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The images captured from SAR sensors are inherently weakened by speckle noise. The SAR image processing community targeted this problem with many feature-based filters. Since SAR images are low-contrast images, edge retention is the most crucial aspect to consider. This helps in the efficient retrieval of information. This paper provides a two-step edge-preserving homomorphic SAR image despeckling technique that implements a guided filter as the first step, and a modified method of noise thresholding using the bivariate shrinkage rule and canny edge operator in the Discrete Orthonormal Stockwell Transform (DOST) domain as the second step. The use of a canny edge operator improves overall edge preservation after despeckling. The use of noise thresholding delivers the highest level of speckle reduction in the DOST domain. The detected edges are added to the residual part obtained after removing the noise to produce more informative content. According to several qualitative and quantitative criteria, the suggested approach is compared to some of the newest despeckling methods. The execution time of the proposed method is around 7.2679 seconds. Upon conducting qualitative and quantitative analysis, it has been determined that the proposed method surpasses all other despeckling methods that were compared.

Hyperspectral image classification is vital for various remote sensing applications; however, it remains challenging due to the complex and high-dimensional nature of hyperspectral data. This paper introduces a novel approach to address this challenge by leveraging spectral and spatial features through a lightweight HResNeXt model. The proposed model is designed to overcome the limitations of traditional methods by combining residual connections and cardinality to enable efficient and effective feature extraction from hyperspectral images, capturing both spectral and spatial information simultaneously. Furthermore, the paper includes an in-depth analysis of the learned spectral–spatial features, providing valuable insights into the discriminative power of the proposed approach. The extracted features exhibit strong discriminative capabilities, enabling accurate classification even in challenging scenarios with limited training samples and complex spectral variations. Extensive experimental evaluations are conducted on four benchmark hyperspectral data sets, the Pavia university (PU), Kennedy Space Center (KSC), Salinas scene (SA), and Indian Pines (IP). The performance of the proposed method is compared with the state-of-the-art methods. The quantitative and visual results demonstrate the proposed approach’s high classification accuracy, noise robustness, and computational efficiency superiority. The HResNeXt obtained an overall accuracy on PU, KSC, SA, and IP, 99.46%, 81.46%, 99.75%, and 98.64%, respectively. Notably, the lightweight HResNeXt model achieves competitive results while requiring fewer computational resources, making it well-suited for real-time applications.

The Briggs-Rauscher (BR) reaction is free radical based where the kinetics of formation of different iodide species leads to potentiometric and color oscillations. These oscillations were monitored in this study using a UV/Vis attenuated total reflection probe to develop an assay to measure the antioxidant content in complex matrices. The periodicity of the BR reaction was found to be very consistent (range 24–25 seconds, n = 16). Adding various amounts of ascorbic acid, a well-known antioxidant, led to an inhibition of the reaction with a linear calibration curve of antioxidant periodicity time (APT, r 2 > 0.99). The validity of this test in complex matrices was studied by determining the APT of nine fruits, and the resulting antioxidant capacity in ascorbic acid equivalency was calculated. The results generated by this assay were found be accurate through comparison with the well-established FRAP assay. These results show that visual or spectrometric monitoring of BR reaction can be used as a reliable, quick, and inexpensive alternative to more established assays with the added advantage that values generated from this assay is at pH 2 which is similar to that in the human stomach.

Histoplasmosis is an endemic mycosis with global distribution, primarily reported in immunocompromised individuals. A 29-year old immunocompetent male presented with fever, hepatosplenomegaly and pancytopenia. His peripheral blood showed features suggestive of intravascular hemolysis and echocardiography showed features suggestive of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Bone marrow showed yeast with morphology suggestive of Histoplasma capsulatum. Further investigations revealed hyperferritinemia, hypofibrinogenemia and increased triglycerides. With a diagnosis of progressive disseminated histoplasmosis with secondary Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, he was successfully treated with amphotericin B followed by itraconazole. We report this case to highlight the atypical and rare manifestations of histoplasmosis.

