Search

Poverty, social inequalities and public policies is a thematic table coordinated and proposed by the Public Policies Post-Graduation Program of Federal University of Piauí that gather together the reflections of five researchers of Social Work area. The studies pointed by this researchers had explored the poverty comprehension through its multifaces which express, in synthesis, the deep inequalities and antagonisms of Brazilian and Latin-American societies. The surveys also indicates the need for effective and substantial answers, compromised with this population rights and citizenship, from the State.

The article presents a research developed nationally on the implementation 01 SUAS (Unique System 01 Social Assistance) in Brazil. It considers the importance 01 the investigation process in the capacity-building 01 researchers and aims to contribute with the debate in the lield 01 social protection by presenting Social Assistance as a public policy and as a right 01 the population. It also presents problematizations on the central categories 01 the National Policy 01 Social Assistance - PNAS/2004, pointing out the need lar understanding its conllicting character and the challenge 01 overcoming a conservative perspective disseminated in the area. It introduces the debate on the trends 01 social protection in the context 01 a new capitalist crisis. Finally, it indicates the need to strengthen the rellection on the so-called process 01 "asistencialization" 01 social policies and argues that it is necessary to pro mote the debate affirming the importance 01 Social Securily in the lield 01 social protection.

Copyright of Revue Africaine de Chirurgie et Spécialités is the property of Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed to analyze the temporary settlements set up for Venezuelan refugees in the city of Boa Vista-RR, Brazil, to propose guidelines for these facilities. The methodology uses multiple exploratory case studies with a qualitative approach. The research is based on a comparative analysis between data collected during field research, conducted in 2018, and the main guidelines for temporary settlements from national and international literature. It examines the physical-spatial and functional characteristics of settlements, such as layout, facilities, services and infrastructure. The results show the structure of the settlements and its organization, as well as routine activities, such as security actions, food distribution, healthcare, provision of household items and other services. Universal accessibility, psychosocial care, privacy, cultural adequacy and awareness actions are essential to enhance quality of life in settlements. Improvements need to be made over time to promote urbanization, spatial appropriation, and encourage community empowerment. The findings help to consolidate a reference framework of guidelines for decision-making regarding temporary settlements for disaster scenarios.

Plusieurs méthodes ont été proposées pour la mesure in vivo, la prédiction et la réduction des émissions de méthane entérique (eCH4) des ruminants. La plupart de ces méthodes sont coûteuses, techniquement complexes et parfois non adaptées aux spécificités des systèmes d’élevage en Afrique subsaharienne (ASS). L’objectif de cette synthèse est d’analyser les différentes techniques de mesure individuelle selon les conditions d’élevage en ASS. Les techniques de mesure individuelle in vivo regroupent la chambre respiratoire, la hotte ventilée, le système GreenFeed® (C-Lock) et l’hexafluorure de soufre comme traceur. Elles sont discutées et classées selon le terrain d’utilisation. Les approches de mesure indirecte de eCH4 s’appuient sur des proxys (ou prédicteurs) issus de différentes matrices biologiques. En ASS, les proxys susceptibles d’être utilisés dans les différentes conditions d’élevage sont les caractéristiques de l’ingéré (quantité, composition), du lait (quantité, composition globale estimée par spectres MIR), des fèces (archéols, composition globale estimée par spectres SPIR) ou des gaz expirés. Par ailleurs, les stratégies potentielles de réduction de eCH4 adaptées en ASS sont 1) l’utilisation de légumineuses arbustives, d’aliments concentrés à base de sous-produits, de coproduits et résidus de cultures, et de fourrages conservés ; 2) l’amélioration du pâturage ; 3) le remplacement des animaux improductifs ; 4) le maintien du bon état sanitaire des animaux ; et 5) la réduction de l’âge au premier vêlage des femelles.

