the FMC tend to be centralized in the city of Vancouver. On the other hand, when members of a Francophone community site belong predominantly to a specific ethno-racial group, the site becomes less attractive or accessible to other groups. In addition, racialized people do not seem to benefit from the same opportunities to participate in the CFSM. An intersectional approach is needed, both in our reflections to understand socio-racial distancing, and in community practices to address them and foster community cohesion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: For general surgeons practising in rural areas, multiple factors influence care beyond skills learned in residency. The British Columbia Privileging Dictionary (BCPD) defines core and non-core procedures that shape the scope of general surgeons. Moreover, the Royal College has adopted a Competence by Design (CBD) curriculum which employs entrustable professional activities (EPAs) that list surgical skill residents must be proficient in by graduation. Our goal is to understand the current practice patterns of rural general surgeons in BC based on these policies and local factors., Methods: Medical service plan (MSP) data were collected from 2011 to 2021 based on general surgeons working in rural subsidiary agreement (RSA) communities. The MSP fee codes were organised into core or non-core procedures, as outlined by the BCPD. EPAs were assessed and compared to the non-core procedures., Results: From 2011 to 2021, 223,103 procedures were performed in rural sites in BC. On average, 90.97% (standard deviation = 20.78) of procedures done in all communities were BCPD core procedures. The most common non-core surgical care performed by general surgeons was in plastic surgery (n = 8035). Over 8% of procedures performed were not general surgery EPAs. Notably, none of the EPAs are considered non-core privileges and all EPAs have been performed in rural settings., Conclusion: General surgeons working in rural settings perform multiple procedures outside of EPAs which account for over 8% of their caseload and approximately 6% of procedures performed are non-core privileges. This provides some insight into the potential limitations of the BCPD on graduates hoping to practise in rural communities. As the CBD curriculum has been reported to provide a more flexible approach to learning, it may be tailored to suit residents' learning and career goals, including varied surgical skills to suit rural needs., Introduction: Pour les chirurgiens généraux exerçant en zone rurale, de multiples facteurs influencent les soins, et ce au-delà des compétences acquises en résidence. Le British Columbia Privileging Dictionary (BCPD) définit les procédures essentielles et non essentielles qui déterminent le champ d'action des chirurgiens généraux. En outre, le Collège royal a adopté un programme d'études intitulé « La compétence par conception » (CPC) qui utilise des activités professionnelles confiables (APC) qui énumèrent les compétences chirurgicales que les résidents doivent maîtriser avant d'obtenir leur diplôme. Notre objectif est de comprendre les modes de pratique actuels des chirurgiens généralistes ruraux en Colombie-Britannique en fonction de ces politiques et des facteurs locaux., Mthodes: Les données du Medical Service Plan (MSP, Plan de service médical) ont été recueillies entre 2011 et 2021 auprès des chirurgiens généralistes travaillant dans les communautés du « Rural Subsidiary Agreement » (RSA). Les codes d'honoraires du MSP ont été organisés en procédures essentielles ou non essentielles, comme indiqué par le BCPD. Les APC ont été évalués et comparés aux procédures non essentielles., Rsultats: Entre 2011 et 2021, 223 103 procédures ont été réalisées dans des sites ruraux en Colombie-Britannique. En moyenne, 90,97% (écart-type = 20,78) des procédures effectuées dans toutes les communautés étaient des procédures de base du BCPD. Les soins chirurgicaux non essentiels les plus courants effectués par les chirurgiens généraux étaient la chirurgie plastique (n = 8035). Plus de 8% des procédures réalisées n'étaient pas des APC de chirurgie générale. Il est à noter qu'aucune des APC n'est considérée comme un privilège non essentiel et que toutes ont été réalisées en milieu rural., Conclusion: Les chirurgiens généraux travaillant en milieu rural pratiquent de nombreuses procédures en dehors de l'APC, représentant plus de 8% de leur charge de travail et environ 6% des procédures pratiquées sont des privilèges non essentiels. Cela donne une idée des limites potentielles du BCPD pour les diplômés qui espèrent exercer dans les communautés rurales. Étant donné que le programme d'études CPC est réputé offrir une approche plus souple de l'apprentissage, il peut être adapté aux objectifs d'apprentissage et de carrière des résidents, notamment en leur permettant d'acquérir des compétences chirurgicales variées pour répondre aux besoins des zones rurales., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Society of Rural Physicians of Canada.)