Background: Simulation is increasingly being integrated into medical education; however, there is little research into trainees’ perceptions of this learning modality. We elicited trainees’ perceptions of simulation-based learning, to inform how simulation is developed and applied to support training. Methods: We conducted an instrumental qualitative case study entailing 36 semi-structured one-hour interviews with 12 residents enrolled in an introductory simulation-based course. Trainees were interviewed at three time points: pre-course, post-course, and 4-6 weeks later. Interview transcripts were analyzed using a qualitative descriptive analytic approach. Results: Residents’ perceptions of simulation included: 1) simulation serves pragmatic purposes; 2) simulation provides a safe space; 3) simulation presents perils and pitfalls; and 4) optimal design for simulation: integration and tension. Key findings included residents’ markedly narrow perception of simulation’s capacity to support non-technical skills development or its use beyond introductory learning. Conclusion: Trainees’ learning expectations of simulation were restricted. Educators should critically attend to the way they present simulation to learners as, based on theories of problem-framing, trainees’ a priori perceptions may delimit the focus of their learning experiences. If they view simulation as merely a replica of real cases for the purpose of practicing basic skills, they may fail to benefit from the full scope of learning opportunities afforded by simulation.

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Radish leaves (Raphanus sativus) powder fractions was subjected to moisture adsorption isotherms at different isothermal temperature conditions from 15-45°C with an equal interval of 10°C. The sorption data obtained in gravimetric static method under 0.11–0.90 water activity conditions were subjected for sorption isotherms and found to be typical sigmoid trend. Experimental data were assessed for the applicability in the prediction through sorption models fitting and found that Polynomial and GAB equations performed well over all fitted models in describing equilibrium moisture content – equilibrium relative humidity (EMC–ERH) relationships for shelf stable dehydrated radish leaf powder, over the entire range of temperatures condition under study. The net isosteric heat of sorption, differential entropy and free energy were determined at different temperatures and their dependence was seen with respect to equilibrium moisture content.

The objective of this work was to examine the impact of conventional and RAFT-modified SiO₂ nanoparticles on the mechanical characteristics and crystallinity of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) composites. Preparation of PEO composites included the incorporation of 5 wt% of both unaltered SiO₃ and SiO₃ that had been changed via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We assessed the mechanical characteristics, such as strain at fracture, ultimate tensile strength, and Young’s modulus. The inclusion of unaltered SiO₂ decreased the strain at fracture (570 ± 18%) and ultimate tensile strength (22.5 ± 0.8 MPa) in comparison to pure PEO (850 ± 25%, 32.0 ± 1.2 MPa). Nevertheless, the inclusion of RAFT-modified SiO₂ led to improved tensile characteristics, including a strain at break of 800 ± 30%, ultimate tensile strength of 35.2 ± 2.5 MPa, and Young’s modulus of 260 ± 13 MPa. The effective dispersion of RAFT- modified SiO₂ in the PEO matrix was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD), leading to enhanced mechanical characteristics. This research points that the using the RAFT polymerization to alter the surface of nanoparticles is a good strategy to enhance the efficiencies of PEO composite for potential application in versatile electronics, membranes and other polymers technologies.

This project seeks to analyze the complex dynamics of climate change adaptation techniques in agriculture by investigating the synergistic link between diverse agricultural practices and technology intervention s via agent-based modeling. The experimental data, consisting of synthetic datasets, clarifies the iterative adaptation process by illustrating examples such as “Drought Resistant Crop-alpha” and “Water Conservation System-beta,” which demonstrate the effectiveness of swift modifications to evolving climatic circumstances. The revolutionary influence of technology adoption is shown by developments such as “Smart Irrigation-Enhanced,” which underscores its ability to improve resilience and production. The seamless integration of these methods across all agricultural phases, from initial acceptance to extensive application, highlights their interrelated and mutually reinforcing connection. Confronting difficulties, especially those associated with socio-economic dynamics and resource allocation, requires the integration of ethical and policy considerations. This study offers critical insights into the essential comprehension of climate adaptation techniques, which will inform future research and underscore the need for ethical frameworks in enhancing the efficacy of agent-based models for agricultural resilience.

This study explores the potential of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to enhance wind turbine performance by analyzing fluid flow and aerodynamic behavior. By applying CFD simulations to optimize blade designs and predict wake interactions, significant improvements in turbine efficiency and power output were achieved. The study focuses on the effects of different blade geometries, wind speeds, and turbulence models. Results show a 15% increase in aerodynamic efficiency through optimized blade angles, with a 10% reduction in turbulence-induced losses. This research provides insights into using CFD to improve turbine design and performance, making wind energy more efficient and sustainable.