En Latinoamérica (LA), como en muchas partes del mundo la Enfermedad Renal Crónica (ERC) es un problema serio de salud pública, asociado a gran morbilidad, mortalidad, y grandes costos económicos y sociales. Análisis recientes muestran que en LA, conforme disminuye el producto interno bruto de los países, tienen una carga global de la ERC mayor, generando grandes disparidades en salud renal, entre ellas el acceso a las terapias de reemplazo renal (TRR), a pesar de contar con cobertura y accesibilidad del 100% a estas terapias (diálisis peritoneal, hemodiálisis, trasplante renal). Por lo tanto, hablar de accesibilidad y cobertura no asegura que se cumpla con criterios de igualdad, equidad, gratuidad, trato digno o satisfacer las necesidades y mucho menos la calidad en la provisión del tratamiento. Por lo tanto, a pesar de que la estructura parece similar entre nuestros países, cada uno de ellos debe adoptar enfoques muy diferentes para hacer frente a la carga global de la ERC, tomando en cuenta que, el análisis de disparidades en salud renal no se refiere solo a la injusticia en el reparto y en el acceso a las TRR, sino también, al proceso intrínseco que la genera. Por lo que, es necesario detenernos a reflexionar sobre qué factores en LA pueden estar contribuyendo a su generación, y establecer estrategias encaminadas a reducir la brecha entre países no solo relacionada con el acceso a las TRR, sino también para desarrollar políticas gubernamentales para promover la salud renal de toda su población.

On the occasion of the centenary of their major works, the second volume of The Decline of the West and Der Historismus und seine Probleme (1922), this article aims to confront the thought of two significant intellectuals of the first years of the Weimar Republic: the neoconservative Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) and the liberal democrat Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923). Starting from the provocation contained in the thesis of the “decline,” the analysis reconstructs their respective conception of history, of the West and of the democratization of Germany. The aim is to examine their antagonisms while highlighting their belonging to a common historical and discursive background. The formal motives that structure their argumentation present strong analogies, for instance the renewal of the philosophy of history and universal history, the criticism of Eurocentrism, belief in the ineluctability of democracy and the emphasis on its dangers, and the ambivalent use of conservatism in the legitimization of ideological positions.

Ecological degradation and climate change have led to widespread calls for altering sociotechnical practices. A sector in which this is particularly visible is energy; more specifically, in efforts to displace conventional sources of energy (e.g., thermal) in favor of lower-carbon alternatives (e.g., solar power). Despite the liberatory potentials of lower-carbon energy sources, a growing body of political ecology scholarship suggests that energy "transitions" perpetuate fossil fuel dynamics of extractivism, land dispossession, and commodification processes. More specifically, incumbent actors and ideas prevent otherwise socially, economically, and technically just alternatives from materializing through legitimating socioecologically unjust practices. Amidst these developments, India eyes global leadership on solar energy; with Rajasthan, in its western desert reaches, hosting the largest installed capacity in the nation and largest solar plant in the world, Bhadla. Drawing from qualitative field research including site visits, over 70 semi-structured and informal interviews, and discourse analysis of solar policy documents, we interrogate how the deployment of solar "parks" are legitimated by state-level political and technocratic powers, despite their socioecological implications for local residents, especially agropastoralists, and endangered other-than-humans. Grounding our work in political ecology and reflecting on the politics behind energy policies, we counter depoliticizing narratives of solar development, concluding that solar "parks", though presented as apolitical, are rooted in a political paradigm which combines ecological modernization and the ongoing neoliberalization of the Indian political economy.

Southeast Asia is characterised by its great environmental, linguistic and cultural diversity. The large number of islands and the dispersed resources have favoured the ancient emergence of extensive networks to exchange these scarce goods. Maritime nomads, now marginalised, played an important role in the creation and functioning of these networks. Until now, there have been few attempts to identify and trace the evolution of maritime nomadism in the archaeological record, partly because of their supposed 'archaeological invisibility' due to the poverty of their material culture. It is only during the second millennium AD that the historical record sheds light on the role of certain nomadic groups in the creation and maintenance of merchant states.There is no simple definition of maritime nomadism in Southeast Asia, which is characterised by a great diversity of economic and political organisations. This diversity is expressed through routes, livelihood strategies, trade goods and modes of interaction with land-based groups and wider trade networks. In this paper we attempt to define this nomadism, discuss its origin and propose ways to understand its archaeological dimension.