Introduction: Older adults with higher needs are ideal candidates for social prescribing interventions, given the complex and intersectoral nature of their needs. This article describes findings from a developmental evaluation of 19 social prescribing programs for older adults at risk of frailty., Methods: An evaluation of the programs was conducted from 2020 to 2023. We used data from three components of the evaluation: (1) initial evaluation data collected in 2020 and 2021; (2) program profiles developed in 2022; and (3) co-creation sessions conducted in 2023., Results: From startup until March 2023, the programs served a total of 2544 older adults. The community connectors identified factors at the individual, interpersonal, institutional, community and policy levels that contributed to the successful implementation and delivery of their programs (e.g. physician champions, communities of practice, strong pre-existing relationships with the health care system), as well as challenges (e.g. limited capacity of family physicians, lack of community resources). There was strong agreement among community connectors that successful social prescribing programs should include the following core elements: (1) making connections to needed community resources; (2) co-creation of a wellness plan with long-term clients or clients who require intensive supports; (3) ongoing follow-up and check-ins for clients with wellness plans; and (4) an assessment and triaging process for the prioritization of clients., Conclusion: To leverage the full potential of social prescribing interventions, it is essential that programs engage with a range of health and social care providers, that community connectors are skilled and well supported, and that adequate investments are made in the nonprofit and voluntary sector., Competing Interests: Laura Kadowaki, Bobbi Symes and Kahir Lalji are employed by United Way British Columbia. Grace Park is a contracted regional medical director for community health services in Fraser Health. Wynona Giannasi, Jennifer Hystad and Elayne McIvor are independent consultants from the Howegroup who were contracted to conduct the evaluation of the social prescribing programs.

Cet article examine les expériences de planification énergétique communautaire (PEC) dans trois provinces canadiennes: la Colombie-Britannique; l’Ontario; et la Nouvelle-Écosse. Les études de cas sont utilisées pour répondre à deux questions: dans quelle mesure les expériences du PEC au Canada reflètent-elles des modèles de gouvernance conventionnels dans lesquels l'autorité est partagée entre différents paliers de gouvernement par rapport à des approches proprement polycentriques; et comment de telles activités polycentriques, autonomes et auto-organisées peuvent-elles réussir sans règles globales favorables venant des plus hauts paliers de gouvernements? Les trois cas démontrent des aspects de la gouvernance polycentrique, toutefois ils les cas mettent en évidence les limites des initiatives de gouvernance polycentrique locale en l'absence de politiques stables et cohérentes venant de paliers supérieurs. Ces résultats soulèvent des implications importantes sur la capacité des initiatives communautaires à fournir des réponses efficaces à des défis mondiaux complexes tels que le changement climatique en l'absence de cadres politiques et de gouvernance globaux favorables.

Home health monitoring (HHM) enables health care providers to monitor a patient’s health status remotely using digital technology. In 2013, the government of British Columbia (BC) partnered with a telecommunications provider and invested $52M in HHM programs for patients with complex care needs. Telehealth has evolved over the past two decades to improve access and delivery of care, with HHM emerging as a strategy for proactive chronic disease management. The goals of the provincial HHM initiative are to reduce acute care utilization, reduce health system costs and improve patient self-management of chronic conditions. Following a series of successful pilot projects, funding for expanded HHM initiatives was made available through a provincial Strategic Investment Fund and continued support from Canada Health Infoway. Evaluations of several HHM programs demonstrated high levels of patient satisfaction, reduced emergency department visits, health system cost savings, and improved patient self-care and quality of life. Optimizing referral rates and expanding HHM programs to include a wider range of chronic conditions are opportunities for future growth, with sustainability dependent on securing long-term funding sources. La surveillance de la santé à domicile (SSD) permet aux prestataires de services de santé de surveiller la santé d’un patient à distance en utilisant une technologie digitale. En 2013, le gouvernement de Colombie Britannique a conclu un partenariat avec un fournisseur de télécommunications et investi $52M dans des programmes de SSD pour des patients à besoins de soins complexes. La télémédecine a progressé sur les vingt dernières années dans l’accès et la délivrance des soins, la SSD émergeant comme une stratégie de gestion proactive des maladies chroniques. Les buts de l’initiative provinciale de SSD sont de réduire l’utilisation des soins aigus, les coûts du système de santé et d’améliorer l’autogestion des maladies chroniques. Après une série de projets pilotes concluants, un Fonds d’Investissement Stratégique provincial a débloqué des fonds pour développer les initiatives de SSD, avec le support de Inforoute Santé Canada. Les évaluations de plusieurs programmes de SSD ont montré des niveaux élevés de satisfaction des patients, une baisse du nombre de visites aux urgences, des économies pour le système de santé et une amélioration de l’autogestion et de la qualité de vie des patients. L’optimisation des taux d’adressage et l’expansion des programmes de SSD à un plus large spectre de maladies chroniques présentent des opportunités de développement futur, étant entendu que la pérennité dépendra de financements stables à long-terme.