The packing industry makes extensive use of terephthalate polyesters because of their chemical durability and optical qualities. Examples of these materials are polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glycol-modified PET (PETG). They also supply building materials, medical technology, technical polymers, and the textile sector. PET is made of terephthalic acid as well as ethylene glycol, whereas 30% of the diol moles in PETG are replaced with CHDM during synthesis. Detailed structural analyses of polyethylene terephthalate glycol-modified (PETG) are presented in this study. In two directions, PETG square blocks were tested with a load of 12,200 N to determine their durability and mechanical response. This block experienced a total deformation of 0.2318 mm under vertical loading, with the outer layer experiencing 33.93 MPa, and the middle layer experiencing 23.148 MPa. According to its performance under vertical stress, PETG had a maximum fatigue life of approximately 572,540 cycles and a minimal safety factor of 0.035116. A deformation of 0.23192 mm was recorded under horizontal loading. The bottom layer had a stress of 46.317 MPa and the top layer had a stress of 20.174 MPa, with a better fatigue life of 616,880 cycles and a safety factor of 0.35979.

Internet of Things isn’t always approximately about the things themselves; it’s approximately being clever. IoT is real and helpful because of its ability to apply intelligence to sense facts, especially in the context of construction engineering. A smart building’s architecture is a great place to start as IoT is reshaping every aspect of a building, from design to occupancy to maintenance. The experience of workers, control, and tenants is being optimized through the use of IoT data to inform decision-making. Better facilities may simplify corporate processes and increase revenue in smarter homes. The goal of intelligent houses is sustainability. There are several methods for automating tasks with the Internet of Things. It is necessary to address every single facet of the building architecture. This article discusses the problems and technologies of IoT-based smart building architecture. The Internet of Things (IoT) and embedded systems provide the foundation of the “Smart Building” idea. Together with smart lighting in smart buildings and seismic detection, the model that is being shown has several features. When the smart lighting system turns on and off, it is determined by the amount of natural light available and the presence of people within the building. In order to reduce the amount of maintenance needed, smart dustbins that open up when they sense a person are available. Watering systems that are designed to measure the moisture content of the soil are extremely useful for the maintenance of lawns. A seismic activity detection module allows for early warnings of earthquakes and other seismic activity that may occur in the future. It has been successfully developed a smart building concept that uses Arduino and a cloud server to analyze the data gathered from the smart building.

This study offers a detailed comparative analysis of maize crop cultivation in the kharif and rabi seasons within the agricultural landscape of Gonda District. 50 respondents were carefully selected from various villages in the block, with proportional representation for Marginal, Small, and Medium-sized farmers. The research delves into the economics of maize cultivation, emphasizing factors such as the cost of cultivation, input expenses, income generation, and input-output ratios. In the kharif season, it was distinguished that the cost of cultivation of maize with the farm's size. Marginal farms spent an average of ₹ 48125.93 per hectare, small farms incurred ₹ 51002.89, and large farms invested ₹ 54295.17. Similarly, during the rabi season, the cost of cultivation increased with farm size, with marginal farms investing an average of ₹ 52397.57, small farms spending ₹ 55444.93, and large farms allocating ₹ 58604.68 per hectare. Crucially, the study found that input-output ratios remained consistent across farm sizes in both seasons, reflecting uniform agricultural practices. The findings underscore the importance of efficient management, the adoption of advanced agricultural techniques, the use of high-quality seeds, and the timely application of irrigation and plant protection practices in enhancing net income, particularly on marginal farms.

This article explores the fundamental principles of the software method for calculating the gas-fired heating system of a cultivation structure, where the main source of heat is provided by ceiling-mounted gas infrared radiators. To maintain the required thermal regime within the premises, a gas air heater is utilized, designed to preheat the outdoor air to the necessary temperature before supplying it to the heated space.The calculation method is based on solving a system of interconnected equations of thermal and material balances for the cultivation structure, its enclosure, and the soil surface. Possible utilization of thermal energy from high-potential combustion products of gaseous fuel is taken into account.Using the example of the “Farmer 7.5” industrial greenhouse (Russian Federation), designed for year-round cultivation of plants in closed soil (in this case, cucumbers were the subject of study until the fruitbearing stage in the winter-spring cycle), the impacts of various factors are investigated: outside air temperature, thermal resistance of the enclosing structure on the heating system’s thermal power (in combination with the gas air heater), and variable parameters of the microclimate. The latter includes the enclosure temperature of the industrial greenhouse and the intake air temperature for general exchange ventilation needs. Specific conclusions and prospects for further scientific research are drawn based on the obtained results.

This study focuses on enhancing surface hardness and wear resistance through microwave-assisted cladding of a Ni-TiC mixture onto SS-304 substrates. Meticulous preparation steps were employed, including substrate cleaning and preheating of the coating material, to ensure optimal adhesion and prevent defects. Microwave hybrid heating (MHH) was utilized to facilitate rapid and uniform heating, enhancing the efficiency of the coating process. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) image revealed a uniform cladding layer devoid of cracks, indicating successful deposition and consolidation. Surface hardness was improved by 46.87%, demonstrating a significant enhancement in mechanical properties. The measured wear rate and coefficient of friction provided critical insights into the surface’s wear resistance and frictional behavior. Overall, this study highlights the efficacy of microwave-assisted cladding in improving the performance and durability of SS-304 substrates, with implications for various engineering applications requiring enhanced surface protection and mechanical properties.