Copyright of Revue Africaine de Chirurgie et Spécialités is the property of Faculty of Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde I, Cameroon and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The project M2DESCO is directed at addressing new challenges for developing next-generation high-entropy-alloy-based multi-component green (free of toxic substances) and sustainable (rare earth free & minimum critical metal elements) coatings with predictable functionalities, performance and life - aiming at increasing wear resistance by 100%, corrosion/oxidation resistance by 50~60 %, and effectively reducing the criticality of coating materials by at least 70%. To achieve these goals, the project is to integrate artificial intelligence/machine learning AI/ML underpinned, highly effective and highly efficient Computational Modelling that is guided by a novel Safe and Sustainability by Design Framework and facilitated by high-throughput characterisations and evaluations, to speed up the material-design to coating-product development process (reducing the development cycle-time by 400~500%). At the same time, M2DESCO is to enable optimal alloy/material design and coating process optimisation for high efficiency and high quality, so to reduce the overall product manufacturing cost (due to use of the new tooling developed) by 20%. The advancement of M2DESCO will contribute significantly to combating the loss in EU region caused by corrosion and wear, to the enhancement of the global profile and leadership of the EU material modelling/research community, to strengthening of the innovation capability of the EU coating industry/business.

Due to the wide range of pharmacological properties and the presence of bioactive components with antioxidant action hawthorn fruits can be widely used as part of dietary supplements for the prevention or improvement of diseases associated with oxidation and (or) obesity, as well as concomitant cardiovascular diseases. An urgent task of the modern pharmaceutical and food industry in the development of biologically active food additives is the use of hawthorn varieties that are resistant to the accumulation of heavy metals and have increased resistance to excess toxic elements. The chemical composition and safety indicators of fresh hawthorn fruits have been studied and it has been established that the studied fruits of zoned hawthorn varieties in terms of safety indicators meet the requirements of the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation and can subsequently be used in the development of biologically active food additives. An analysis of the safety indicators of powders made from hawthorn fruits dried at different temperatures was carried out. It has been established that maximum preservation of ascorbic acid in hawthorn fruit processing products is facilitated by drying fresh fruits at 50°C.

The aim of the paper is to highlight the benefits of lean prefabricated and modular construction for the construction of rental housing by considering financial and time savings. In the current turbulent development of prices of building materials as well as banking products and availability of housing, Slovakia is facing significant problems with housing shortage, which is also addressed by foreign countries in the form of rental housing. According to Eurostat data for 2021, the ratio of rental housing in Slovakia to the total number of dwellings is the second lowest in the European Union at 7.1%, while this is mainly rental housing in properties owned by private landlords. The Act on State Support for Rental Housing sets maximum rent levels for individual regions of Slovakia, which directly affect the costs associated with construction. The paper shows that there is great potential of volumetric modular construction to solve increasing demand for rental housing. This article analyses the current state of adoption of modular construction abroad and in Slovakia by the good practice review and literature research resources review.

The primary challenge for agricultural operations is their remoteness from centralized power supply systems. This necessitates the construction of an appropriate infrastructure to connect them to the general grid. One potential solution to this problem is the use of solar energy. The infrastructure required to create such a system is relatively inexpensive and allows for the creation of an autonomous system that provides all the necessary needs of the consumer. The control of such a system necessitates the development of specialized software. The paper presents the development of the hardware and software structure, as well as fragments of the prototype of the graphical user interface and a description of the main functionalities.

