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‘Chat Hour’ is an initiative organised by the English Language Department, Institute of Teacher Training, International Languages Campus (IPGKBA) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. It was conducted online via YouTube by TESL teacher trainees. The main purpose of this programme is to provide TESL students the opportunity to improve their fluency when speaking in public as well as to provide them the opportunity to practice English confidently. This program tried to bring up the aspirations stated in the Ministry of Education (MOE) Malaysia English Language Roadmap (20152025), which presents the importance of higher education institutions to provide an English-rich environment in order for tertiary students to have greater engagement with the language, outside the bounds of the formal settings in the classroom. The findings of this study show that the ‘Chat Hour with IPGKBA’ provided a positive experience, which contributed to improving their fluency and confidence when using the language. This study provides insight into the teacher trainees’ perception towards the ‘Chat Hour’ programme in terms of developing their fluency and confidence.

A total of 92 individual trees with DBH of 5 cm and above comprising 21 families, 28 genera and 35 species were measured, identified and recorded. This study aimed to enumerate the tree species composition and estimate the diversity index of trees with DBH of 5 cm and above at Pulau Banding, Perak. An ecological plot size of 70 m x 70 m or 0.49 ha was established and divided into three subplots. The data collection was collected to determine the number of species, number of individuals and DBH within the plots. The Shannon Diversity Index was estimated at H’ = 2.98 (H’max = 3.53) while the Simpson’s Index (D) was 0.10 and Species Evenness (E) was 0.85. Murraya paniculata (Rutaceae) was the most important species with an IV i (Important Value Index) of 24.7%, while Dipterocarpaceae was the dominant family for the study area with an IV i of 45.36%. The total aboveground biomass of all trees with a DBH of 5 cm and above in a 0.49 ha plot in Pulau Banding was estimated at 66.2 t/ha. Hence this study is providing preliminary data on tree species composition at Pulau Banding, Perak for conserving the remaining valued timber trees that are still in the regeneration phase.

The distribution and diversity of the Rubiaceae species were investigated along one trail at Pulau Banding, Gerik, Perak. This study aims to identify and estimate the diversity of the Rubiaceae species. The diversity and distribution of the Rubiaceae species were calculated using Shannon-Wiener’s Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index and relative abundance index. A total of 139 individuals from nine species were recorded from Pulau Banding, Perak which are Mitracarpus hirtus, Gardenia carinata, Aidia densiflora, Hypobathrum hirtum, Coffea arabica, Psychotria marginata, Lasianthus constrictus, Porterandia anisophyllea and Ixora finlaysoniana. The values of the Shannon-Wiener’s Diversity Index (H′) and Simpson's Diversity Index (D) are 1.55 and 3.27, respectively. This indicates that M. hirtus is the most dominant species, encompassing 49% of all recorded Rubiaceae. Since it has many benefits such as food, timber, medicine, and the diversity of conservation value, this is vital as baseline data for researchers to propose solutions to the stakeholders and conservation sustainability of the Rubiaceae family as plant resources in Pulau Banding, Perak.

المدحُ يعتبر من أهمِّ الأغراض الشّعرية الرّئيسة لإظهار التّجربة الشّعرية والقريحة الهائجة في ساحة واسعة. وفي هذا الفن الشّعري يستطيع كلُّ شاعرٍ حسبَ مقدرتِه ودرايته عن الممدوح أن يرسم صورة رائعة من محاسنِ ممدوحِه ومحامِده مع إعجابه بشخصية والتّأثُّر بفضائله ومآثره. مما لاشك فيه أنه كلما كانت مكانة الممدوح مرموقةً وعالية، كلما كان المدحُ والثّناءُ والتّمجيدُ أفضلَ وأليقَ. وفي العصر العباسي اختار عدد من الشّعراء بحجج متعددة أهلَ البيت () موضوعاً لِمدحهم وقد أبدعوا في هذا المجال وقدَّموا المدح اللآئق لأهل البيت (). من هولاء الشّعراء، هوالشّاعر العلوي الشّهير «الحمّاني العلوي» الذي قدَّم العديد من المدائح في حقِّ أهل البيت () وقد أجاد في تبيين مكانتهم العالية الرّاقية. تُحاولُ هذ الدّراسةُ بمنهجها التّحليلي والوصفي البحث عن معرفة أهل البيت () أولاً ومن ثَمَّ تحليل المنهج الشّعري لدي الشّاعر وكذلك تبيين أسلوبه الأدبي. أظهرت نتائج هذا البحث أنَّ الشّاعر الحماني من خلال توظيف التّناص القرآني والأحاديث النبوية وإدماج المباحث التّاريخية في شعره، حاول إثبات أحقيةِ أهل البيت () وكذلك بإدلة منطقية واستدلالية عَرَّف الصّورة الحقيقية لأهل البيت () وقد أضاف إلي تلك الأدلة أنَّ أهل البيت هم المسلك الوحيد لإنقاذ البشرية وأنَّ محبتهم توجب السّعادة والعداء لهم يوجب الهلاك والخسران

