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Following the rise to power of the Christian Solomonic dynasty (1270–1974) in Ethiopia, Christian rule expanded to encompass the regions inhabited by the Betä Ǝsraʾʾel (Ethiopian Jews). This process was accompanied by military campaigns (fourteenth–seventeenth century), during which the Betä Ǝsraʾʾel gradually lost their political autonomy. The Betä Ǝsraʾʾel oral tradition remembers the campaign waged by the Solomonic monarch Yəsḥaq against them as the most decisive in their history—because of it, their political power was greatly reduced, and their continued existence was jeopardized. This campaign is also commemorated in Solomonic texts, and both Christian and Betä Ǝsraʾʾel holy sites are associated with it. This article will examine the ways in which this campaign and its aftermath are depicted by the two respective communities and reflected their religious sites and in landmarks in Wägära and the Sǝmen Mountains. Based on the sources at hand, it will attempt to trace the geographical aspects of the campaign.

This article takes a closer look at Saul’s achievements as the first king of Israel. There are scholars who minimize Saul’s accomplishments as the king who transformed Israel into a monarchy. This article will demonstrate that Saul laid the foundation of monarchy that would ultimately be fully developed under David and Solomon. It was Saul who introduced a new class of officials and functionaries at his court. As a military hero, he laid the foundation of a skilled army and introduced a new weapon, and he was the first to use protective gear. He also established two units of bodyguards. States cannot exist in the fullest form if they do not have the power of taxation; therefore, it was Saul who introduced state taxes. As a religious leader, Saul established a cultic centre in Nob and battled against idolatry. Independent states have capital, so after Saul’s successful campaign against the Philistines and their expulsion from the Benjaminite territory, Saul established his capital at Gibeah.

El III Concilio de Toledo en 589 inició un largo siglo VII hasta la invasión islámica en 711, coincidiendo con el período católico del reino visigodo. Para las poblaciones judías de la Hispania tardoantigua, este largo período de unos 122 años es considerado como un paréntesis “protohistórico”, en que se ausentan fuentes internas de los propios judíos en casi su totalidad. Este carácter “protohistórico” del judaísmo del siglo VII fue aceptado por parte de la historiografía convencional a través de la lectura de las fuentes externas y a menudo hostiles a los judíos, como las eclesiásticas y las regias, describiendo una creciente persecución que acabó en parte o totalmente con la vida judía hispana. Sin embargo, la epigrafía judía de los siglos VI al VIII nos brinda una visión distinta de su devenir durante su supuesta persecución. Las prácticas epigráficas judías en territorios controlados por los reyes visigodos muestran una clara continuidad antes, durante y después del largo siglo VII. Una presencia judía continuada a lo largo de este período invita a reflexionar sobre la dependencia historiográfica de las fuentes documentales para conocer al judaísmo hispano del reino visigodo de Toledo.

This paper suggests a reading of the early 18th-century philosopher Emilie du Châtelet’s position on the questions of knowledge and matter as a surprising early precursor to technoscience/ posthuman feminism’s stand on scientific methodology and embodiment. In her 1740 book Institution de Physics (Foundations of Physics), du Châtelet, in an enlightenment fashion, turns to empiricism in an attempt to explain how we acquire scientific knowledge with an aim to account for the physical world and specifically for bodily agency. It is empiricism that leads her to criticise both the Cartesians as well as the Newtonians disembodied account of force. Du Châtelet’s main quarrel with Newton’s theory of bodies arises from its insufficiency to account for matter as vital. It is here that she turns to Leibniz’s metaphysics in a move that, in effect, redefines the premise of reason. Having an insight into her intellectual world at the dawn of enlightenment highlights the tendencies of our scientific paradigm to account for bodies as nonlogical and affirms the technoscience/ posthuman feminist transformative project.

Article 9.3 of the Aarhus Convention grants members of the public (meeting certain requirements, if a Party to the Convention so specifies) access to a review procedure (access to justice) to challenge acts or omissions by private persons or public authorities that contravene provisions of its national law relating to the environment. According to Article 2.4 of the Convention, non-governmental organisations should also be considered as "members of the public". According to the jurisprudence of the Aarhus Convention Compliance Committee, the activities of public authorities covered by the requirements of Article 9.3 of the Convention include adoption of plans and programmes which may have an impact on the environment. In accordance with the Polish law (often following the requirements of EU law), administrative authorities adopt a whole range of plans and programmes relating to the environment or having an impact on the environment. These documents are developed either by regional or local authorities (self-governmental authorities or regional government administration) or at the central level. Polish law provides very limited opportunities to challenge plans or programmes. With respect to documents created at the central level, there are no such possibilities at all, and with respect to documents created at lower levels, certain, limited, rights in this respect are granted only to private entities whose legal interest has been violated. The possibility for NGOs to challenge plans or programmes is completely excluded. Such a situation should be considered non-compliant with the Aarhus Convention.