This paper explores advancements in aluminum-based composite manufacturing by leveraging ZrO2 reinforcement through the Friction Stir Process (FSP). The FSP method, utilizing an electric field to enhance sintering, ensures a highly uniform dispersion of nanoparticles within the material matrix, crucial for optimizing mechanical strength, thermal conductivity, and electrical performance. Micrograph analysis reveals the homogeneous distribution of ZrO2 particles, indicating the effectiveness of FSP. Tensile strength improves by 19.26%, hardness by 34.56%, fatigue strength by 22.45%, and wear resistance by 28.45% after integrating ZrO2 nanoparticles via FSP. These enhancements underscore the significance of nanoparticle reinforcement in fortifying aluminum alloys against various mechanical stresses and wear mechanisms. The findings highlight the potential of FSP-based techniques in tailoring the properties of aluminum-based composites for applications in aerospace, automotive, and manufacturing industries, where superior performance and durability are essential.

In recent times, there have been notable advancements in dental materials, with particular emphasis on the progress made in the development of bioactive glass and ceramic composites. The unique capacity of bioactive glass to promote bone regeneration and repair has garnered significant attention. This has led to its widespread use in the field. The utilisation of ceramic composites as dental materials has exhibited favourable outcomes owing to their superior strength, biocompatibility, and aesthetic. The present review article provides an overview of the latest developments in bioactive glass and ceramic composites, encompassing their characteristics, manufacturing techniques, and employment in the field of dentistry. The present study will concentrate on the application of bioactive glass in the fields of restorative dentistry, bone augmentation interventions, and endodontic treatment. The utilisation of ceramic composites in implant dentistry will be examined, along with their prospective implementation in other dental contexts. This review aims to elucidate the difficulties that are linked with the utilisation of said materials, including their fragility and the requirement for meticulous handling, in addition to plausible remedies for mitigating these difficulties. The current review article illustrates the advancements in bioactive glass and ceramic composites possess the capacity to considerably enhance the results of diverse dental procedures, thereby furnishing patients with restorations that are more enduring, visually appealing, and biocompatible.

Numerical simulation and modeling play a crucial role in understanding and predicting the behavior of materials subjected to high strain rate deformation processes. These processes involve rapid deformation and loading rates, typically encountered in scenarios such as impact events, explosive detonations, metal forming, and crash simulations. By employing advanced computational techniques, researchers and engineers can gain insights into complex material behavior under extreme loading conditions. This paper provides an overview of numerical simulation and modeling approaches used in studying high-strain rate deformation processes. It discusses the challenges associated with capturing dynamic material response, the development of constitutive models, and the use of finite element analysis and computational fluid dynamics. The paper also highlights the importance of material characterization, model validation, and sensitivity analysis for accurate and reliable simulations. Additionally, it explores the application of numerical simulations in optimizing material properties, designing protective structures, and improving the performance of impact-resistant materials. Overall, this review paper emphasizes the significance of numerical simulation and modeling as powerful tools for advancing the understanding and design of high-strain rate deformation processes.

Bio mimetic materials have shown great potential for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine as they can mimic the natural extracellular matrix (ECM) of tissues and organs. The ECM is a complex network of proteins, glycosaminoglycans, and other bio molecules that provide structural support to cells and regulate their behaviour. Bio mimetic materials can be designed to replicate the biochemical and biophysical properties of the ECM, creating an environment that promotes cell adhesion, proliferation, differentiation, and tissue regeneration. There are different classes of bio mimetic materials, including natural and synthetic polymers, as well as inorganic materials such as Hydroxyapatite and ceramics. Polymers made from nature that assist with with cell growth and differentiation, like collagen, which is fibrin, and hyaluronic acid, for instance, have been utilised extensively in tissue engineering. Both the physical and chemical characteristics of synthetic polymers, which include polyethylene glycol, also known as PEG, and poly lactic acid (PLA), can be modified to satisfy the needs of different tissues. Inorganic materials such as hydroxyapatite and ceramics can mimic the mineralized ECM of bone and tooth tissues, providing a scaffold for cell attachment and mineral deposition. Recent advances in the field of bio mimetic materials include the use of nanotechnology and 3D printing to create complex structures with precise control over their size, shape, and mechanical properties. Nanoparticles and nano fibers can be incorporated into bio mimetic materials to enhance their mechanical strength, surface area, and bioactivity. 3D printing can be used to create customized scaffolds that match the shape of the target tissue, allowing for more effective tissue regeneration.