المحاولة في هذا البحث هي دراسة بلاغية حول الأساليب البلاغية و الصور البيانية في مدائح الرسول الأكرم () الواردة في قصائد الشاعرالمقدام و الصحابي الجليل «كعب بن مالك الأنصاري» الذي طالما كان يدافع عن الرسول () و دين الإسلام بسيفه و لسانه. وكعب هذا هو من الثلاثة الذين قبل الله توبتهم بعد أن تأخروا عن الإسهام في غزوة تبوك و قد حضر الشاعر جميع الغزاوات ما عدي هذه الغزوة و قيل غزوة بدر الصغري أيضاً. فشعره و إن كان قليلاً فهو يمتار بصدق العاطفة و الروح الحماسية و العفة و التعفف و الابتعاد عن الأغراض الجاهلية .و كان مدافاعا حقاً عن رسول الله () و الدين الجديد. لشعر هذا الشاعر بصمات بلاغية و فنية تجلت في مدائحه للرسول الأكرم () حيث وظف الشاعر من خلالها أنواع أساليب البيان منها في مجال المعاني و البيان و البديع. فكانت تراكيبها جزلة و محكمة متينة أخذة بعضها رقاب بعض.حاولنا في هذه الدراسة المعتمدة علي المنهج الوصف التحليلي، استخراج المضامين البلاغية و الفنية مستندين في ذلك إلي كتب البلاغة المعروفة و كذلك كتب الأدب و شرح ديوان الشاعرو قد وصلنا إلي نتائج مرجوة منها: أن الشاعر كعب بن مالك ما كان يحترف الشعر و إنما استخدمة لحماية الدين و الدفاع عن رسول الله و قد مدح الرسول الأكرم () بأشعار راقية تمتاز بالجزالة و القوة و صدق العاطفة فقد أودع فييا صاحبها من أفانين القول وفصاحة القول وبلاغة العرب.

This paper proposes mentor-mentee event as a method to improve the performance of the students in Calculus subject for Foundation Third Semester in Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS (UTP). About 40 mentees are selected based on their course work (CW) marks and 20 mentors are chosen from UTP undergraduate students (UG). All the mentees must complete 12 hours within two-days event. In this event, active learning (AL) and cooperative learning (CL) are utilized as a learning method, this includes brainstorming, think pair share, think problem solving (TPS), pair work, turn to neighbor summaries, and etcetera. All the outcomes are analyzed through statistical measurements. From the results, it indicates that, Mentor-Mentee Event has improved significantly the performance of the mentees in the final exam.

Sewage sludge, normally in form of mixed sewage sludge is treated using anaerobic digester worldwide. In Malaysia, sewage sludge was categorized as domestic sewage sludge since sewage treatment plant treats only domestic sewage. The complex organic compounds in form of carbohydrates and proteins are transformed to methane during anaerobic digestion. The characteristics of complex organic compounds in domestic mixed sewage sludge are needed to assess the energy recovery form digesting domestic mixed sewage sludge. Besides that, it is common to use anaerobic biomass from existing anaerobic digester for the new setup of the anaerobic reactor. Therefore, this study was outlined to study the characteristics of domestic mixed sewage sludge and anaerobic biomass, particularly on the complex organic compounds. The complex organic compounds measured were carbohydrates and proteins. The higher complex organic solubilisation as a result of thermal pre-treatment was proven to improve the methane production. Therefore, in this study, the impact of low thermal pre-treatment in improving the organics solubilisation was assessed too. Low thermal pre-treatment at 70°C and 90°C at various treatment time were applied to the domestic mixed sewage sludge. The results indicated that the domestic sewage sludge and anaerobic biomass from a full-scale anaerobic digester contained complex organic compounds; existed mostly in form of particulate as shown by the low value of soluble to total ratio. Besides that, the low thermal treatment at 70°C and 90°C increased the organics solubilisation. Protein solubilisation was observed exceeded 8% after being treated for 20 min at both thermal treatments. However, the impact of low thermal treatment was better at 90°C, in which higher solubilisation was observed at longer treatment time.