Introduction: Despite rural regions being disproportionately impacted by the toxic drug supply, little is known about the contextual factors influencing access to opioid agonist treatment (OAT) specific to rural residents. The present study examines these factors in a rural and coastal setting in British Columbia, Canada., Methods: The qualitative methods were used to examine the barriers and facilitators to OAT access. Between July and October 2021, semi-structured interviews were conducted with people who use drugs who reside in a rural and coastal community. Thematic analysis was used to identify emergent themes and subthemes. Results were corroborated by the research team and a local community advisory board., Results: Twenty-seven (n = 27) participants described both limiting and facilitating factors that influenced OAT accessibility. Access was less challenging when participants' OAT dispensing pharmacy was in close proximity, had extended hours of operation, or when pharmacies provided delivery services. Barriers to OAT access identified by participants included the high cost of transportation, residing or working in remote communities and few local OAT prescribers. A variety of treatment motivations and goals that impacted OAT satisfaction are also highlighted., Conclusion: This study demonstrates that patient satisfaction with OAT service access in a rural and coastal setting is multi-factorial and geographic proximity alone does not fully explain OAT accessibility issues in these settings. Accessibility to OAT may be improved through delivery services, expanded OAT prescribing authorisation beyond physician-only regulations, health authorities covering transportation costs and continual assurance that prescribing practices meet individuals' goals., Introduction: Bien que les régions rurales soient touchées de manière disproportionnée par l'approvisionnement en drogues toxiques, on sait peu de choses sur les facteurs contextuels qui influencent l'accès au traitement par agoniste opioïde (TAO) spécifique aux résidents ruraux. La présente étude examine ces facteurs dans un contexte rural et côtier en Colombie-Britannique, au Canada., Mthodes: Des méthodes qualitatives ont été utilisées pour examiner les obstacles et les facilitateurs de l'accès aux TAO. Entre juillet et octobre 2021, des entretiens semi-structurés ont été menés avec des personnes qui consomment des drogues résidant dans une communauté rurale et côtière. L'analyse thématique a été utilisée pour identifier les thèmes et sous-thèmes émergents. Les résultats ont été corroborés par l'équipe de recherche et un comité consultatif communautaire local., Rsultats: Vingt-sept (n = 27) participants ont décrit les facteurs limitants et facilitants qui ont influé sur l'accessibilité au TAO. L'accès était moins difficile lorsque la pharmacie du TAO des participants était proche, avait des heures d'ouverture prolongées ou lorsque les pharmacies offraient des services de livraison. Parmi les obstacles à l'accès au TAO mentionnés par les participants, il y avait le coût élevé du transport, le fait de résider ou de travailler dans des collectivités éloignées et la rareté des prescripteurs locaux du TAO. Les participants ont également fait état de divers objectifs et motivations liés au traitement qui ont eu une incidence sur la satisfaction à l'égard du TAO., Conclusion: Cette étude démontre que la satisfaction des patients à l'égard de l'accès aux services du TAO en milieu rural et côtier est multifactorielle et que la proximité géographique n'explique pas à elle seule les problèmes d'accessibilité au TAO dans ces milieux. Cette accessibilité peut être améliorée par des services de livraison, l'élargissement de l'autorisation de prescrire un TAO au-delà des règlements réservés aux médecins, la prise en charge des coûts de transport par les autorités sanitaires et l'assurance continue que les pratiques de prescription répondent aux objectifs des individus., (Copyright © 2024 Copyright: © 2024 Society of Rural Physicians of Canada.)

