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Social support from informal support sources plays a pivotal role in smoothing the adaptation process of refugees in their host countries. This study's main objective was to examine the social support experiences of Yemeni refugee women in Addis Ababa. The study employed a qualitative, descriptive phenomenological design. Thirteen Yemeni refugee women were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide. Using purposive sampling, study participants were selected. The study's findings indicated that refugee women received various types of social support from family, friends, and independent sponsors, including instrumental support, emotional support, and informational support. For refugee women, strengthening their existing informal social networks is crucial since these networks provide them with informational, emotional, and instrumental support.

Forced migration is associated with several challenges. The challenges that refugee women faced in their host countries were numerous. There has been a gender bias in Ethiopian literature on refugees. Refugees are homogenized in the existing studies. The gender differences among refugees have an impact on the challenges of forced migration that they encounter and how they handle them. Moreover, no study has been done on the adaptation challenges faced by Yemeni refugee women in Addis Ababa. This study's main objective was to examine the challenges that Yemeni refugee women faced in Addis Ababa. An interpretative phenomenological analysis was employed to achieve that objective. Thirteen Yemeni refugee women were interviewed using a semi-structured interview guide to understand their experiences. Purposive sampling was used to choose study participants. The data was analyzed using interpretive phenomenological analysis procedures. The study's findings revealed that refugee women encountered several challenges that were detrimental to their well-being, including language difficulties, limited income and job opportunities, unrecognized identity papers and price increases, and housing problems. Furthermore, refugee women faced social isolation and sexual harassment. The study concluded that the challenges that Yemeni refugee women faced in Addis Ababa had an enormous impact on their well-being, which demands immediate intervention.

INTRODUCTION: Ciprofloxacin is a second-generation fluoroquinolone, which has been used as one of the top three antibacterial agents prescribed in Ethiopia. However, its use has deviated from the recommendation of standard treatment guidelines resulting in a gradual increase in antimicrobial resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the annual use of ciprofloxacin in 2016 based on the standard Ethiopian treatment and World Health Organization guidelines, in governmental hospitals, in Eastern Ethiopia from 1st May to 30th June 2018. METHODS: a hospital-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted to evaluate medical records of patients who had taken ciprofloxacin in 2016. The total sample size (n=522) was proportionally allocated to each hospital based on the respective consumption data. A simple random sampling method was employed to collect the required sample. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 21 and analyzed using descriptive analysis. RESULTS: in this study, 522 medical records were reviewed, with a male to female ratio of 1.03:1. Ciprofloxacin was indicated in 478 (91.6%) participants whose age was greater than eighteen years. The majority were treated in the medical and emergency outpatient departments (n=477, 91.4 %). Urinary tract infections (n=224, 42.9%), acute febrile illnesses (n=68, 13.0%), and typhoid fever (n=54, 10.4%) were the top indications to which ciprofloxacin was prescribed. NSAIDs (n=241, 34.7%) and antimicrobials (n=135, 19.6%) were among the most frequently co-indicated agents. Based on the standard Ethiopian treatment guidelines, therapy was appropriate in 30% (n= 159) of patients. The major reason for inappropriate utilization (95%) was the wrong duration of antibiotic use (n=228). Evaluation based on World Health Organization criteria showed that indication, dose, and frequency were in line with the recommendation. CONCLUSION: ciprofloxacin was primarily indicated for urinary tract infections. The drug was appropriately used in less than one-third of patients, with the wrong duration being the main reason for overall inappropriate utilization. This trend may potentially impose a high risk to the emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms. To this end, further studies addressing the susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates towards ciprofloxacin should be carried out.

Research background: Higher education institutions are generating multiple formats of data from diverse sources across the globe. The data ingestion layer is responsible for collecting data and transform for analysis. Learning analytics plays a vital role in providing decision-making support and selection of suitable timely intervention. The lack of tailored big-data ingestion architectures for academics led to several implementation challenges. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this article is to propose data ingestion architecture enabled for big data learning analytics. Methods: The study reviews existing literature to examine big-data ingestion tools and frameworks; and identify big-data ingestion challenges. An optimized framework for the real world learning analytics application was not yet in place at global higher educations. Consequently, the big-data ingestion pipeline is experiencing challenges of inefficient and complex data access, slow processing time, and security issues associated with transferring data to the system. The proposed data ingestion architecture is based on review of recent literature and adapts best international practices, guidelines, and techniques to meet the demand of current big-data ingestion issues. Findings & value added: This study identifies the current global challenges in implementing learning analytics projects. Review of recent big data ingestion techniques has been done based on defined metrics tuned for learning analytics purposes. The proposed data ingestion framework would increase the effectiveness of collecting, importing, processing and storing of learning data. Besides, the proposed architecture contributes to the construction of full-fledged big-data learning analytics ecosystem of higher educations.