Abstract: This research paper explores the transformative impact of machine learning techniques in the field of medical treatment assistance, with a focus on the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) and Virtual Reality (VR) technologies. It investigates the ways in which machine learning, AR, and VR collectively enhance medical diagnostics, surgery, patient care, and medical training. Through an in-depth examination of recent advancements and case studies, this paper aims to demonstrate how these technologies are revolutionizing healthcare and contributing to more accurate diagnoses, minimally invasive surgeries, improved patient outcomes, and enhanced medical education.

Drug-inducedParkinsonism(DIP) closelyresemblesParkinson'sdisease(PD)inmotorsymptoms butiscausedbyspecificmedicationsdisruptingdopaminereceptorsandneurotransmitterbalance. PD involves a complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and biochemical factors resulting in the gradual degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Environmental toxins and genetic mutations, such as LRRK2 and SNCA, contribute to the risk of developing PD. DIP primarily occurs due to the obstruction of dopamine receptors by certain drugs, notably antipsychotics and antiemetics, affecting dopamine transmission and causing Parkinsonian symptoms. Toxin-induced Parkinsonism(TIP)arisesfromexposuretosubstanceslikemanganese,herbicides,pesticides,and specific drugs, disrupting dopaminergic pathways and altering neurotransmission. This study examines various cases of DIP, emphasizing the significance of timely identification and intervention. A thorough understanding and proactive management of DIP are crucial for alleviatingsymptomsandimprovingpatientoutcomes.Healthcareprofessionalsneedtodiligently monitor patients using medications associated with DIP, adjust treatment plans, and educate patientsaboutpotentialsideeffects. Further researchisimperativetounravelthepathophysiology of DIP, considering genetic, environmental, and drug-related factors, to enhance clinical practices and optimize patient care. Addressing DIP requires a multifaceted approach, including early recognition, thoughtful management, and patient-centred care.

Phonophoresis, a widely utilized treatment in physiotherapy, combines topically applied gel or cream-based medications with ultrasonic therapy to enhance percutaneous absorption of pharmacological agents. The procedure employs ultrasound frequencies of 0.7 to 1.1 MHz with intensities ranging from 0.0 to 3.0 Watts per cm². Indications for phonophoresis span various inflammatory, deformative, dermatological, and rheumatic/neurological conditions. Recent studies suggest its clinical efficacy in pain relief and improved function, especially in conditions like lateral epicondylitis and osteoarthritis. The mechanism of action involves both thermal and non-thermal effects, with cavitation playing a key role in enhancing transdermal transport. Phonophoresis offers a non-invasive alternative for drug delivery, bypassing hepatic metabolism and minimizing systemic side effects. Various medicinal gels, particularly diclofenac, are used for transdermal drug delivery through phonophoresis. Low frequency phonophoresis has gained attention for enhancing transdermal transport, especially for macromolecules. Its applications extend beyond physiotherapy to include ocular drug delivery, nail therapy, gene therapy, and sports sciences. Clinical studies demonstrate the effectiveness of phonophoresis in conditions like anterior knee pain, tuberculous lymphadenitis, acute low back pain, and latent myofascial trigger points. Dosage considerations emphasize optimizing thermal effects without causing tissue damage. Studies highlight the potential of phonophoresis in relieving pain and improving function, particularly in knee osteoarthritis. Additionally, phonophoresis with Phyllanthus amarus nanoparticle gel shows promise in reducing pain and enhancing functional capacity in symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. In summary, phonophoresis stands as a valuable modality in physiotherapy, showcasing diverse applications and demonstrating clinical efficacy in various musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions. Further research is warranted to explore its full potential and optimize treatment protocols.

Citrus fruits are rich in differentflavonoid compounds. One of them is naringenin, which exhibits a huge variety of pharmacological benefits such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anticancer, and cardioprotective properties. Butpoor bioavailability and solubility are the main reason for its limited clinical application. To overcome these limitations, several strategies, including complexation, formulation, and nanotechnology-based approaches, have been developed to boost its solubility and bioavailability.Among these approaches, nanoparticle-based delivery systems have shown remarkable potential in improving the therapeutic efficacy of naringenin. This review is based on the recent advances in the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems. We discuss over the numerous methods used to make naringenin more soluble and bioavailable, such as complexing it with cyclodextrins, combining it with lipids and surfactants, and adding it to polymeric nanoparticles. We also highlight the In-vivo and In-vitro studies conducted to check the efficacy of naringenin nanoparticles in various disease models. Finally, we conclude that the development of naringenin nanoparticles and their incorporation into drug delivery systems can be a promising strategy for the efficient delivery of naringenin, ultimately leading to improved health outcomes.

