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The socio-cultural role of translators is undergoing rapid changes in the lives of societies affected by globalization. The objective of the article can be summed up in questioning the traditional role of the translator consisting, among other things, in what Jean Peeters (1999) calls “the mediation of the foreigner”. The question that arises, therefore, concerns the possibility of existence of the strangeness and relevance of this notion in the globalized world. The process of unifying a global market for cultural, symbolic and literary goods calls into question the need for mediation at the level of languages and cultures. The aim of the article is therefore to analyze from the sociolinguistic perspective new sociocultural roles that could assume the translator in the face of the unification process.

Article deals with description of non-conventional mechanism FIK and mechanism with ring, which may be suitable for special applications in the engineering industry. It is possible to use not only classical crank mechanisms, but also non-conventional mechanisms in design of piston machines. Investigation of kinematic parameters of the machines is important step to know its basic movement behaviour, and from this, it is then possible to create the alternate dynamic model or force analysis. For kinematic comparison will be designed the same basic geometric conditions in both types of models. In terms of comparisons will be monitored mainly points on wobble board and the main part will be determination of piston stroke.

The paper is part of the publication series, which describe the most significant and innovative research and development design solutions and computational procedures as part of European structural funds project. The object of this article is strength conditions assessment of new structure of rail bogie frame, which is characterized mainly by better dynamic properties while driving on the track, good operational properties and higher safety against derailment. For validation of the new structure design, there has been created a substitute simulation model. Results of calculations and prototype tests prove, that new structure of the bogie frame satisfies strength assessments.

Fly ash is one of possible raw material for the production of zeolites. Synthesis of zeolites with the use of fusion method enables the possibility of receiving materials of high yield of zeolites. This process may be used for efficient recycling of coal waste from power energy sector, which due to legislative indications shall no longer be directed into the landfills. The transformation of this waste into useful material of high application possibilities is possible. As received zeolites may be used eg. in purification of flue gases, which due to growing concern about the environment issues is needed. In the performed experiments the influence of a series of parameters was examined in correlation to received zeolitic material. Experimentally chosen proposition of the most beneficial process steps was presented.

The study investigated the application of char activated with CO2 and impregnated with amines solutions for removal of selected xenobiotics from aqueous solutions. The chars produced from the pyrolysis of waste tires. The solutions of monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA) and polyethylenimine (PEI) were used for impregnation of char. The sorption capacity of char impregnated with amines depended on amines chemical properties. The adsorptive removal of mixture of pharmaceuticals residues by modified materials was assessed. BET surface area of materials varied from 36 m2 g−1 to 128 m2 g−1. The highest removal efficiencies up to 99 % were observed for char impregnated with PEI.

The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of kinetic equations to describe the sorption kinetics and expansion rate of solid coal samples. In order to address his issue the sorption kinetics of methane and carbon dioxide on bituminous coals were studied. At the same time, the changes occurring in the sample’s overall dimensions, which accompanied sorption processes, were monitored. Experiments were carried out at high pressure by means of the volumetric method on a cubicoid solid samples. Several literature-based modeling approaches and equations are proposed to fit the kinetic curves of gas deposition, as well as the adequate kinetics of coal swelling. First equation represents the traditional approach to interpret experimental data in terms of fast and slow sorption process and consider the combination of two first-order rate functions. The other empirical kinetic equations are: the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation (PSOE), Elovich equation and the stretched exponential equation (SE). Two of the four equations are suitable to describe the kinetics of methane and carbon dioxide sorption and have been successfully used to quantify the observed dilatometric phenomena rates. The stretched exponential equation gave the best fit to the experimental data.

Fly ash zeolites are interesting alternative for zeolies produced out of pure chemicals as well as for natural zeolites. It can be applied as SO2 sorbents out of flue gases. In the work the experiments were aimed at investigation of SO2 sorption capacity of samples produced out of fly ash in fusion process. The influence of fusion reaction parameters on the type of obtained zeolites and on the efficiency of synthesis was investigated. The samples containing the same types of zeolites, but with different production yield were testes on SO2 sorption capacity.