This paper shows the results of the study of the effect of temperature on the coagulation processes in the hemostasis of cows and calves. Purpose of the work: comparison of the results of the study of the indicators of the coagulation system of blood of cows and calves of the black-and-brown breed, obtained with the use of medical and veterinary coagulometer, taking into account the age of the animal and its body temperature. The study was conducted in the Vologda region of Russia. The following coagulogram parameters were analyzed: thrombin time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen count. It was found that at physiological temperature on a veterinary coagulometer in the plasma of cows there is a reliable increase in thrombin time by 2.2 times, decrease in prothrombin time by 32.5%, increase in activated partial thromboplastin time by 11.2%, increase in the amount of fibrinogen by 315.4%; in calf plasma - decrease of thrombin time by 7.8%, increase of prothrombin time by 6.2%, increase of activated partial thromboplastin time by 20.9%, increase of fibrinogen amount by 347.6% in comparison with the results obtained during standard incubation at 37°C. The correlation between hemostasis indicators and temperature factor in cows was noticeable (thrombin time, fibrinogen), in calves negative moderate for thromboplastin time, moderate for activated partial thromboplastin time and noticeable for prothrombin time and fibrinogen. The study of coagulation processes in cows and calves using a medical coagulometer led to the results that differ significantly from the reactions occurring in the organism at physiological body temperature. Taking into account the results of the study, it is possible to consider a veterinary coagulometer with the possibility of setting the necessary temperature as a device quite suitable for adequate assessment of hemostasiological parameters in cattle.

Biodiesel is one of the possible alternatives to diesel fuel to address the issue of fossil fuels and their impact on the environment. Substituting homogeneous transesterification with heterogeneous offers advantages such as improved catalyst and product separation, catalyst regeneration, and avoidance of saponification during the reaction. To compare homogeneous and heterogeneous transesterification, the commonly used homogenous catalyst NaOH was tested. As a heterogeneous catalyst, a mixed oxide prepared from hydrotalcite with added nickel in its structure was used. By employing suitable conditions, it is possible to achieve biodiesel through heterogeneous transesterification with a comparable FAME (Fatty acid methyl ester) content to homogeneous transesterification, meeting the standardized value of over 96.7 wt.%. Implementing a two-step heterogeneous transesterification process decreases the reaction time needed to reach the desired FAME quantity. Furthermore, following heterogeneous transesterification, glycerol as a valuable secondary product showed visibly higher purity.

In the current conditions of livestock development in the country, dairy cattle breeding requires animals having not only high genetic potential, but also characterized by a high level of milk production. The purpose is to study the breeding and productive qualities of Ayrshire cattle bred in the conditions of the Republic of Mari El. The research was carried out at CJSC Mariiskoye in the Republic of Mari El. The test subject is Ayrshire dairy cattle. Currently, Ayrshire cattle bred on the farm are purebred and have an elite-record class. The herd is young, the average age of the cows is 3.4 calvings. On average, one cow produces 6,876 kg of milk per lactation with a milk fat content (MFC) of 4.5% and a milk protein content (MPC) of 3.34%. The level of cow's milk production exceeds the requirements of the class 1 standard for milk yield by 76.5%, for MFC by 3.4%, and for the amount of milk fat by 26.2%. The cows significantly exceed the established standard for live weight by 12–20% and have an excellent exterior for dairy cattle. Currently, in the herd, there are animals belonging to 5 lines. The cows of the Urho Errant and O.R. Lichting lines yielded more than the average for the herd (7,017 kg and 6,930 kg, respectively). The cows of the S.B. Commander line were giving milk with high fat content and the cows of the Sniperum SRB line were giving milk with high protein content. In the herd, the production is ensured by daughters from 19 bulls.

Assessment of the using potential of water bodies clearance product – bottom sediments was carried out. Bottom sediments from Peschanyj, Dudak, Dudachenok shallow channels located at Volga-Akhtuba floodplain were used for studies. Bottom sediment samples were dried to an air-dry state at room temperature for further studies. The area of bottom sediments application was selected based on the physicochemical properties and the degree of it contamination by heavy metals and pesticides. Bottom sediments from Peschanyj and Dudachenok shallow channels have fertilizing value and correspond to calcareous sapropel of 1 and 2 suitability classes, respectively. Such bottom sediments can be used for agricultural aims.