HPV represents a large group of double stranded DNA viruses that are highly involved with different types of human cancers. This synopsis describes the complexities surrounding HPV virology, classifications, and genomic variation, especially focusing on high-risk strains such as HPV16 and HPV18, the main causative factors for cervical cancers. The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses specifies more than 200 HPV types each associated with a respective disease and indicated in Table 1. HPV spread is mostly due to direct skin-to-skin contact between individuals’ sex organs causing infections on the mucous membrane and keratinized epithelial cells. Although majority of the infections are asymptomatic, some chronic HRHPV infections may progress into cancers because of oncoproteins E6 and E7. The high-risk variants of HPV lead to cervical, anal, and oropharyngeal cancers whereas the low-risk types cause harmless genital warts. While integrating HPV DNA into the host genome, orchestrated by oncoproteins E6 and E7 disrupts the cell regulatory mechanism; this leads to abnormal control over cell multiplication–one of the major elements of the process that develops to HPV induced cancer. A classic case is cervical cancer that has been extensively investigated as one of the highly documented HPV associated malignancies. Pap smears and HPV DNA tests are among the screening means that lower the incidents and deaths associated with cervical cancers. HPV-associated cancers of the head and neck, anus, penis, vulva, and vagina all show a characteristic profile in terms of the pathogen aetiology and risks involved. HPV-related head and neck cancers affect non-smokers and show good response to standard therapies. HPV poses increased anal cancer risk for immunocompromised individuals highlighting the complexity of interdependence of immunity and cancer development. Penile cancer results from poor hygiene and non-circumcision. Vulvar and virginal cancer mostly affects women, and the risk factors involve HPV infection and smoking. Therefore, various types of multidisciplinary approach that may include surgeries, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy are necessary to ensure proper treatment. Certain cancers are strongly associated with some high-risk HPV genotypes, such as HPV-16 and HPV-18; thus, vaccination is important. HPV infection outcomes are determined by the immune response as well as clearance of HPV infection. Screening and immunological understanding for early detection of HPV related health risks is fundamental. However, this encompassing review highlights the multi-dimensional impact of HPV encompassing virology of HPV, cancer specific presentation of HPV and control including prevention of HPV infection, screening, and research on cancer attributable by HPV and strategies towards mitigation of this global health problem.

- Leishmaniasis remains a serious neglected illness worldwide, posing significant challenges in its treatment due to the side effects of existing medications and the rising cases of parasite resistance resulting from indiscriminate treatment. To address this issue, exploring complementary remedies using natural products presents a promising option by combining the empirical knowledge of local populations with scientific research on the medicinal properties of plants. Several studies have investigated herbal treatments for leishmaniasis; however, more research is needed to identify safe and non-toxic remedies. To consolidate the latest findings, researchers from around the globe have compiled a comprehensive article on herbal and organic medicines used to treat leishmaniasis. While many medicinal plants have not been extensively studied, promising candidates have undergone prospective clinical trials. Recent articles have explored the active constituents of these medicinal plants, such as quinones, phenolic compounds, lignans, tannins, terpenes, and oxylipins, shedding light on their potential therapeutic benefits. Pharmacognosy views medicinal plants as valuable sources for developing novel medications and supporting traditional therapies, offering a practical approach to managing various illnesses. In summary, harnessing the power of natural goods and integrating traditional knowledge with scientific research provides a viable and desirable strategy to combat leishmaniasis, promoting safer and more effective treatment options in the future.

Over the past few years, the disciplines of E-Design and Virtual Design have experienced significant advancements, leading to transformative changes in our understanding, production, and engagement with digital environments. This abstract offers a look into our extensive investigation of this shift, as we delve into the various aspects that have influenced the virtual design field. Our study employs a comprehensive methodology that incorporates historical analysis, technological progress, and the diverse range of applications of E-Design and Virtual Design across different sectors. This study explores the historical trajectory of digital design, examining its evolution from first experimentation to its present level of advanced complexity. This paper examines the significant impact of technology on the creative process, specifically exploring the transformative influence of virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and immersive 3D modelling. This study investigates the influence of these technologies on architectural design, gaming, education, and healthcare, with a focus on the significant advancements that have arisen. Also,, we analyse the societal and cultural ramifications of virtual design, encompassing concerns related to accessibility, ethics, and sustainability. As we contemplate the future, we engage in speculation regarding the different trajectories that this continuously developing discipline may pursue. Our focus lies specifically on the convergence of virtual and physical areas, and the accompanying difficulties and opportunities that arise from this integration.