The aim of the experiment was modifying raw fly ash through the demagnetisation process and determining its influence on the efficiency of the synthesis of zeolite materials out of fly ash. A series of experiments have been performed on modified samples and, for the purpose of verification, on non-modified fly ash. No direct correlation has been confirmed in relation to synthesis efficiency as well as the type of obtained zeolite material. The research results indicate that the composition of fly ash determines the type of the zeolitic phases obtained. Based on the analysis of experimental data, it was found that the demagnetisation process allows to obtain additional zeolite phases, while there is no direct impact of the process used on the increase of synthesis reaction efficiency.

The physical gas adsorption is a widely used method for the characterisation of the solids porosity. The water steam, primarilydue to its physicochemical properties and ease of use in the experiment has great potential as a sorbate. When applied to coal, water steam allows to determine the quantity of primary adsorption centers as measurement of interaction of molecules adsorbed to the surface of the adsorbent. In order to determine the adsorption capacity and the chemical nature of the coal surface, adsorption / desorption of water vapour to the selected coals was examined at 303K, using a volumetric method. The presence of water in the coal may affect on the sorption properties of other molecules. The analysis of the results show that the coals of low rank and a high content of oxygen functional groups, which are the active sites, showed a greater affinity to absorbing water molecules. Adsorption isotherms were compiled through approximating the Langmuir and BET linear equation to measurement data. Based on the adsorption equation, the amount of adsorption centers have been specified, which can potentially be involved in the adsorption of CO2 during the injection of gas into the coal seams.

Odpowiedź systemu prawnego na kryzys klimatyczny opiera się na dwóch podstawowych kierunkach działania (środkach) – mitygacji oraz adaptacji. Pojęcie mitygacji klimatycznej rozumieć można szeroko i odnieść je do całokształtu działań, które mają na celu ograniczanie antropogenicznych emisji gazów cieplarnianych oraz zwiększenie ich pochłaniania przez pochłaniacze. Termin „adaptacja”, pomimo że obecnie jest już szeroko stosowany w agendzie zmian klimatycznych, nie ma jednolitej definicji. Złożoność koncepcji adaptacji do zmian klimatu i terminologii wynika z bardzo wielu czynników (wzajemnie sprzężonych) – zróżnicowania potrzeb adaptacji czy zróżnicowania opcji i metod adaptacji – co przekłada się ma mozaikę możliwych rozwiązań adaptacyjnych. Z perspektywy polityki oraz prawa ochrony środowiska jako przedmiotu interwencji prawodawcy (jego źródeł, dynamiki rozwoju, otwartości i cech) mitygacja i adaptacja stanowią wyraźny przykład integracyjności polityki i prawa ochrony środowiska i ich pogranicza z innymi politykami oraz przedmiotami ingerencji prawodawcy. Dzieje się tak, ponieważ mitygacja i adaptacja jak w soczewce skupiają potrzebę integracyjności i przekrojowości neutralności klimatycznej jako celu polityki Unii i państw członkowskich w dziedzinie środowiska. Integracyjny wymiar mitygacji i adaptacji (zarówno w jej aspekcie zewnętrznym, jak i wewnętrznym), uzasadniający podejmowanie kompleksowych i spójnych działań w różnych obszarach, stanowi nie tylko przejaw kontynuacji zjawiska integracyjności i specjalizacji w obszarze prawa ochrony środowiska. Przekrojowy i różnorodny charakter działań przede wszystkim adaptacyjnych, podejmowanych na różnych płaszczyznach i sektorach oraz zróżnicowanie środków realizujących adaptacje wykorzystujących różne instrumenty i formy działania (także instrumenty prawne) nie uzasadnia wprawdzie ich wyłączenia z zakresu kategorii instrumentów (prawa) ochrony środowiska. Uzasadnia natomiast pytanie, czy w kontekście charakteru działań (instrumentów) adaptacyjnych oraz pojęcia ochrony środowiska rozumianego jako podjęcie lub zaniechanie działań umożliwiających zachowanie lub przywracanie równowagi przyrodniczej, które polegają w szczególności na racjonalnym kształtowaniu środowiska i gospodarowaniu zasobami środowiska zgodnie z zasadą zrównoważonego rozwoju, przeciwdziałaniu zanieczyszczeniom oraz przywracaniu elementów przyrodniczych do stanu właściwego, nie byłoby właściwe użycie pojęcia instrumentów „(prawa) zrównoważonego rozwoju”, co, wydaje się, lepiej oddawałoby istotę rzeczy.