Evidence thus far suggests fair value accounting poses risk and affects firms’ returns in some ways. This research, on a sample of Asian banks, improves the understanding of the information risk effect of fair value accounting by examining the moderating role of risk disclosure in the relationship between fair value accounting and the cost of equity capital. The results from a generalised method of moments on dynamic panel data analysis, show that risk disclosure mitigates the asymmetric information problem. Thus the findings contribute towards the standard setters’ effort in improving the practice of fair value accounting, and suggest that there are benefits in mandating disclosure especially for banks.

In practice, primary and secondary sludge are fed into anaerobic digestion. However, the microbial cell exists in secondary sludge are an unfavorable substrate for biodegradation. Thermal pretreatment is proved to increase the bioavailability of organic and improve the biodegradation subsequently. During low thermal pretreatment, both intracellular (within the microbial cell) and extracellular (within the polymeric network) materials were extracted. This process increases the bioavailability meaning that organic compounds are accessible to the microorganisms for their degradation. This research aims to investigate the effect of thermal pretreatment on domestic mixed sludge disintegration. Domestic mixed sludge was thermally treated at 70°C for various holding times. The pre-thermally treated domestic mixed sludge was measured for protein and carbohydrates following the Lowry Method, and Phenol-Sulphuric Acid Method respectively. DR 6000 UV-Vis spectrophotometer, DRB200 Reactor (digester) and COD vial (TNT plus 822) were used for COD determination, based on Reactor Digestion Method approved by USEPA. The results showed that the organic matter in domestic mixed sludge is efficiently solubilised during thermal treatment organic matter. The higher soluble yield for each monitored parameter determined in this study indicated that low thermal pretreatment improve bioavailability.

A four stroke, four cylinder, In-direct injection diesel engine was used to study the effect of emulsified diesel fuel with 5% water by volume on the engine performance and on the main pollutant emissions. The experiments were conducted in the speed range from 1000 to 4500 rpm at full load conditions. It was found that, in general, using emulsified fuel improves the engine performance with slight increase in emissions. While the BSFC has a minimum value for 5% water and at all rpm, the torque, the power and the BMEP are found to have maximum values under these conditions when compared conve ntional disel. CO2 was found to increase with engine speed whereas increase in CO and NOX were minimum. In this work water in diesel emulsion was prepared by a mechanical homogenizer and their physical and chemical properties were examined.

Water in diesel emulsion, as an option fuel, has potential to simultaneously reduce the formation of both nitrogen oxides and particulate matters in diesel engine. However, the capability of this fuel strongly dependent on the type of emulsion, stability of the emulsified fuel and the physio-chemical properties. In this study, water in diesel emulsion fuels of 5%, 10%, 20%, water by volume was prepared by a mechanical homogenizer. Physical and chemical properties of the emulsion were examined as these properties could influence the spray characteristics of the emulsions which significantly affect the ignition delay and flame propagation. Density and viscosity was found to be higher for all of the water in diesel emulsion than pure diesel at all measured temperatures whereas the carbon contents for water in diesel emulsion with 10% and 20% water were low. Droplet size of the emulsion was found to be less than 2μm. The actual water content in the emulsified fuel was found to be lesser than the mixed amount.

The reduction of the harmful emission soot is necessary in recent years due to the environmental protection regulation. Soot is a carbonaceous matter and a strong absorber of microwave energy. Microwave heating offers the advantage over conventional heating to oxide soot. Where plasma is high electric field that leads to instantaneous temperature rising. This paper proposes a recent concept for soot oxidation using micro-plasma in a microwave cavity. The concept was presented by simulating the electric field using microwave heating and thin metal object. Five cases were examined numerically in a mono-mode TE10 microwave cavity WR430 having closed surfaces of perfect electric conductors working under 2.45 GHz frequency and 1500 W power supply to predict the electric field and dissipated heat distribution. The methodology of prediction was implemented using ANSYS based on FEM. The present prediction results showed higher electric field (400 kV/m) and high dissipated heat (3.7×1010 W/m3) can be obtained for a soot sample backed with metal rods inserted vertically with gaps not exceeding 1.5 mm between the rods tips. Also increasing the number of metal rods, from 8 to 14 increases the maximum value of electric field formed in the soot sample to 575 kV/m. The simulation results revealed the ability of achieving high electric field by using microwave heating with the assistance of metal objects.

