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Compared to the statewide average of 91.7%, Bangkalan District had the lowest basic vaccination coverage in East Java in 2022, at just 64.7%. Misconceptions regarding vaccinations are the cause of this poor coverage, which raises the risk of morbidity and death. According to WHO, 1.5 million children die each year from illnesses that may be prevented because they were not vaccinated, underscoring the wider impact on public health. The socioeconomic and cultural elements influencing parents’ choices to vaccinate their children in Bangkalan were examined in this study. 87 mothers of toddlers older than two years from the Blega Health Center were chosen by simple random sampling as part of a cross-sectional study. Data were gathered using questionnaires and interviews, and SPSS 23 was used for both univariate and bivariate analysis. The findings indicated that family culture did not significantly correlate with vaccine coverage (p-value = 0.218), while socioeconomic position and immunization coverage did (p-value = 0.001). The low vaccination rates are mostly influenced by socioeconomic considerations, which emphasizes the need for increased accessibility and awareness. It is advised to implement tactics like expanding the hours of health facilities and providing vaccination services in accessible areas. In Bangkalan, increasing vaccination coverage and lowering avoidable child fatalities depend heavily on economic assistance and education.

Garlic is an agricultural commodity with benefits as a kitchen spice and traditional medicine. Garlic is a horticultural commodity that plays an important role in Indonesia’s maintaining the economy and national food security. Garlic cultivation is rare in Indonesia. Only three garlic centers exist in Central Java, West Nusa Tenggara, and West Sumatra. One of the garlic centers in Central Java is in Magelang Regency. However, garlic production in the Regency has decreased from 2013 to 2017. The government is trying to achieve self-sufficiency of garlic to increase garlic production. This caused researchers to research garlic businesses and their contribution to farmers’ income. The resulting analysis can help the government create policy programs to support increased garlic production and support farmers in continuing to carry out garlic farming sustainably. The study results showed that the average farmer income was IDR 35,411,324 per hectare with an income of IDR 88,232,387 per hectare. The contribution of garlic farming to farmers’ income is 47.63 percent, which is included in the moderate category

The “Julang-jaling” or Kabau plant is a common vegetation found in Sumatra. Kabau seeds are used by local communities in Sumatra as a culinary ingredient and spice. Several studies have demonstrated that Archidendron bubalinum, a species of Kabau plant, contains phytochemical compounds including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. However, the utilization of Kabau’s seed pod remains limited and remains unexplored. This research aims to describe the morphological characteristics of the Kabau plant from South Lampung Regency, followed by analyzing the phytochemical compounds, and antioxidant activity of the Kabau seed pod extract. Qualitative phytochemical screening was conducted qualitatively to detect the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. Antioxidant activity was analyzed using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method. Identification of morphological characteristics presented that Archidendron jiringoides in this study had several differences compared to Archidendron bubalinum. i.e seed arrangement and diameter; seed pod length, diameter, shape, and colour; also twig shape. The result of qualitative phytochemical screening of kabau (Archidendron jiringoides) seed pod extract showed the presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, tannins, and triterpenoids. The antioxidant activity (IC50) value of 32.01 μg/ml. The antioxidant potential observed in the extract of kabau seed pods was categorized as very strong.