Prace dyplomowe (doktorskie, licencjackie i magisterskie) napisane po kierunkiem ks. prof. dr. hab. Antoniego Żurka.

The first global pandemic in the age of digitalism indicated that there might be new types of privacy risks stemming from the processing activities taking place within the scope of digital contact tracing activities. While the right to life of all individuals living in the community should be primarily protected, their right to privacy should also be considered. Therefore, a balance between privacy and public health should be struck by both regulators and data controllers. The purpose of this review is to analyze the compliance efforts of data controllers in Europe with the existing EU data protection regulations, and guidance, and draw lessons for the use of contact tracing applications within the scope of potential disaster scenarios that may arise in the future by reviewing the existing literature and the privacy policies of the applications.

Sustainability studies aiming to reduce CO2e emissions is increasing gradually. Generally energy-based approaches is being used in these studies. In this paper, the carbon footprint calculations of energy-consuming systems in the OSTIM Technical University building is examined, focusing on the use of solar energy for emission reduction. An Exergy-based approach, generally ignored in CO2e calculations, is adopted. The carbon emissions calculation is carried out according to the ISO14064 by monitoring the University’s energy consumption. In order to reduce CO2e, use of solar energy PV panels for the University building is evaluated. Calculations showed that intended PV panels could meet 16% of the annual electricity demand, leading to an 18% reduction in CO2e emissions compared to grid reliance. For Exergy analysis, general electricity generation sources (fossil fuel, renewable, etc.) are considered in obtaining the CO2e caused by using grid electricity. It is concluded that using electricity generated from PV panels instead of grid electricity resulted in less exergy destruction and approximately 61% low in carbon emissions. The planned PV panel installation’s payback period calculated as 5.1 years. The obtained results suggest that calculating CO2e emissions using the Exergy method provides a more realistic view, due to not only considering consumption but also taking into account energy generation, transmission, and distribution lines.

When in the 16th century in many European states, the monarchal power began to drift toward absolutism, the Polish-Lithuanian state evolved in its constitutionalism along the Republican lines. Its monarch could be brought to accountability for the violation of the law. Likewise, he was freely elected by the nobles and held his position for life. The nation of nobles that, by the standards of the time, made up a remarkable section of the entire population of the country was protected against the monarch’s attempts against their liberties by a series of remarkable privileges. And indeed, a noble’s property was prevented from being unreasonably confiscated. Likewise, an individual of nobiliary status could not be arbitrarily imprisoned. The representatives of nobles, while sitting in the benches of the Seym, had a considerable share in exercising the state power, particularly in the area of the law-creating process and when the imposing of tax liabilities was debated. In addition, the clauses of the Henrician Articles (1573), which were a kind of Fundamental Law of the Nobiliary Republic, guaranteed the mass of the nobles’religious toleration within the Christian denominations. The spirit of this toleration in practice also applied to the non-Christians (Jews and Muslim Tartars who inhabited the Republic). The republican slogans that were responsible for forming a specific frame of mind of the nobles assumed a new dimension when the culture of Latinitas type began to be promoted. The latter started to develop on the occasion of the acceptance by the authorities of the Nobiliary Republic of the principles of the Council of Trent, which happened in the 1570s. The Republic remained within the Catholic Camp. From that time on, the young nobles used to be educated in numerous Jesuit colleges and had not only a fluent command of Latin but also a profound knowledge of the history and culture of antiquity. Hence, they looked at their state, the Respublica Polonorum as a successor of the late Respublica Romanorum with the virtues of the latter. These virtues, when filtered through the system of Christian values –pushed to the foreground the concern for the welfare of the motherland, support for the democratic ethos and egalitarian spirit within the nobiliary milieu, and also the willingness to defend the Christian world against the invasion of the barbarians (the concept of Antemurale). The republican spirit survived the era of constitutional deterioration in the country that started in the mid-17th century. With the era of reforms which began in the 1760s, the constitutional improvement reached its climax in the Constitution of 3rd May 1791. Like in the British system, king was located at the position of the monarch who could do no wrong since all his executive acts required the endorsement made by the right minister. The separation of powers was emphasized. The ministers could be brought both to their political responsibility to parliament if they lost the support of the majority in the houses and also to constitutional responsibility for their contra legem acts.

