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Abstract: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) results from the complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. It is usually thought that SLE results from the combined effect of variants in a large number of genes, and several genome whole association studies (GWAS) have identified a great number of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) associated with SLE. However, the loci identified so far can account for only about 15% of the heritability of SLE. Recently, some Mendelian variants of lupus have been identified, especially in childhood-onset SLE. Children present with more severe illness, a lower sex-ratio female:male and a higher genetic contribution compared to adults with SLE. pSLE phenotype heterogeneity could be related to genetic heterogeneity, and pSLE in part might consist in a collection of rare, genetically distinct monogenic disorders. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

SAMHD1 is one of seven known genes responsible for Aicardi-Goutières syndrome. It has the particularity to associate to this rare pediatric encephalopathy with autoimmune manifestations, a cerebral vasculopathy type Moyamoya. This condition has only been recently reported, less than fifty times in the literature. Our clinical case is a 11 year old boy from an inbred union whose clinical diagnosis confirmed genetically and followed by a review of current data determined an ad hoc management, presently described. He underwent indirect neurosurgical revascularization by a multiple burr hole technique. Through this clinical case, we tried taking stock of what we know -clinical, physiopathological and therapeutical aspects- given the rarity of this disease, first on the syndrome as such, then on the peculiarities of the gene mutations of interest.

Type I interferonopathies are a group of Mendelian disorders characterized by a common physiopathology: the up-regulation of type I interferons. To date, interferonopathies include Aicardi-Goutières syndrome, familial chilblain lupus, spondyenchondromatosis, PRoteasome-associated auto-inflammatory syndrome (PRAAS) and Singleton-Merten syndrome. These diseases present phenotypic overlap including cutaneous features like chilblain lupus, that can be inaugural or present within the first months of life. This novel set of inborn errors of immunity is evolving rapidly, with recognition of new diseases and genes. Recent and improved understanding of the physiopathology of overexpression of type I interferons has allowed the development of targeted therapies, currently being evaluated, like Janus-kinases or reverse transcriptase inhibitors., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)