احد ابرز المؤسسات العلمية في العراق ، ونقصد بها الجامعة المستنصرية حيث تناول تاريخ هذه الجامعة منذ تأسيسها في عهد عبد السلام محمد عارف (8 شباط 1963-13 نيسان 1966) ، وعهد اخيه عبد الرحمن محمد عارف (نيسان 1966- 17تموز 1968) والذي اطلق على هذين العهدين بالعهد العارفي، وهو عهد سياسي غير مستقر سياسياً مما القى بظلاله على مسيرة الجامعة. فضلاً عن ذلك، فقد تابع البحث مسيرة الجامعة خلال عهد احمد حسن البكر(17تموز 1968-16 تموز 1979) والذي كان عهداً مستقراً ، ولو بشكل نسبي الامر الذي جعل الجامعة المستنصرية ان تشهد تطوراً ادارياً وعلمياً حيث تم فتح العديد من الكليات العلمية والانسانية فضلاً عن استحداث اقسام جديدة مع توسع كبير في القبول على المستوى الدراسات الاولية الصباحية

هدف البحث الحالي الى التعرف على اثار الإدمان على الأنترنت من وجهة نظر طالبات كلية التربية للبنات في جامعة الكوفة، وتم استعمال الاستبيان أداة لتحقيق اهداف البحث بعد ان تم بنائه على وفق الخطوات العلمية الأصولية باستشارة مجموعة من الخبراء في مجال العلوم التربوية والنفسية، وتم التحقق من صدق الأداة وثباتها، استعملت الوسائل الاحصائية (معمل ارتباط بيرسون، معادلة سبيرمان – براون التصحيحية ، الوسط المرجح والوزن المئوي)، وطبق الاستبيان على عينة مكونة من (100) طالبة من طالبات كلية التربية للبنات في جامعة الكوفة، واظهرت النتائج ان الطالبات التي تتراوح درجاتهن بين (60-90) هن من المدمنات على الانترنت وبلغ عددهن (74) طالبة، علما ان الوسط الفرضي هو (60) درجة، على اعتبار ان البدائل ثلاثة هي : (موافق، محايد، غير موافق) اوزانهن (1-2-3) على التوالي، وان عدد فقرات الاستبيان هي (30) فقرة لذلك فان اعلى درجة تحصل عليها الطالبة هي (90) درجة واقل درجة تحصل عليها الطالبة هي (30) درجة، وأيضا يلاحظ من الجدول ان الطالبات التي تتراوح درجاتهن بين (30-59) درجة يعتقدن بأن بعض هذه الاثار قد لا تكون عاملا للإدمان على الانترنت وبلغ عددهن (26) طالبة، وعليه فأن طالبات عينة البحث بشكل عام يعتبرن ان هناك اثار ناجمة عن ادمان الانترنت، وبعد ان بلغت النسبة المئوية (74%) واظهرت النتائج أيضا ان عدد الفقرات المتحققة هي (20) فقرة والغير المتحققة (10) فقرات، وهذا يعني ان طالبات عينة البحث الحالي من المدمنات على الانترنت، وفي ضوء نتائج البحث الحالي توصلت الباحثان الى مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والمقترحات.

هدف البحث الحالي تحليل محتوى ادب الأطفال في كتب القراءة للمرحلة الابتدائية للصفوف الثلاثة الأولى في كل من (العراق ولبنان ومصر) ولأجل تحقيق هدف البحث فقد تم اعداد معيارٍ لأدب الأطفال مكوناً من (25) فقرة موزعة على ثلاثة مجالات ( القصص- الأناشيد والمحفوظات – والمسرح ) وضم مجال القصص (12) فقرة ومجال الأناشيد والمحفوظات (5) فقرات أما مجال المسرح فضمّ (8) فقرات وقد خضعت الكتب الثلاثة لمنهجية تحليل المحتوى بواقع ( 245) صفحة لكتب القراءة في العراق و (424) صفحة لكتب القراءة في لبنان و (819) لكتب القراءة في مصروبعد التأكد من صدق وثبات أداة التحليل والبالغة (0,98) , تم تطبيق المعيار باستخدام التكرار والنسبة المئوية لكل المجالات وتوصلت الباحثة الى النتائج الاتية : تفوق كتب القراءة في لبنان بتناولها أدب الأطفال بكل أنواعه من قصص وأناشيد ومسرحيات , وتلتها كتب القراءة في مصر, وجاءت كتب القراءة في العراق بالمرتبة الثالثة

INTRODUCTION: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are infections involving the trachea, primary bronchi and lungs. People with LRTIs typically experience coughs as the primary symptoms; however, shortness of breath, weakness, fever and fatigue may be coupled with the cough. It is common among the aged, children under five and the immune-suppressed. Persons with symptoms suggestive of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) may have tuberculosis, other respiratory tract infection or co-infection of tuberculosis and other respiratory pathogens. This study aimed to identify the presence of pathogens in sputum of suspected tuberculosis cases and their antimicrobial resistance patterns. METHODS: this was a retrospective study conducted from September 2018 to November 2019 at Tamale Public Health Laboratory. Sputum or gastric lavage samples were collected from persons with suspected clinical presentations of TB and/or LRTI. These samples were cultured using standard microbiological protocols and antimicrobial susceptibility test performed on the positive cultures by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Molecular identification of M. tuberculosis was performed on all the suspected TB cases using GeneXpert mycobacterium tuberculosis/rifampin (MTB/RIF) assay.