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Naturaliste Canadien is the property of La Societe Provancher and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Due to the alarming rate of illicit drug toxicity deaths in British Columbia, a public health emergency was declared by Provincial Health Officer Dr. Perry Kendall on 14 April 2016. In response to the unsanctioned supervised consumption sites opened by concerned community members, and following the advice of Dr. Perry Kendall, Health Minister Terry Lake enacted a Ministerial Order in December 2016 to rapidly sanction overdose prevention sites. The Ministerial Order allowed regional health authorities the opportunity to provide overdose prevention services as necessary on an emergency basis for the duration of the public health emergency. The emergency sanctioning of overdose prevention sites enabled the BC government to take swift action to address the crisis while completing the lengthy and onerous application process for more permanent supervised consumption sites. The Ministerial Order allowed overdose prevention sites to operate without a strategic plan and prior community consultation. In May 2017, Parliament adopted Bill C-37, accepting a more streamlined application process for supervised consumption sites. Overdose prevention sites are an integral part of a multi-faceted solution to the opioid crisis, however, evaluation of the cost benefits and data reflecting the impact on first responders is wanting. Face au taux alarmant de morts dues à la consommation de drogues illégales toxiques en Colombie Britannique, le médecin provincial en chef, Dr. Perry Kendall, a déclaré une situation d’urgence de santé publique le 14 avril 2016. En réaction à l’ouverture de sites sauvages de consommation supervisée par des membres actifs de la communauté, et suiv- ant l’avis du Dr. Perry Kendall, le Ministre de la santé, Terry Lake, a pris un arrêté ministériel en Décembre 2016 pour valider rapidement les sites de prévention de surdose. L’arrêté ministériel autorise les autorités régionales à fournir les services de prévention de surdose autant que de besoin dans un contexte d’urgence et pour la durée de la situation d’urgence de santé publique. La validation d’urgence des sites de prévention de surdose a permis au gouvernement de CB d’agir rapidement pour résoudre la crise tout en faisant avancer le processus coûteux et lent d’accréditation de sites plus permanents de consom- mation supervisée. Le décret ministériel a autorisé les sites de prévention des surdoses à fonctionner sans plan stratégique ni consultation communautaire préalable. En mai 2017, le Parlement a adopté la loi C-37, établissant un processus simplifié pour la validation des sites de consommation supervisée. Les sites de prévention des surdoses sont un élément important de la solution à plusieurs facettes à la crise des opioïdes, mais il n’y a pas à ce jour d’évaluation des coûts et avantages ni suffisamment de données sur l’impact sur les premiers secours.

Due to the alarming rate of illicit drug toxicity deaths in British Columbia, a public health emergency was declared by Provincial Health Officer Dr. Perry Kendall on 14 April 2016. In response to the unsanctioned supervised consumption sites opened by concerned community members, and following the advice of Dr. Perry Kendall, Health Minister Terry Lake enacted a Ministerial Order in December 2016 to rapidly sanction overdose prevention sites. The Ministerial Order allowed regional health authorities the opportunity to provide overdose prevention services as necessary on an emergency basis for the duration of the public health emergency. The emergency sanctioning of overdose prevention sites enabled the BC government to take swift action to address the crisis while completing the lengthy and onerous application process for more permanent supervised consumption sites. The Ministerial Order allowed overdose prevention sites to operate without a strategic plan and prior community consultation. In May 2017, Parliament adopted Bill C-37, accepting a more streamlined application process for supervised consumption sites. Overdose prevention sites are an integral part of a multi-faceted solution to the opioid crisis, however, evaluation of the cost benefits and data reflecting the impact on first responders is wanting.