Agriculture industry in Russia is an important part of the economy. Therefore, this industry must be highly efficient and profitable. The usage of remote sensing data for field monitoring makes it possible to simplify the process of collecting information on sown areas and increase the efficiency of this economic sector. Agricultural crops show up well on satellite images and are relatively easy to decipher both in terms of texture and spectral characteristics. However, even for deciphering well-distinguishable objects, large labor costs and high qualification of the performer are required. Recently, active work has been carried out to automate monitoring performed on satellite images, however, these methods are at the initial stage of development and are mostly created for narrowly focused individual areas of activity. The aim of the study is the development of a methodology for automated processing of spatial data of agricultural designation. The novelty of the research lies in the absence of methods for automated decoding in this area. The article describes a study of the possibilities of automated image processing, the analysis of the necessary spectral characteristics and vegetation indices, and the application of the machine learning algorithm used in the methodology. The development of software and hardware implementation of the methodology in Python programming language for geographic information system QGIS is presented. The software and hardware implementation of this methodology allowed to perform automated processing of images of agricultural designation and to identify the objects displayed on them.

Paper analyzes thermal anomalies of Kazan city according to satellite images in thermal infrared range. Main goal of the study is to create maps of thermal anomalies in Kazan city, followed by recommendations to reduce impact of “heat island” phenomenon on the environment. Landsat satellite images for May and February were used as initial materials. Configuration of the “heat island” in different seasons of the year was studied. The study allowed us to identify areas in the city where differences in temperature and associated heat radiation were less intense, almost unchanged, or showed an increase. Thus, it was shown that within big industrial centers of a city separate foci of abnormally high temperatures are revealed. Classification of conditions according to the temperature level of city territories is developed. According to the results of the study, set of recommendations to reduce the negative consequences of the “heat island” impact on the urban ecosystem is proposed.

In response to the producers’ concerns about reducing the cause of wheat yield loss from the necrotrophic pathogenic fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, which informed the purpose of this study, to investigate the effectiveness of fungicides in reducing the prevalence of yellow spot during artificial infection in the field conditions of the Republic of Dagestan and the Rostov region. The experimental design included: T1) Taxis, SC (240 g/l azoxystrobin + 160 g/l epoxiconazole) (0.5 l/ha); T2) Taxis, SK (0.6 l/ha); T3) Spirit, SC (240 g/l azoxystrobin + 160 g/l epoxiconazole) (standard) (0.6 l/ha); and T4) Control (without treatment). On control plots, the prevalence of yellow spots corresponded on average to 32.5% (Homer) and 37.2% (Grom) for winter wheat varieties and 32.6% (Malachite) as well 35.7% (Prokhorovka) for spring wheat varieties respectively. At the same time, the smallest disease prevalence was observed in the treated variants T1, T2, and T3, on average 2.6–6.5%. Furthermore, the effective protection of the leaf surface during the 2-fold treatment of wheat crops with fungicides led to an increase in yield in both study regions from 11 to 19%.

This article substantiates the need to use simulation modeling in planning the location of parking lots equipped with charging stations for electric cars. Moscow is actively developing infrastructure for the use of electric cars for personal use, but there is a limited number of charging stations in the city districts. This increases the load on the transportation framework of the capital. Creating a simulation model of the transport system allows us to identify its “bottlenecks” related to the effective organization of road traffic and the creation of a sustainable environment. The use of methods of structural analysis, synthesis, groupings, information and simulation modeling allowed to establish all key objects of the problem area, their qualitative and quantitative characteristics necessary to create a simulation model. The created simulation model is based on the developed formal models of changes in the states of each class of objects, corresponding to the behavior in the real urban environment. To demonstrate the obtained results, a three-dimensional model corresponding to the simulation model is developed.

The article substantiates the necessity of creating a simulation model of changes in the states of forest plantations. Such a model makes it possible to repeatedly conduct experiments on the object of study on changes in different parameters in order to predict the consequences and develop operational management scenarios to reduce the negative impact on its processes and objects. The use of structural analysis, synthesis and classification methods allowed us to identify the key objects of such an ecosystem and the processes that influence their germination, growth and death. The results obtained became the basis for the creation of a system dynamics model reflecting the nature of the behavior of the objects and processes under study. With the help of simulation modeling methods, a system of differential equations was created, which takes into account the quantitative instances of objects and the rate of their changes depending on external parameters. Based on this, a graphical model reflecting all aspects of the realization of such processes has been created.