Contemporáneo de figuras tan icónicas como Jean-Jacques Dessalines y Toussaint Louverture, Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, natural de Oyonnax, ejerció de puente entre la asimilada población esclava del “pueblo de la alta montaña” (Haití) y la República francesa. Misionero de la paz, o representante de los intereses del “abolicionista” Jacques Pierre Brissot, el comisario galo proclamó la primera emancipación de los esclavos en el Caribe francés. Enfrentado a una población realista y mulata, Sonthonax desempeñó un papel crucial en las segunda y tercera comisiones civiles de Saint-Domingue. Retirado de sus funciones por el Consejo de los Quinientos, Léger-Félicité se vio atrapado entre el Consulado y el Imperio. La focalización de diversos ensayos sobre esta figura en su primera visita a la colonia en 1792 ha influido notablemente en un menor análisis de las restantes etapas de su larga travesía. El presente trabajo analiza los aspectos olvidados del diplomático Léger-Félicité Sonthonax en el marco de sus actividades en la isla y en territorio nacional. Asimismo, se pretende atenuar el nulo conocimiento de su obra en el mundo hispanohablante sobre la base de fuentes primarias.

This paper compares the enactive approach to perception, which has recently emerged in cognitive science, with the phenomenological approach. Inspired by Husserl and Merleau-Ponty, the enactive theorists Alva Noë and Evan Thompson take perception to be a result of the interaction between the brain, the body and the environment. Their argument turns mostly on the role of self-motion and sensorimotor knowledge in perceptual experience. It was said to be entirely consistent with phenomenology, indeed its revival. However, this issue is under debate. To show this, I begin with analyzing the enactive conception as a physicalist attempt to overcome the challenge of dualism and representationalism. I then turn to Husserl’s transcendental method and argue that Noë’s solution, unlike Husserl’s, remains naturalistic, as it does not take the phenomenon of intersubjectivity and the constitution of the “cultural world” into account. Afterwards I turn to Merleau-Ponty and demonstrate that there is some certain common ground with Noë, but also major differences. I conclude that the enactive approach is not completely refuted by the phenomenological one, insofar as the latter partly contains the first. Yet the enactivists deal merely with the necessary physiological conditions of perception qua animal perception, not with the sufficient sociocultural conditions for the understanding of human perception, like the inquiry into the historical and linguistic circumstances under which the understanding of human mind is made possible. The reason why the recent transformation of phenomenology into neurophenomenology is perceived as a revival is virtually inherent to the specific scientific ethos of enactivism and reveals a certain oblivion of the objectives of philosophical phenomenology.

Different modes of death appear in the Hebrew Bible, among which we find stoning as a form of execution. Since the person is dead, why does the Bible go to such lengths to describe this manner of death? In order to proffer an answer, we shall examine the cases which describe death by stoning. The intention behind stoning seems to have been to remove the criminal from the camp and the city. This was not merely a physical removal; it also bore significance for the dead man’s spirit. The punishment of stoning prevented the burial of the corpse. Non-burial was worse than death because the spirit of the dead would not find rest and would therefore never reach the underworld. In a later period, the procedure for stoning was modified. Forms of judicial execution mentioned in the Bible, compared with those in the Talmud, indicate the latter made an effort to preserve the body of an executed man. This difference stems from the fact that in the Talmudic period the idea of resurrection was well developed. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2021/v34n3a8

Reforma szkolnictwa wyższego w Polsce (2018) dotyka również prawa kanonicznego (poczynając od klasyfikacji dyscyplin). Równolegle do rządowej reformy, postępuje dostosowanie tych studiów do norm konstytucji apostolskiej Veritatis gaudium o uniwersytetach i wydziałach kościelnych papieża Franciszka (8.12.2017). Po kwestii „czego jak nauczać” (cz. I), ukazana została panorama miejsc i poziomów kształcenia (cz. II). Przybliżywszy nauczanie prawa kanonicznego, w świetle Soboru Watykańskiego, w tym podstawowe zasady obowiązującej regulacji, odwołując się do doświadczeń, Autor uważa, że nie można spodziewać się zadawalających efektów, jeśli reformę w zakresie prawa kanonicznego wprowadzać się będzie administracyjnie, z pominięciem właściwych rad naukowych instytutów czy wydziałów. Po wskazaniu „gdzie można studiować”, w Zakończeniu stwierdza, że „decydujący wpływ na przyszłość prawa kanonicznego na uczelniach jako dyscypliny miały i mieć będą rozwiązania przyjmowane przez poszczególne podmioty prowadzące studia”, także w obszarze opłat i dostępności studiów dla obcokrajowców.

O artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa que teve como objetivos compreender o contexto profissional dos docentes do curso de Engenharia Civil e analisar as percepções sobre suas práticas docentes. Realizou-se um estudo teórico sobre a história do curso de Engenharia Civil no Brasil e aplicou-se um questionário semiestruturado para doze (12) professores do curso de Engenharia Civil de uma universidade pública brasileira localizada no estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados foram analisados por meio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados sinalizam que os professores não receberam formação didático-pedagógica durante sua formação profissional nos cursos de pós-graduação stricto sensu (mestrado e doutorado) para atuarem como docentes. Relatam, também, a falta da disciplina de didática nos cursos de formação stricto sensu e sugerem a oferta, na instituição em que atuam, de programas de formação continuada em docência na educação superior que contribuam para complementar a formação e melhoria na atuação profissional.

At the Council of Constance, the issue of the Christianisation of Lithuania and Samogitia came to the fore in the dispute between the Polish-Lithuanian Union and the Teutonic Knights. The whole matter was brought about by a Polish-Lithuanian delegation (1416), which in two indictments, Proposicio Polonorum and Proposicio Samagitarum, accused the Grand Master and the Order of hostility towards the recently baptised Lithuanians and against the Samogitians, who had expressed the same willingness to accept the Catholic faith. On the contrary, the Order's delegation, calling on its own historical experience, accused the dukes of Lithuania, including King Vladislav Jagello of Poland, of hypocrisy, dishonesty and treachery. Surprisingly, the Order's reply does not call into question the very fact of the mass baptism of Lithuanians, who willingly accepted Christianity, but doubted their simple-mindedness and inability to understand the content of the creed and the significance of the ceremony they had undergone. The Polish-Lithuanian party's argument was more successful because it was based on numerous biblical motifs, such as the light and peace that Jesus Christ brought to earth and which were desired by the pagans in Lithuania and Samogitia. On the contrary, the political and historical arguments of the Order's delegation lacked a similar positive emotional charge. The practical long-term consequence of the controversy was the official baptism of the Samogitians, the establishment of a diocese (1417) and the permanent annexation of the disputed territory to Lithuania.

This article examines the story of Samson’s death. From the time that he was captured by the Philistines until his death, the Bible describes at length the events that led to his downfall. This includes three major parts. The first Philistine event was jubilation at the temple of their god Dagon, which consists of two short rhymes which appear in poetic form. This was followed by Samson’s plea for God’s help and the destruction of the Philistine’s temple. The last part mentions Samson’s burial. Examination of the Philistine’s rhymes reveals that they ascribe Samson’s downfall to their god, which adds a religious dimension to the story. Samson was the only person whose death wish was granted. His death wish is similar to other death wishes from the ancient world. The mention of his burial and its location links the end of the story to its beginning, which is the story of his birth. https://doi.org/10.17159/2312-3621/2020/v33n1a10

The author analyzes the diplomatic sources related to the negotiations between the Teutonic Knights and the Polish-Lithuanian Union after the truce in October 1414. As the compromise was not agreed within the set two-year period, the truce had to be extended, which was eventually done several times until 1421. Negotiations for the extension of the truce were quite tough. The King of Poland used the threat of non-renewal of the truce to put pressure on the Grand Master who was afraid of resuming war against a powerful adversary. Uncertainty surrounding the extension of the truce forced the Grand Master to hire mercenaries every year in the Empire. He also objected to the July deadline (St. Margaret) for the truce set each year, because this month was the most convenient time to begin a war campaign. Nevertheless the Grand Master refused to hand his three villages of Kujawy, which had formed an enclave on Polish territory, over to the King of Poland. Negotiations sometimes took place in several places simultaneously which caused some communication difficulties. The content of the charters extending the truce was drawn a comparison.

The importance of papal and imperial privileges for the Teutonic Order increased in the conflictual period between the Order and Polonia/Lithuania in the years following 1386, when polish lawyers began to doubt all its privileges on a general base. It's nevertheless surprising that these privileges don't almost show in the medieval historiography of the Order. It's therefore necessary to stimulate further research dedicated to the cartularies and the privilege confirmations under their legal and memorial aspects.