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Higher Education is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Higher Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 1997, a music therapy program was first piloted in a community mental health clubhouse and six months later expanded to five community mental health group homes, all administrated by an accredited agency in the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. This agency serves persons with a diagnosis of chronic and persistent mental illness and adheres to a consumer-initiated model of practice. In an article published in the Canadian Journal of Music Therapy, Baines (2000) described the predominantly song-based approach of that program and documented a consumer evaluation of it, concluding that the client-centred empowerment model of consumer inclusiveness described appeared to contribute significantly to the rehabilitative effect of the program. In this article, the authors report on the current status of the program, including new data from surveys of consumers and staff as well as in-depth consumer interviews regarding their awareness of how and why the consumer-initiated, song-based music therapy program is effective for them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Éducation et Francophonie is the property of Association Canadienne d'Education de Langue Francaise (ACELF) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Recherches Amérindiennes au Québec is the property of Société Recherches autochtones au Québec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mountain glaciation involves the erosion of cirques and troughs, which increase steep slopes but also produce gentle slopes in cirque floors and trough floors. This is expected to increase the variability of slope gradients at related altitudes. Taking a whole mountain range, its distributions of altitude and slope can be analysed to establish a signal of glacial modification. Frequency distributions of altitude (hypsometry) and gradient (clinometry) alone do not seem adequate. Taking these two variables together – hypsoclinometry, plotting slope gradient against altitude – is more promising. Frequency distributions of slope gradient at different altitudes are exemplified here for mountain ranges in British Columbia and Romania, together with altitudinal variations of steep or gentle slopes. Cirque headwalls give the clearest morphometric signature of glaciation. Steep (especially the steepest) slopes are concentrated at cirque altitudes, increasing mean, median, standard deviation (SD) and inter-quartile range (IQR) of gradients, especially above cirque floors. There is only a small increase in SD and IQR at cirque floor altitudes. Hypsometric maxima and increased proportions of gentle slopes at cirque floor altitudes are clear only in mountain ranges densely occupied by cirques. This relates to the small proportion of each cirque (about 28%) occupied by the floor. Concentrations of steep slope aspects in directions favoured by local glaciers provide further evidence of glacial modification. The most general morphometric effect of glaciation, however, is the increase in steep slopes at cirque headwall altitudes. Thus it is possible to rank mountain ranges by degree of glacial modification.

British Columbia fully unscheduled the opioid overdose-reversing drug known as naloxone on 21 September 2016 in an attempt to reduce opioid overdose-related mortality. Having a large population of injectable drug users, the move represents just one harm reduction initiative out of many the province has executed over the years. The change was intended to remove any regulatory barriers to the drug, thereby granting users, their peers, and public health organizations greater access. Given the devastating impacts of the opioid crisis in North America, particularly the Western coast, the political climate favoured the quick and unopposed implementation of this reform. The move was supported by physicians and pharmacists alike, who recognized the importance of harm reduction strategies alongside the availability of proper training. While no evaluation has been completed, anecdotal evidence from paramedics has suggested that illicit, off-label uses of naloxone are on the rise, posing a potential moral hazard of increased availability. La Colombie-Britannique a rendu la naloxone, un antagoniste d'opiacés, disponible en vente libre le 21 septembre 2016, dans l'objectif de réduire le taux de mortalité par surdose d'opiacés. Cette décision ne représente qu'une parcelle de l'initiative de réduction des méfaits déjà enclenchée par la province au cours des dernières années, compte tenu du vaste nombre d'utilisateurs de drogues injectables. Ce changement avait pour objectif premier de faciliter l'accès au médicament, tant pour les utilisateurs que pour leurs pairs ou encore les organisations de santé publique. Considérant les conséquences importantes de la crise des opiacés en Amérique du Nord, particulièrement sur la côte ouest, le climat politique était favorable à la mise en place rapide et sans ambages de cette réforme. Cette dernière a autant été appuyée par les médecins que par les pharmaciens, qui reconnaissent l'importance des stratégies de réduction des méfaits, ainsi que d'une formation adéquate des utilisateurs. Malgré l'absence d'évaluation formelle de cette réforme, une augmentation de l'utilisation illicite et non-indiquée de la naloxone a été rapportée par les premiers répondants, ce qui pourrait poser un risque moral quant à son accessibilité.