Recently, the use of non-traditional plant components as a functional ingredient in the development of fortified products for healthy and therapeutic nutrition has been very relevant. An analysis was carried out of the influence of the type of functional additive from brown algae and blackcurrant pomace powder on the organoleptic and physico-chemical properties of bakery products of reduced importance - wafer bread. A decrease in dough density, an increase in humidity and wetness of finished products was established when functional ingredients were added to the wafer bread recipe. An increase in the acidity of the experimental samples of enriched wafer breads was noted in comparison with the control sample. An increase in the acidity of the experimental samples of enriched wafer breads was noted in comparison with the control sample with a slight change in their organoleptic characteristics. A high content of iodine and dietary fiber in new types of bakery products with reduced humidity has been established.

This article provides a brief overview of the application of neural networks in medical systems for disease diagnosis. The relevance of developing a medical information system (MIS) with artificial intelligence for otolaryngologists is justified. The developed automated workstation (AWS) for doctors is presented. The MIS AWS enables the following tasks: loading, storing, and viewing examination results in the DICOM format. The MIS is a web platform with a client-server architecture, utilizing technologies such as PostgreSQL, Python, Django REST Framework, Docker, Docker-compose, and Vue.js. Vue.js was chosen as the framework for Frontend, along with the libraries Vuex and Vue-router. The MIS consists of four modules: Vue.js framework, Django framework, database (DB), and file system (FS). The information-communication structure for the exchange of medical images is presented, where the MIS serves as the core, facilitating the overall data preparation and accumulation cycle for CT scan analysis. Based on the analysis of neural network architectures for medical image recognition, the decision was made to implement a convolutional neural network (CNN) into the MIS structure. The automated centralized repository for medical data on patient examinations currently performs the function of accumulating and storing information for the training and testing of the neural network.

The article describes the development of a simulation model of processes related to carrot cultivation. The obtained digital twin can be used as a model, which is the basis of a comprehensive software solution for control and management of the full life cycle of the specified crop. The use of structural analysis and synthesis methods allowed to establish all objects and parameters of the processes related to the cultivation of carrots. The use of the system dynamics method based on the Forrester model allowed us to develop a parametric model with a detailed description of the resources and characteristics affecting the processes of transformation. The application of the graphical method to the obtained results allowed creating a graphical interpretation of the parametric model for clarity and the possibility of creating scenarios of changes in indicators in order to develop scenarios of effective response to changes in external conditions in the real environment to maintain and increase carrot yields.

La ley francesa de 2 de agosto de 2021 sobre bioética suprime la prohibición expresa de crear embriones quiméricos. Si bien crea una nueva prohibición, la de modificar un embrión humano mediante la adición de células de otras especies, autoriza a contrario la modificación de un embrión animal mediante la adición de células de otras especies, incluidas las humanas. El legislador transgrede un tabú que antes se consideraba inalterable. Difumina las fronteras entre humanos y animales para tratar a los primeros creando, quizá con el tiempo, órganos a medida. La opción del legislador es autorizar una técnica concreta de quimerismo con células madre pluripotentes, células madre embrionarias y células madre pluripotentes inducidas. Sin embargo, no hay ninguna referencia semántica al quimérico en la ley, el legislador se limita a establecer una definición de la manipulación particular prohibida y parece rechazar cualquier ontología de este ser vivo creado artificialmente para la humanidad. La desaparición del término quimera es el buque insignia de las herramientas jurídicas utilizadas por el legislador de 2021 para lograr la aceptabilidad social de diversas técnicas de creación de quimeras.

Este trabajo de enfoque cuantitativo analiza los libros que los docentes preuniversitarios de República Dominicana dicen haber leído, con el propósito de describir su identidad lectora. Se aplicó un cuestionario diseñado ad hoc a una muestra de 550 participantes compuesta por directivos escolares y docentes de los niveles Inicial y Primario. Los hallazgos revelan que los docentes expresan leer libros de literatura (46 %), seguidos de libros de uso personal (39 %) y, en menor medida, textos de uso profesional (15 %). El texto declarado como más leído fue la Biblia; el resto de los títulos están vinculados en su mayoría a las prescripciones del canon escolar dominicano, lo que revela un débil capital cultural lector en los docentes. Se evidencia la necesidad de fortalecer políticas públicas para el desarrollo del interés y el hábito lector en la formación inicial y continua del cuerpo docente.