The article focuses on the multisemiotic functioning of Internet memes in communication through the web, focused, among other things, on a humorous effect. The role of the image, first of all, in the creation of the Internet meme and also in its re-application in a multicultural and interlingual environment seems fundamental. This iconic element is part of the large and varied number of relationships with other types of signs (linguistic, cultural, discursive). It seems that the question of the typological diversity of image-text relations (in the very broad sense of it) can be addressed from a variety of perspectives that involve not only a philosophy of translation, but also an approach to humorous communication on the Internet. The article aims to analyse the nature of the relationship that unites an iconic element with a lin-guistic element that constitutes the essence of the message conveyed by internet memes.

The built environment, through the consumption of energy from non-renewable sources and the associated CO2 emissions, as well as through the production of waste throughout its life cycle and the effects of soil and water degradation, contributes significantly not only to the phenomenon of climate change, but also to the irreversible degradation of the natural environment. The concept of regenerative design provides a framework for a holistic approach to these issues in order to identify the most effective remedies, proposing the restoration and regeneration of the global socio-ecological environment through a system of engineering practices suitable to the specific context. The defining aspects of the regeneration applied in the buildings sector refer to the architecture and inserting in the natural environment ensuring a healthy and well-being indoor environment, reducing to zero the consumption of energy from non-renewable sources and promoting renewable energy sources, minimizing carbon footprint by rational use of materials and waste management throughout the life cycle.

W niniejszym artykule została przedstawiona swego rodzaju próba zastosowania egzegezy typologicznej do tekstu 4 Mch. W świetle przeprowadzonych analiz widać wyraźnie, że siedmiu braci męczenników może być postrzeganych jako typ Chrystusa: liczba siedem, określająca ich ilość - typem doskonałości osoby Chrystusa; pochodzenie siedmiu braci od Abrahama - typem pochodzenia Chrystusa; kierowanie się przez braci „pobożnym rozumem” - typem poddania się woli Ojca przez Chrystusa; namowy Antiocha IV - typem kuszenia Chrystusa przez diabła; męczeńska ofiara braci - typem ofiary zbawczej Chrystusa; „utwierdzeni w niebie” braci - typem wniebowstąpienia Chrystusa. Posługując się cytowanym wyżej stwierdzeniem św. Ireneusza, można powiedzieć, że rzeczywiście w 4 Mch ukryty jest Chrystus za pomocą typów, które związane są z postaciami siedmiu braci machabejskich. Mając natomiast na uwadze fakt, że 4 Mch czerpała z 2 Mch lub z tych samych źródeł, można stwierdzić, iż sposób przedstawienia przez autora z I w. po Chr. siedmiu braci, których historia rozegrała się w II w. przed Chr., jeszcze bardziej - w perspektywie typologicznej - przybliżył ich do Osoby Chrystusa. W tym kontekście na uwagę zasługuje także matka siedmiu braci, której osobę można byłoby zinterpretować jako typ Maryi - Matki Chrystusa.

Based on a comparative analysis of 4Mac and Oratio XV, it can be noted that St. Gregory – when composing the speech in honor of the martyrs – used mostly apocryphal work depicting history of the martyrdom of Eleazar as well as of the seven brothers and their mother rather than the canonical 2Mac. This is evidenced by quite clear convergence of both works: their authors use the same vocabulary to characterize their heroes and describe the instruments of torture; they employ the same agonist-military metaphors; they include the motive of martyrs’ death as a sacrifice purifying the Jewish people etc. The fact that St. Gregory used 4Mac in composing Oratio XV can evidence quite high popularity and reputation that 4Mac enjoyed among Christians of Cappadocia in his time (i.e. in 4th century).