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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Education / Revue Canadienne de l'Éducation is the property of Canadian Society for the Study of Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Canada, most local-governance level food system planning research has been conducted in larger, often urban communities. However, producers in small rural communities conduct the majority of Canada’s agricultural activities. Using case-study research, this paper documents how the rural communities of Saint-Camille (Québec) and Salt Spring Island (British Columbia) engage in food system planning. By investigating the background, key achievements, barriers and good practices, the case studies inform a comparative analysis of governance planning processes and community led project development. The results suggest an overlap between the community food system planning and the food sovereignty frameworks, a space discerned as food sovereignty planning.

Resume La recente decision de la Cour supreme qui a mene a la reconnaissance d'un titre aborigene a la nation tsilhqot'in de la Colombie-Britannique a cause une onde de choc [...]

In 2011 a tripartite agreement between the province of British Columbia (BC), Health Canada, and First Nations leaders created the First Nations Health Authority (FNHA): a unique approach to First Nations health governance. The creation of the FNHA came after almost ten years of discussion and agreements between the three parties. The goal of the FNHA is to address health disparities between First Nations and other residents of BC, as well as increase the voice of First Nations people in the health system. The issues that led to the creation of the FNHA came onto the government's agenda due to an increased knowledge of the health crises facing BC First Nations, and a growing interest throughout Canada in increasing First Nations autonomy and input. In 2013 Health Canada transferred authority over all First Nations health programming to the FNHA, with the hope that an independent, First Nations run organization would better address the health-related needs of First Nations people. While evaluation of the FNHA is limited presently, since it only released its first five-year plan just over a year ago, a 2015 report by the Auditor General gives some insight into how the FNHA is functioning. If the FNHA can overcome a few weaknesses and threats to its stability, it has the potential to guide First Nations self-determination with respect to health care in Canada. En 2011, une entente tripartite entre le gouvernement provincial de la Colombie-Britannique (C.-B.), Santé Canada, et les leaders des Premières Nations de la C.-B. a créé la First Nations Health Authority (FNHA) : une approche unique pour la gestion de la santé les Premières Nations. La FNHA a été créée après presque dix ans de discussion et accords entre les trois groupes. L'objectif de la FNHA est d'éliminer les disparités en matière de santé entre des Premières Nations et les autres résidents de la C.-B., et aussi d'augmenter la voix des Premières Nations dans le système de santé. Les questions qui ont mené à la création de la FNHA sont apparues sur l'agenda du gouvernement en raison d'une conscience accrue des crises sanitaires auxquelles sont confrontées les Premières Nations de la C.-B. et un intérêt croissant pour l'autonomie et l'apport des Premières Nations. En 2013, Santé Canada a transféré l'autorité sur l'ensemble des programmes de santé des Premières Nations dans l'espoir qu'une organisation indépendante dirigée par les Premières Nations réponde mieux aux besoins des membres des Premières Nations. Alors que l'évaluation de la FNHA est limitée en ce moment, puisqu'elle a récemment publié son premier plan quinquennal, un rapport du vérificateur général de 2015 a donné un aperçu de la façon dont fonctionne la FNHA. Si la FNHA peut surmonter quelques faiblesses et doutes à sa stabilité, elle peut guider l'autodétermination des Premières Nations en matière de soins de santé au Canada.

In April 1951, the joint board of the two Catholic schools in Maillardville, B.C., a French-Canadian settlement, closed them and sent the students to the overcrowded public schools. Although the [...]

This paper argues that locality is itself a culturally constructed category which, if not critically assessed may hide the political relations existing between museums and other institutions within a specified museumscape. Frequently, museums, as in the case of British Columbia, operate at local, national and sometimes regional levels. While acknowledging the importance of studies on the poetics of museum exhibitions and display, critical museology cannot discount the political and historical contexts under which museums operate or omit analysis of the ideologies with which they are enshrouded.Este artigo defende que a "localidade" é uma categoria culturalmente construída que, não sendo discutida de forma crítica, poderá esconder as relações políticas entre os museus e as instituições num determinado cenário museológico. Tal como é o caso da British Columbia no Canadá, frequentemente os museus operam em registos locais, nacionais e por vezes regionais. Apesar de reconhecer a importância dos estudos sobre a poética das mostras museológicas, a museologia crítica não pode ignorar os contextos políticos e históricos onde os museus operam, nem omitir a análise das ideologias que os envolvem.