Résumé : Cet article présente les classes nominales en kadile. C’est un parler senoufo qui ne dérobe pas à la règle des classes nominales dans les langues Gur. En ce qui concerne ce parler, cinq (05) classes nominales dénombrables et deux classes non dénombrables ont été dénombrées. Ces classes sont pour la plupart des paires (singuliers pluriels) et comportent souvent plusieurs séries de classe. Il présente également 4 (quatre) classes de défini comptant chacune 2 (deux) morphèmes dont un singulier et un pluriel et 5 (cinq) classes de pronom anaphorique comprenant également chacune 2 (deux) morphèmes (singulier ; pluriel). Ce qui a permis de déduire 5 (cinq) genres nominaux. Mots-clés: classes nominales; règles ; nombre ; singulier ; pluriel

Research Framework: During the first wave of COVID-19, practices in French maternity hospitals were heterogeneous, and restrictions mainly concerned the presence of accompanying persons and the requirement to wear a mask. Objectives : We analyzed the impacts of the pandemic on the organization of care in the MaNaO birthing center on the island of Reunion, as well as the experiences of midwives, women who gave birth and their families. Methodology: In 2021 and 2022, as part of the MaterCovid-19 research project (ANR), we carried out a study involving participatory observation and semi-structured interviews (n=34) with midwives and women at the birthing center, called MaNaO, on the island of Reunion. Results: Our results show that while the health crisis has reinforced the medicalization of birth center spaces, MaNaO has been described by women and midwives as a pandemic-proof place, or a “COVID-free bubble”. Thanks to the human and intimate nature of all the care provided, the philosophy and independent access to the facility, which guarantees that every woman is supported during her examinations and on the day of delivery, as well as the early return home that is characteristic of this facility, the birth center has succeeded in protecting women and their families from the psychological and sometimes dehumanizing shock of the health crisis. Conclusions : This research highlights the fact that the current demands from women and their families are not just about de-medicalization, but also about preserving the family nature of childbirth. It also points to the absolute necessity of reinforcing women’s emotional security.Contributions : At a time when birthing centers are being tested in France, the results of this research could contribute to the social and political debate.

Asymptomatic variations (AV) in bones and teeth are widely used in biological anthropology, particularly to understand intra- and inter-population affinities. This study focuses on the first step of any study: the repeatability and reproducibility of the method implemented. Using the Kappa coefficient, the reliability of 198 variables divided into three anatomical areas (cranial, post-cranial and teeth) was analyzed. The sample used was selected among the best represented and best preserved individuals of the Notre-Dame-du-Bourg osteo-archaeological collection (Digne-les-Bains, medieval and modern period). The analyses were performed after four rounds of scoring (three observers), and when more than 20 observations of polymorphic variations were obtained. The quality of agreement was established according to the Fleiss et al. scale (2003). Although missing data were a hindrance in this study, several proposals were made to overcome the problem. We also highlight and discuss the fact that experience has an impact on the observation of qualitative variables. The outcome is a proposal for a protocol based on selecting repeatable and reproducible AVs to normalize comparisons between studies in both osteoarchaeological and forensic contexts.

The aim of this article is to understand the sociospatial changes in process in the peripheral areas of large metropolises, in the North and in the South, as a result of the emergence of a new and relatively uniform housing supply for the lower middle classes. Partly neglected by the public authorities, the question of the trajectories of these new residential complexes, from their construction to their integration into the city through their settlement, arises at different scales, from the local to the metropolitan scale, and with different focuses, from the most technical to the most social. By regarding to the cases of Mexico City, Delhi and Paris, through statistical databases on the one hand and field observations and surveys collected with a common grid on the other, we can question the integration of new residential complexes into the system of access to housing and access to the city, into urban production systems, and into the processes of social division of metropolitan space.