The subject of the article is a sociopragmatic interactional principle of affiliation associated with the management of communication space. The analyzed conversational strategies of a Spanish language community (grammaticized imperatives, phatic forms of vocative, turn-taking) have been described not so much on the basis of the so-called strategic categories (connected as a rule with situational or contextual conditions), but on the basis of the notion of communicational ethos associated for some time now with research in the field of pragmalinguistics, ethnolinguistics and cross cultural communication.

Bei der Analyse der in den Homilien des Heiligen Augustinus zum Evangelium und zum ersten Brief des Apostels Johannes enthaltenen Lehre (In Iohannis Evangelium tractatus und In Iohannis Epistolam ad Parthos tractatus) über seelische Krankeit des Menschen merken wir, dass der Verfasser der Homilien viel Aufmerksamkeit der Frage der seelischen Heilung des Menschen schenkt. In diesem Zusammenhang belehrt Bischoff von Hippo seine Leser, dass Mosegesetz außerstande war, dem von seelischer Krankheit oder von Sünde betroffenen Meschen die Heilung zu bringen. Derjenige, der die Heilung der Seelenkrankheit dem Meschen brachte, ist Jesus Christus, bezeichnet von Augustinus als ein Arzt (medicus) und ein Medikament (medicamentum, medicina de coelo veniens). Wie Augustinus belehrt, wurde die Heilung des Menschen von Seelenkrankheit dank der Fleischwerung Jesus Christus – Wort Gottes und Seinem erlösenden Leiden und Tod möglich. Der Raum der aktuellen Handlung von Jesus als Göttlicher Arzt sind demgegenüber Sakramente, dank denen der Mensch die Gnade der Befreiung von Sünden bekommen kann, das heißt die Heilung von Seelenkrankheit. Die Gesundheit in vollem Umfang, deren Quelle Jesus – „Göttlicher Arzt” und „Arznei aus Himmel” ist, erreicht der Mensch erst nach Auferstehung des Körpers am Ende der Zeiten. Sein irdisches Leben, in dem die Heilung der Seele durch die mit Glauben angenommenen Sakramente zu realisieren beginnt, ist demnach – wie es Augustinus bezeichnet – „heilige Sehnsucht” nach entgültigem Ziel. Die Fülle der Gesundheit wird sowohl Seelle als auch Körper betreffen.

In der reichen Sammlung der Werke des heiligen Augustinus befinden sich auch Schriften, die einen Charakter der biblischen Kommentare haben. Zu ihnen gehören auch unter anderem Homilien In Joannis Evangelium tractatus und In Joannis Epistolam ad Parthos tractatus. Der auf die biblischen Schriften zurück­greifende Bischoff von Hippo machte er nicht nur deren Exegese sondern auch trug er verschiedene Probleme unter anderem aus dem Bereich der dogmatischen und moralischen Theologie vor. In diesem Artikel wurde das Motiv der seelischen Krankheit des Menschen dargestellt, die der sich mit allegorischer Interpretationsweise von Heiliger Schrift bedienende heilige Augustinus in den erwähnten Homilien mithilfe der Begriffe, die sich auf Erscheinung der körperlichen Krankheit beziehen, beschrieb. Aus diesem Grund bezeichnete er den Stand der Seelenkrankheit unter anderem als „morbus”, „caecitas”, „aegritudo”, oder „vulnera”. Auf der Basis von Analyse der Texte der Lehre von Augustinus wurde ausgewiesen, dass die seelische Krankheit die weit verstandene Sünde ist. Bischoff von Hippo stellt fest, dass die Ursache der seelischen Krankheit vor allem Hochmut ist, und bezeichnet sie als „caput omnium morborum”. Die Ursache der seelischen Krankheit ist für heiligen Augustinus auch Mangel an Liebe, wahrgenommen als „radix omnium peccatorum”. Der Mensch, der von seelischer Krankheit also Sünde betroffen ist, kann sich selbst nicht heilen. Das kann nur Jesus Christus tun – Göttlicher Arzt. Wie heili­ger Augustinus feststellte, ist seitens des Menschen Mühe notwendig, damit die Krankheit geheilt werden könnte. Vor allem soll der Mensch anerkennen, dass er krank ist. Aus diesem Grund ist aüßerst wichtig voller Demut Geständnis der eigenen Sünden („confesio”). Es ist nötig, dass der Mensch mit tifer Glaube Jesus Christus annimmt, der einzig Heilung von der seelischen Krankheit vollbringen kann. Der Mensch bewirkt, dass seine Krankheit heilbar – sanabilis wird, indem er diese Bedingungen erfüllt.