After the synthesis of polyethylenimine supported on silica, it has been used as a new and efficient catalyst in Knoevenagel and Michael condensations. The presence of the polyethylenimine in the catalytic system together with silica displays an acido-basic character allows a better catalytic activity in the condensations. Carried out under microwave irradiation, without organic solvent and during short time, the syntheses are respectful towards green chemistry. The solid catalyst can be easily reused. This catalyst has the acido-basic character at the same time.

In the STAMP model, based on control theory, the control relationships between various system elements enforced by the closed Control Loops (CLs) are logical and functional. A literature survey emphasized the fact that for the moment STAMP and its main tools STPA and CAST are not associated with any numerical tools. The main rationale of our work is to understand whether STAMP matches to be a quantitative model. Furthermore, in a case that we find that numerical tools can be used in STAMP, we intend to bridge the gap between the logical-functional approach in STAMP and any of the suitable quantitative approaches applied in Engineering Control Theory (ECT). As a first step, a literature comparison was performed between the basic control parameters existing explicitly at the moment in the STAMP model, and those well known in the literature of ECT. The results reveal that there are many similar terms, especially related to conceptual and general definitions. However, we have observed that there are also basic quantitative parameters from ECT which are not yet referred to in STAMP as quantitative safety evaluation parameters. Another main finding is an inherent difference in various ECT related parameters and the CLs at the various hierarchical levels. ECT was originally developed to deal with physical systems. Thus, any machine related internal control loops within the lower-physical level of a Sociotechnical System (STS) can be directly addressed with quantitative methods from ECT. However, most of the human-machine interactions in the lower levels and the human and societal controls in the higher levels are at the moment not suitable for those methods. We assume these ECT parameters may have an important role in designing and examining systems safety and hence we suggest, should be integrated into STAMP model, in purpose to be able to enhance systems safety.

One of the most famous projective techniques around the world – G. Rorschach inkblot test. In many countries this technique is rather popular because it can give the chance of both the qualitative and quantitative analysis. This thesis is confirmed in research works of J. Eksner Institute. For several decades J. Eksner Institute (USA) have been collected psychometric data with using Rorschach test in various groups of the population. These studies make it possible to conduct a clinical and psychological studies and determine the mental status of the subject. Our research is devoted to informational content of Rorschach test of women who have difficulties in interpersonal interaction within their family (with an addictive partner). It was shown that with increase of manifestation intensity of codependent behavior also the orientation of codependent women in interpersonal interaction changes, the coding symbols (determinants), specific for the codependent women, in answers to the third table of Rorschach test (an integrative system of J. Eksner) were also revealed. The practical relevance of this research is that the obtained results can form a basis of express diagnostics of the women having difficulties in interpersonal interaction within the family (husbands, children).

The monthly Yontev-bletlekh (Warsaw, 1894-1886) is one of the first Yiddish periodicals. Despite the Tsarist ban on Yiddish periodicals, it succeeded in reaching a new readership of working class Jews, using a language and style comprehensible to them. The three founders of the periodical were Yitskhok Leybush Peretz (1853-1915), Mordkhe Spektor (1858-1925) and Dovid Pinski (1872-1959). Disguising the issues as traditional pamphlets of religious commentaries for the Jewish holidays, they succeeded in promoting new social and cultural ideas. Peretz was the dominant figure in this enterprise, giving the periodical its richness and diversity. No wonder it turned to be a milestone in the history of Yiddish press and literature.

Natural growth rate in the French Pacific TOM (overseas territories) is steadily declining and approaching 1.5%, as fertility is just about to reach replacement level. However, increases in life expectancy are very slow and uneven, as life-style diseases become more and more common, namely obesity, diabetes and cancers. Birth cohorts entering the labour market are still increasing (due to high fertility in the 1970s and 1980s). Although the number of elderly also increases, ageing remains limited and dependency ratios will further decline during the next decade or a little more. The TOM are entering a demographic window favourable to economic growth. However, they face a strong handicap : lowqualification levels in the labour force (except for mainland France-born migrants) inducing high unemployment rates. Although jobs in the private service sector are increasing, a high proportion of wageearners are still employed in the public sector. Primary and secondary sectors also contribute to economy particularly in New Caledonia, but also in French Polynesia. The major challenges are to improve qualification of native work force, create jobs for increasing cohorts entering the labour market and fund education, unemployment benefits, health and pensions, increases in pensions still mostly due to rapid increase in pension entitlements rather than population ageing.