In recent years, the development of nano materials has garnered significant attention due to their unique properties and potential applications in various fields. However, the influence of process parameters on the size and properties of these materials remains a complex and largely unexplored area of research. In this study, we systematically investigate the effects of process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and reaction time on the size and properties of nano materials synthesized via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. Using advanced characterization techniques, including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), we analyze the morphology, size distribution, and crystal structure of the synthesized nano materials. Our results reveal a strong correlation between the process parameters and the size of the nano materials, with temperature and pressure being the most influential factors. Furthermore, we observe a significant impact of the process parameters on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of the nano materials. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of process parameters for the synthesis of nano materials with tailored properties, paving the way for their application in diverse fields such as electronics, energy storage, and catalysis. Our study contributes to the fundamental understanding of the relationship between process parameters and the properties of nano materials, offering a comprehensive framework for the design and synthesis of nano materials with desired characteristics.

The investigation of innovative materials and intelligent control systems has been motivated by the desire to provide sustainable energy solutions, with the aim of improving the efficiency and adaptability of energy harvesting and storage devices. This study introduces an innovative methodology to tackle this issue by combining SMART (Self-Monitoring, Analysing, and Reporting Technology) materials with sophisticated intelligent control approaches. The system under consideration utilises the intrinsic material characteristics of SMART materials, including piezoelectric, thermoelectric, and shape memory alloys, with the objective of capturing and transforming ambient energy into electrical power that can be effectively utilised. In order to fully harness the capabilities of SMART materials, a novel control framework is proposed that integrates machine learning algorithms, real-time sensor data, and adaptive control procedures. The intelligent control system enhances the effectiveness and durability of energy harvesting and storage devices by effectively adjusting to different operational situations and optimising energy conversion and storage processes. The findings demonstrate significant enhancements in energy conversion efficiency as well as notable advancements in the longevity and dependability of energy systems utilising SMART materials. Furthermore, the capacity of the control system to adjust to various environmental circumstances and energy sources situates this research at the forefront of cutting-edge energy technology.

Concrete structures exposed to harsh environments, especially including bridges, harbor structures are often suffered from durability problems. Typical external signs include surface deterioration, cracking caused by for example sulphate attack, frost action or reinforcement corrosion. All are strongly linked to the porous microstructure of the binder matrix and chemical decomposition of certain phases. Full replacement of deteriorated concrete structures is costly and can be troublesome for their users. The increasing demand to reduce the carbon footprint and to prolong the service life of concrete structures adds yet another argument to restore the existing structures. One alternative is to use very dense Ultra-High-Performance concrete (UHPC) as an external protective coating. The goal of this study was to determine the interfacial bonding characteristics between a damaged normal concrete (NC) and the applied thin layer of the UHPC. To curb the CO2 emission, UHPC is produced by substituting 50 wt% of Portland cement with a fine limestone powder. Fresh and hardened properties, shrinkage and frost durability have been evaluated. Mechanical properties were determined on a full-scale hybrid element using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) and bond test (pull-off test). The results showed a significant increase of mechanical properties. Despite the applied thin layer of UHPC and volumetric restrain from the substrate normal concrete (NC) only limited surface shrinkage cracks were observed. The bond test and UPV showed good excellent values.

The stiffness and reduced weight of polymer composites makes them unique from conventional manufacturing materials. The failure modes can vary from tension to compression dominated with the matrix interface. The mechanical strength can be improved with the stacking of different laminates for the development of hybrid composites. This study highlights the fabrication of laminate composite for flexural tests and analysis for stacking sequences of carbon (C) and glass (G) fiber laminates. The fabrication was performed by a cost-effective hand layup method for laminate polymers to observe changes in the properties of the final composites. This work investigates the cost appraisal of the hybrid composites to replace the existing costly material (neat material). The results of flexural properties and experimental study of low-cost composite materials are present in this paper, which integrates an empirical analysis for manufacturing sectors. The cost-effectiveness of composite manufacturing is determining the best stacking configuration for optimal production cost. The proposed laminate composite can be recommended for structural applications, and the addition of different fabric layers could be helpful for the development of a cost-effective product.