L'étude des besoins en eau de Cenchrus ciliaris plante fourragère très bien appétée par le zébu malgache a été réalisée au cours de 2 campagnes à l'aide de la méthode neutronique de mesure de l'humidité des sols. On a défini un cofficient égal au rapport de l'évapotranspiration réelle maximale (ETRM) à l'évaporation d'un bac classe A (Ev. Bac), est égal à 0,40 pour les 10 premiers jours du cycle et à 0,80 pour les 30 jours suivants. Une culture de Cenchrus irriguée dans ces conditions pendant 4 années successives a donné une production de matière sèche égale à 18,7 kg par ha et par mm d'eau utile reçue

Résumé Une nouvelle classification clinique doit apporter des données nouvelles exploitables pour le clinicien. C’est le but que nous nous sommes assignés en complétant et simplifiant la dernière classification (2011). Son intérêt thérapeutique est évident, si l’on veut bien admettre, par exemple, que certaines onychomycoses superficielles sont le miroir de la forme sous-unguéale proximale et qu’elles doivent être traitées de façon identique, c’est-à-dire par voie systémique. Summary We have updated our clinical classification on onychomycosis (2011) to render it of more practical value for the clinician. It should provide a better understanding of onychomycosis and facilitate an improved approach to treatment, taking into account, for example, the link between the proximal subungual variety and some superficial forms emerging from beneath the cuticle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Les syndromes lymphoprolifératifs chroniques matures B regroupent un grand nombre d’hémopathies clonales avec des caractéristiques cliniques, biologiques, histologiques et génétiques variées. Le diagnostic repose essentiellement sur l’aspect morphologique et la présence de marqueurs de membrane détectés en cytométrie en flux, cependant il existe des formes frontières ou atypiques nécessitant une caractérisation génétique complémentaire. La cytogénétique et la biologie moléculaire sont des techniques complémentaires pour l’aide au diagnostic dans ces cas. Dans le cas très particulier de la leucémie lymphoïde chronique (LLC), ces outils aident à classer les patients dans des groupes pronostiques afin de déterminer les meilleures stratégies thérapeutiques. Dans cet article, nous présentons en premier, les intérêts de la cytogénétique et de la biologie moléculaire comme aide au diagnostic des hémopathies lymphoïdes. Dans une seconde partie, nous présentons l’apport de la cytogénétique et de la biologie moléculaire dans l’identification de facteurs pronostiques dans la LLC, en particulier le statut mutationnel des gènes des immunoglobulines, les mutations de TP53 et la détection des anomalies cytogénétiques par hybridation in situ en fluorescence (FISH). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Revue Francophone des Laboratoires is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstracts are presented of English- and French-language articles within the issue on the subject of Russian culture, history, and social conditions in the Soviet Union, including "Pour l'amour et la patrie: Le clientélisme politique et les origines du premier ordre russe de chevalerie pour les femmes," by Igor Fedyukin and Ernest A. Zitser; "Le parti musulman Difai: Enjeux locaux, nationaux, impériaux et représentations dans le sud du Caucase: Début du XXe siècle," by Edith Ybert-Chabrier; and "Un anti-Gide allemand: Lion Feuchtwanger," by Anne Hartmann.

Copyright of Journal of Medical Mycology / Journal de Mycologie Médicale is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EMC-Hematologie is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)