Research background: In this era of globalization, data growth in research and educational communities have shown an increase in analysis accuracy, benefits dropout detection, academic status prediction, and trend analysis. However, the analysis accuracy is low when the quality of educational data is incomplete. Moreover, the current approaches on dropout prediction cannot utilize available sources. Purpose of the article: This article aims to develop a prediction model for students’ dropout prediction using machine learning techniques. Methods: The study used machine learning methods to identify early dropouts of students during their study. The performance of different machine learning methods was evaluated using accuracy, precision, support, and f-score methods. The algorithm that best suits the datasets for these performance measurements was used to create the best prediction model. Findings & value added: This study contributes to tackling the current global challenges of student dropouts from their study. The developed prediction model allows higher education institutions to target students who are likely to dropout and intervene timely to improve retention rates and quality of education. It can also help the institutions to plan resources in advance for the coming academic semester and allocate it appropriately. Generally, the learning analytics prediction model would allow higher education institutions to target students who are likely to dropout and intervene timely to improve retention rates and quality of education.

In a gas turbine fault diagnostics, the removal of measurement noise and data outliers prior to the fault analysis is very essential. The conventional filtering methods, particularly the linear ones, are not sufficiently accurate, which might possibly lead to the loss of critically important features in the fault analysis process. Conversely, the recorded accuracies obtained from the non-linear filters are promising. Recently, the focus has been shifted to the artificial neural network (ANN) based nonlinear filters due to their capability of providing a robust identity map between the input and output data, which can be efficiently exploited in the process of fault diagnosis. This paper aims to present combined auto-associative neural network (AANN) and K-nearest neighbor (KNN) based noise reduction and fault detection method for a gas turbine engine application. The performance of the developed method has been evaluated using data obtained from a model simulation. The test results revealed that the developed hybrid method is more effective and reliable than the conventional methods for the fault detection of the gas turbine engine with negligible false alarms and missed detections.

INTRODUCTION: Community acquired bacterial meningitis (CABM) is responsible for high mortality and disabling sequelae. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-10) and haemophilus influenzea type b (Hib) has changed the epidemiological and clinical features of patients presenting with CABM as it is shown in different literatures over the last decade. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and epidemiologic features and outcomes of CABM after the introduction of PCV-10 in Gondar University Hospital (GUH). METHODS: this is a retrospective study among children between 2 months and 14 years of age discharged from Gondar University Hospital. All patient records discharged with a diagnosis of meningitis at GUH were reviewed from September 2011 - September 2013. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire from the patient record charts and analysis was done using SPSS-20. RESULTS: 80 cases (1.6%) of CABM out of 4996 admissions were identified. There were 60 (75%) cases of CABM using WHO criteria of cerebrospinal fluid leukocytosis (CSF)100cells/mm3, or 10-100cells/mm3 with either hypoglycorrhea or increased protein; and 20 (25%) with culture confirmation. S. Pneumoniaewas the most frequent pathogen identified in 14 (70%) children. The most common age group were infants 2-12 month old (n = 32, 40%). Children with adverse outcomes had shown a higher frequency of being older children (p = 0.045), loss of consciousness (p = 0.046), seizure at admission (p -0.01), and a positive CSF culture (p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: introduction of PCV-10 has shown a decreased admission rate, mortality, and neurologic sequelae due to CABM.

INTRODUCTION: periodontal disease is a neglected bacterial infection that causes destruction of the periodontium in pregnant women. Yet its impact on the occurrence of adverse pregnancy outcomes has not systematically evaluated and there is no clear statement on the relationship between periodontal disease and preterm low birth weight. The objective of this study was to summarize the evidence on the impact of periodontal disease on preterm low birth weight. METHODS: we searched the following data bases from January 2005 to December 2015: CINAHL (cumulative index to nursing and allied health literature), MEDLINE, AMED, EMBASE (excerpta medica database), Cochrane library and Google scholar. Only case-control studies with full text in English were eligible. Critical appraisal of the identified articles was done by two authors independently to provide the possible relevance of the papers for inclusion in the review process. The selected Case control studies were critically appraised with 12 items structured checklist adapted from national institute of health (NIH). Odds ratio (OR) or risk ratios (RR) were extracted from the selected studies. The two reviewers who selected the appropriate studies also extracted the data and evaluated the risk of bias. RESULTS: of 229 articles, ten studies with a total of 2423 participants with a mean age ranged from 13 to 49 years were met the inclusion criteria. The studies focused on preterm birth, low birth weight and /or preterm low birth weight and periodontitis. Of the selected studies, 9 implied an association between periodontal disease and increased risk of preterm birth, low birth weight and /or preterm low birth weight outcome (ORs ranging from 2.04 to 4.19) and only one study found no evidence of association. CONCLUSION: periodontal disease may be one of the possible risk factor for preterm low birth weight infant. However, more precise studies with randomized clinical trial with sufficient follow-up period must be done to confirm the association.

