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Vekâletsiz işgörme, kanundan doğan borç ilişkisi kaynaklarından birisidir. Vekâletsiz işgörmede, işgören akdi bir temele dayanmaksızın, yetkili veya yükümlü olmadan işsahibinin işini görmektedir. İşgören böyle bir işi işsahibinin yararına olacak şekilde görürse bu halde gerçek vekâletsiz işgörme söz konusu olurken, işgören işsahibine ait bir işi bencil amaçlarla kendi yararına görürse gerçek olmayan vekâletsiz işgörmeden bahsedilir. Gerçek olmayan vekâletsiz işgörmede, teknik anlamda bir işgörmeden dahi bahsedilememektedir. İşsahibi, akdi bir temele dayanmayan işgörmeyi sonradan uygun bulabilir. Uygun bulma sonucunda işgören ve işsahibi arasındaki hukuki ilişkiye, başlangıcından itibaren uygun düştüğü ölçüde vekâlet hükümleri uygulanır. Bunun yanında uygun bulmanın hangi vekâletsiz işgörme türlerine uygulanacağı tartışmalıdır. İsabetli olan yaklaşıma göre uygun bulma, ancak gerçek vekâletsiz işgörmede söz konusu olabilir.

INTRODUCTION: Family planning programmes have helped in increasing the prevalence of contraceptive use and reducing total fertility rate in developing countries from six to three births per woman. However, its uptake is lower in the rural areas compared to urban areas. This study seeks to elucidate the effect of community mobilisation on awareness, approval and use of family planning among women of reproductive age in the rural areas of Ebonyi state, Nigeria. METHODS: We conducted a quasi-experimental study among women aged 15 to 49 years in two rural communities in Ebonyi state. Using simple random method, we recruited 484 women for the study. We used pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire to collect information from the participants. Community awareness and distribution of information, education and communication materials were carried out within one month. We estimated the effect of the intervention on the level of awareness, approval and uptake of family planning methods. RESULTS: Level of awareness increased by 19% (p=0.001) while uptake of family planning increased by 16.7% (p=0.001) in the intervention group. The approval rate was higher in the intervention group compared to the control group (p=0.008). The most commonly used method of family planning was the natural method in intervention and control arms. CONCLUSION: Although uptake of family planning increased significantly in the study population, the rate is generally low. Given the critical role of the community in family planning programmes, community mobilisation may be deployed to increase uptake of family planning in similar rural communities.

The existence of the municipality as a base of the concept of administrative decentralization implies the need to combine between the autonomy of the local authorities and the need to preserve the unity of the State and the submission of all the work of its bodies to the legitimacy. To this end, the Algerian legislator adopted the system of control supervision in all successive laws related to the municipality, in the light of the political authority’s adoption of progressive decentralization, which combines gradual flexibility of control over municipalities and granting them more autonomy which could help them to serve their populations. In this context, this research raises the following issue: Does the regime of administrative supervision tend towards the flexibility and granting more autonomy to municipalities, or does it remain reluctant to all that? Does it focus more on the principle of State unity in such a way that would undermine the concept of decentralization?

The Social Board of each municipality in Sweden is responsible for providing care for children in need of it. A child may be placed with a foster family or in an institution, with or without its own or its parents’ consent. Most such placements are consensual, in which cases the child’s consent as well as that of its parents is required if the child is 15 or older (adulthood is deemed to begin at 18); the child’s views must be taken into account regardless of its age. The majority of placements are with foster families being considered the best alternative for a child who for whatever reason cannot remain with its parents. Recent revelations of child abuse in foster care environments have resulted in Swedish legislation on the subject undergoing certain amendments. An investigation of standing legislation on the approval and supervision of foster families makes clear that more needs to be done to prevent child abuse. Improvements must be made in specifying the requirements that need to be met in choosing a foster family; present legislation fails to state these with sufficient clarity. It is also proposed that the Social Board have not only the right but the obligation to inquire into any relevant criminal records and to take the findings of such inquiry into account in arriving at its decisions. It is further proposed that an independent professional supervisor should be brought in to oversee the selection process to better assure that the child’s best interests are being served.