The objective of this study was to analyze the fluid flow of molten steel in a continuous casting tundish using numerical simulations for better inclusion floatation and its separation. The tundish geometry was designed using Autodesk FUSION 360 and the analysis were performed on ANSYS FLUENT. The investigations were done on steady-state as well as transient conditions. To scale back vortexing and turbulence within the tundish, turbo stoppers and flow modulators, e.g. dam and weirs were placed for an optimized and efficient flow inside the tundish and its behavior on the spacious flow structure was explored. The strategic placements of the flow modifiers produced higher turbulence in the recess region of the tundish resulting in better turbulent flow withinside the inlet region of the tundish. Thereby a more homogeneous fluid flow is formed with better conditions for particle separation. Analysing the flow behavior we have determined the inclusion floatation using particle tracking method form dense discrete phase modelling along with multiphase eulerian-lagragian model. Reduction in dead volumes was achieved in the spatial flow due to better intermixing which further reduced the metal loss and increased the yield of the tundish using the fluid flow analysis. Analyzing eddy formations in the spatial geometry of the tundish structure made it easy to evenly distributes the flow-induced shear. This determined the lesser turbulence on the free surface of the steel flow resulting in less reduction of the liquid steel surface.

Shale rock consists of a complex matrix structure due to presence of nano-scale pores. Owing to such complexity determination and/or prediction of the mineralogical, mechanical, and petrophysical properties (e.g., permeability, porosity, pore size distribution, etc.) of shale is a challenging task. A preliminary estimation of these properties is essential before shale gas exploration. In this study, experimental and numerical analyses are conducted to estimate the permeability, porosity, and pore size distribution of a typical shale sample. Gas adsorption experiments were conducted to characterize the pore spaces of the shale via analysing the isotherms. Using conventional theories, such as BET and BJH methods, surface area, pore volume, and pore size distributions were estimated. On the other hand, gross porosity of the shale samples was measured by conducting gas pycnometry experiment. Finally based on the obtained results an equivalent pore network model is constructed which accounts for the pore size distributions and low pore connectivity in the shale matrix. We have simulated gas flow through the network to estimate permeability of the shale. This model considers Knudsen diffusion and the effects of gas slippage on permeability. Further parametric study shows that the apparent permeability primarily depends on the reservoir pressure, pore coordination number and porosity.

In control of mobile robots, precision plays a key role in path tracking. In this paper we have intended to use hybrid stepper motors for precise control of the two wheeled robot. A control algorithm was developed to control the robot along different trajectories. We have found that stepper motors are more accurate for path tracking than normal DC motors with wheel encoders and one can obtain the implicit coordinates of the robot in runtime more precisely. Getting the precise coordinates of the robot at runtime can be used in various SLAM and VSLAM techniques for more accurate 3D mapping of the environment.

Surface roughness is the key aspect which could increase the application of float glass by enhancing the machined hole quality. Glass is extensively used in microfluidic devices, bio-medical parts and biosensors. The core objective of the research study is to optimize the best parametric combination to achieve the least amount of surface roughness. The three major parameters which are used for designed experimental study are spindle speed, ultrasonic amplitude and feed rate. The least value of surface roughness is noticed at spindle speed (5000 rpm), vibration amplitude (20 μ m) and feed rate (6 mm/min) which be adopted for increasing its functional application. Consequently, after optimizing the parameters, least value of surface roughness at hole internal region is revealed as 1.09 μm.

Two body marine systems, like a Tender Assisted Drilling (TAD) vessel coupled with a floating Dry-Tree Unit (DTU), have become very common in offshore operations. One of the unavoidable challenge we have to cope with is the connection between the TAD and DTU should make sure the TAD does not drift away from the platform and also avoid the possible collision in case of a harsher environment. The objective of this study is to understand the hydrodynamic interactions between the two coupled floating bodies and improve the devising of the innovative connection system. In this study, an innovative rigid connection system, the coupling arm is applied to connect the TAD and a DTU, in this case, a Tension Leg Platform (TLP). The whole system is modelled by the commercial software HARP. A comprehensive parametric study on the pretension and the nominal length of the coupling arm is carried out. The hydrodynamic analysis of the coupled TAD-TLP system elucidates the interactions between the two bodies. The chosen combination of the coupling arm pretension and the nominal length will determine the required stroke range and maximum forces needed to design the innovative coupling arm for safe operations.

The paper explains the purpose, working principle, advantages and applications of the new machine named “Automated Coconut Chopper”. The main purpose to design this machine is to automate an activity of a farmer/labor i.e. chopping of green coconut in order to consume water inside it and also designed considering the two main factors safety and cost.