This paper describes and analyzes the morphosyntactic manifestation of definite nominals in Argobba, a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia, in HPSG framework. The objective of this study is, therefore, twofold: to describe the surface realization of definite nominals and put forward theoretical analysis of the categories in question. In Argobba, indefinite nominals (nouns, adjectives and numerals) are not morphologically marked. Definite nominals in contrast are morphologically marked. The Argobba definite article is a morphologically bound element with specification for gender. Plural nouns and adjectives are not morphologically marked for definiteness. There are different definite article suffixes for the category noun, adjective and numeral. Unlike in other sister languages in Ethio-Semitic subfamily, in Argobba, a singular noun qualified by a demonstrative, possessive pronoun and genitive NP obligatorily carries a definite article. In this paper, I argued that the article combines with nominals in the lexicon, not at the level of syntax. Accordingly, a DLR is posited to derive a definite nominal word.

Déterminer la fréquence de l'accouchement en présentation du siège aux Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi, décrire les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et obstétricales en rapport avec les accouchées et évaluer la morbi-mortalité maternelle et néonatale liée à l'accouchement du siège par voie basse en comparaison avec l'accouchement du sommet par la même voie. Il s'agit d'une étude rétrospective descriptive et analytique portant sur 31 accouchements par voie basse (VB), avec fètus en présentation du siège, des grossesses monofoetales d'âge gestationnel supérieur à 35 semaines aménorrhées, réalisés au cours de la période allant du 1er janvier 2010 au 30 juin 2011 à la maternité des Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi en RDCongo. Les paramètres sociodémographiques, l'environnement obstétrical et l'issue maternelle et néonatale ont été analysés en comparaison avec ceux des 99 couples Mère-Enfant issus des accouchées eutociques (VB) au cours de la même période. Le seuil de signification a été fixé à p=0,05. La fréquence de la présentation du siège est de 2,5% et le siège décomplété est la variété la plus retrouvée (60%). L'âge moyen, la parité moyenne, l'âge gestationnel moyen ainsi que le poids de naissance moyen sont comparables dans les 2 groupes (p=0,3308, p=0,6897, p=0,4420 et p=0,8240). La morbidité maternelle est caractérisée par un taux de 19,3% de lésions des parties molles parmi les accouchées avec f'tus en présentation du siège contre 6,1% parmi les accouchées avec fètus en présentation du sommet (p=0,1197). La morbidité périnatale est représentée par un taux de dépression néonatale à la fin de la 1ère minute plus élevé chez les nouveau-nés en présentation du siège (38,7%) que ceux nés en présentation du sommet (5,1%) (p=0,0000) signifiant un risque de dépression néonatale multiplié par près de 12 (OR=11,87; 3,35-44,51). A partir de la 5ème minute, le risque de dépression néonatale n'est pas différent quelque soit la présentation f'tale considérée. S'agissant des déperditions néonatales, si aucun décès n'a été enregistré parmi les nouveau-nés en présentation du sommet, il a été déploré 2 décès parmi ceux nés en présentation du siège (6,5%; p=0,0554). Le séjour hospitalier moyen des accouchées ainsi que celui de leurs nouveau-nés sont comparables dans les deux groupes. La morbidité maternelle et néonatale observée dans l'accouchement du siège, matérialisée par un taux élevé des lésions périnéales et la dépression néonatale à la 1ère minute, est vraisemblablement le reflet du niveau des accoucheurs quant à la maîtrise des techniques dans la direction d'un accouchement du siège par VB. Il s'agit d'une morbidité non imputable à la seule présentation et donc totalement évitable.