Since the 1990’s, drug smuggling has been spreading in the co-border parks between British Columbia (Canada) and Washington State (United States). One of the main reasons to explain this growing phenomenon is that the border line between these border protected areas is less watched over than elsewhere. The two bordering States have thus elaborated a security cooperation to fight against this smuggling, in particular with the Integrated Border Enforcement Team (IBET), including the co-border parks. These joint teams have first been experimented in the Cascades since 1996 before being generalized to the entire border line between Canada and the US through the Smart Border Declaration after 9/11. The IBET are leading efficient operations on the field, like the Frozen Timber/E-Printer one in the Cascades (2006), but they failed to prevent smugglers to grow marijuana inside these co-border protected areas in which six fields have been discovered in 2008. This example illustrates the building of a surprising security cooperation in an hydrid border region, assembling co-border protected areas, and the question of priority between national security and environment protection. 9/11 may have speeded up an on-going process.

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Copyright of International Journal of Canadian Studies is the property of University of Toronto Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This essay discusses the origins of women religious' work in missions to Japanese in British Columbia and the gendered nature of writing on them. The first part of the essay [...]

Chronic reports of mismanagement in the British Columbia Penitentiary resulted in several investigations and a recommendation that Arthur McBride, the long-time warden, be superannuated. That set off a contest for [...]

Introduction: As a largely social behaviour, substance use may have decreased for some youth overall in Canada during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, continued use may indicate nonadherence to pandemic-related restrictions and social distancing measures. In a sample of Canadian adolescents (aged 12-19 years), our objective was to examine how substance use (cannabis, binge drinking, cigarettes, vaping) is associated with perceptions of, and adherence to, early COVID-19-related public health measures, taking into consideration sociodemographic factors., Methods: Cross-sectional data were retrieved from online data collected during Year 8 of the COMPASS school-based study, during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic (May-July 2020) in British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. We fitted two models using generalized estimating equations to examine how substance use was associated with separate measures of (1) perceptions of, and (2) adherence to early COVID-19 restrictions., Results: In our sample, 10% of adolescents perceived COVID-19 restrictions as too weak and 14% perceived them as too strict. Nearly half (46%) reported taking restrictions very seriously, and 5% did not take them seriously at all. Binge drinking, cigarette use and vaping were associated with perceptions that restrictions were too strict and with nonadherence. However, adolescents who used cannabis were less likely to perceive COVID-19-related restrictions as too strict., Conclusion: This study highlights the association of adolescent substance use with perceptions of, and adherence to, COVID-19-related public health restrictions in Canada. Our findings emphasize a need for continual monitoring of substance use behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic to better characterize adolescent risk and further inform targeted public health strategies accordingly., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest to declare.

Introduction: Youth initiation may drive differences in smoking prevalence across Canadian provinces. Provincial differences in initiation relate to tobacco control strategies and public health funding, but have also been attributed to population characteristics. We test this hypothesis by examining the extent to which seven characteristics-immigration, language, family structure, education, income, home ownership and at-school status-explain differences in initiation across provinces., Methods: We used data from 16 897 youth aged 12 to 17 years in the Canadian Community Health Survey collected from 2015 to 2018. To examine the proportion of provincial differences explained by population characteristics, we compared average marginal effects (AMEs) from partially and fully adjusted models regressing "having ever initiated" on province and other characteristics. We also tested interactions to examine differences in the association between population characteristics and initiation across provinces., Results: Initiation varied from 4% in British Columbia to 10% in Quebec. Being born in Canada, speaking French, not living in a two-parent household, being in the lowest household income quintile, having parents without postsecondary education, living in rented accommodation and not being in school were each associated with initiation. Taking these results into consideration, the AME of residing in another province compared with Quebec was attenuated by between 3% and 9%. Family structure and household income were more strongly associated with initiation in the Atlantic region and Manitoba, but not in Quebec., Conclusion: Differences in initiation between Quebec and other provinces are unlikely to be substantially explained by their demographic or socioeconomic composition. Reprioritizing tobacco control and public health funding are likely key in attaining the "tobacco endgame" across provinces., Competing Interests: We declare no conflicts of interest.