INTRODUCTION: Isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT) reduces the risk of active TB. IPT is a key public health intervention for the prevention of TB among people living with HIV and has been recommended as part of a comprehensive HIV and AIDS care strategy. However, its implementation has been very slow and has been impeded by several barriers. Objective: The Objective of the study is to assess the perceived barriers to the implementation of Isoniazid preventive therapy for people living with HIV in resource constrained settings in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia in 2010. METHODS: A qualitative study using a semi-structured interviewed guide was used for the in-depth interview. A total of 12 key informants including ART Nurse, counselors and coordinators found in four hospitals were included in the interview. Each session of the in-depth interview was recorded via audio tape and detailed notes. The interview was transcribed verbatim. The data was analyzed manually. RESULTS: the findings revealed that poor patient adherence was a major factor; with the following issues cited as the reasons for poor adherence; forgetfulness; lack of understanding of condition and patient non- disclosure of HIV sero-status leading to insubstantial social support; underlying mental health issues resulting in missed or irregular patient appointments; weak patient/healthcare provider relationship due to limited quality interaction; lack of patient information, patient empowerment and proper counseling on IPT; and the deficient reinforcement by health officials and other stakeholders on the significance of IPT medication adherence as a critical for positive health outcomes. CONCLUSION: Uptake of the implementation of IPT is facing a challenge in resource limited settings. This recalled provision of training/capacity building and awareness creation mechanism for the health workers, facilitating disclosure and social support for the patients is recommended.

Des traces sérologiques d’exposition au virus de la fièvre aphteuse (VFA) ont été analysées chez des bovins conduits traditionnellement dans 21 districts des zones Est et Ouest du Hararghe dans l’état régional d’Oromia, en Ethiopie, par le biais d’une enquête transversale menée entre novembre 2008 et mars 2009. Les sérums prélevés à partir de 504 bovins ont été testés pour les anticorps contre le VFA à l’aide d’un Elisa commercial. Les anticorps dirigés contre le VFA ont été détectés à un taux de prévalence global de 11,6 p. 100 [intervalle de confiance à 95 p. 100 (IC95) : de 8,6 à 14,5 p. 100]. Dans Hararghe Ouest, la séroprévalence a été significativement (p < 0,05) plus élevée (25,7 p. 100 ; IC95 : de 19,6 à 31,9 p. 100) que dans Hararghe Est (1,4 p. 100 ; IC95 : de 0,0 à 3,3 p. 100). Le lieu [odds ratio (OR) 0,87], l’altitude (OR 0,62) et l’âge (OR 1,12) se sont révélés être des facteurs importants de risque d’infection. La séroprévalence du VFA a été significativement (p < 0,05) plus élevée (36,2 p. 100) chez les bovins des basses terres que chez ceux des régions montagneuses (3,4 p. 100). En outre, les bovins des districts où prédominaient les agropasteurs et ceux plus proches des communautés pastorales et agropastorales des états régionaux du Somali (6,4 p. 100) et de l’Afar (de 21,3 à 46,1 p. 100) ont présenté une séropositivité plus élevée. L’étude a révélé que le VFA circulait dans ces zones à une fréquence relativement faible qui pouvait toutefois augmenter en raison des mouvements libres des animaux dans la région et au-delà des frontières. Compte tenu du système de production extensif de l’élevage et des difficultés à contrôler le mouvement du bétail, des stratégies de lutte alternatives impliquant une surveillance ciblée, le renforcement de la reconnaissance précoce de la maladie et de sa déclaration, ainsi que la vaccination prophylactique sont proposées comme options possibles de contrôle de la FA dans ces régions. D’autres études sont également recommandées pour déterminer le volume et la structure des mouvements du bétail, et pour caractériser les sérotypes du VFA circulant dans ces zones.

In this competitive business world one way to increase profitability of a power production unit is to reduce the operation and maintenance expenses. This is possible if the gas turbine availability and reliability is improved using the appropriate maintenance action at the right time. In that case, fault diagnostics is very critical and effective and advanced methods are essential. Gas turbine diagnostics has been studied for the past six decades and several methods are introduced. This paper aims to review and summarise the published literature on gas path diagnostics, giving more emphasis to the recent developments, and identify advantages and limitations of the methods so that beginners in diagnostics can easily be introduced. Towards this end, this paper, identifies various diagnostic methods and point out their pros and cons. Finally, the paper concludes the review along with some recommended future works.

Se aportan datos al conocimiento del mundo romano en Guipúzcoa, más concretamente en Irún, extremo norte del conventus iuridicus caesaraugustanus, basándonos en el estudio de un material arqueológico muy concreto, las lucernas. Hemos analizado las procedentes de las explotaciones mineras de Arditurri y de las excavaciones efectuadas en la plaza de la iglesia de Santa María del Juncal de esta Villa. Son dieciséis piezas en total, fragmentos en su mayor parte, que nos hablan de una presencia romana o, al menos, de elementos de uso cotidiano asimilables a esta cultura durante el siglo I de la Era en ese territorio.