Creators in our present world bear the burden of developing society. Creators are considered the nucleus of development in our contemporary world. The manual textiles printing is considered as one of the most important artistic fields and the technique plays an essential role and can directly contribute to the continuous interaction with society, as it is one of the most important fields can provide useful products with distinct aesthetic values. The main aim of this study is to emphasize the interdependence and creative integration between the design of textile printing and the interior design, as the furnishings are one of the elements of interior design. To achieve this, and Believing in the importance of innovation and experimentation, students at the fourth level , Interior Design Department, Faculty of Science and Arts, Al-Baha University, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has been guided to design and application of several useful products which serve interior design by using some of the manual printing methods, such as (tie & dye – paint on silk - digital printing) to produce creative works according to the plan to achieve an integrated unit not only aesthetically but also functionally also, which depends mainly on the ability of the student with the supervision and guidance of the course teacher to exploit her culture and skills and to guide her behavior from a learner to producer student. Finally, practical applications and experiments and solutions proposed for the application of printed fabrics in the interior design and its components. The results of the study showed the success of the experiment, which confirms the Interconnection positively.

The process of research and refinement of Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printer, surely contains many variables and parameters with the aim of generating a 3D object with the results and the level of accuracy approaching its original design and can be applied as the expected design. In addition to the effect of printer type on the FDM method, the filament material used as a filler to print 3D objects certainly has different mechanical and physical characteristics, thus allowing for different object results for each different filament material. This research was conducted to determine the effect of internal variations of its geometry and dimensions on the mechanical properties of ABS using a 3D Printer. The internal geometries that are varied are triangle and honeycomb, with variations in thickness for each geometry are 1 mm and 2 mm, and variations in the axis of symmetry are 4.5 mm and 9 mm. The results showed that the control sample had tensile and bending strength results that matched the ABS filament datasheet reference. Objects with an internal geometry triangle in the size 4.5 mm and 2 mm of thickness have better tensile and bending strength than honeycomb geometry.

This study investigates the correlation of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and the point load test (PLT) index Is(50), bulk density, water absorption and the RQD properties of the Sudanese Nubian sandstone formation. The UCS being is the rock property needed in engineering practice but its determination is tedious, time consuming and expensive. Alternatively, the UCS may be indirectly evaluated through establishing relationships with rock parameters which are easier, cheaper and more convenient to determine in the laboratory or in the field. An extensive laboratory testing was executed to determine the above rock properties for many NSF samples taken from Khartoum State and other areas. Statistical analysis was performed on the test data and a reliable linear regression equation has been developed with a UCS to PLT Is(50) conversion factor of 10.18 and may be applied to estimate the strength of the Sudanese sandstone formation. The developed correlation is in good agreement with few of the many methods published for similar rock types which indicates that large errors may result in from applying an inappropriate UCS prediction method. Thus, it is important to establish separate correlations or validate published correlations to check their suitability for a specific rock types and local geologies. Useful correlation relationships of reasonable accuracy were also established for rough estimation of the UCS from the bulk density, water absorption and the RQD properties of the Nubian sandstone formation.

Bribery is one of the most serious crimes against the public interest and the proper functioning of justice. When the State guarantees its employees to carry out their duties, they assume that they carry out acts according to specific rules and to achieve the public interest. The employee who deviates from the performance of his work in order to achieve his personal benefits is outside the provisions of these rules which he is obliged to abide by. It drops the dignity of the job to the level of the commodity in which it trades. The danger of this crime is increasing at the present time due to the wide range of services provided by the state to citizens through its employees, which may oblige some to comply with the deviations of this employee or that if the trader wants to do his job and exploit it to his own interests.

Monotonicity preserving interpolation is very important in many sciences and engineering based problems. This paper discuss the monotonicity preserving interpolation for monotone data set by using C2 rational cubic spline interpolant (cubic/quadratic) with three parameters. The data dependent sufficient conditions for the monotonicity are derived with two degree freedom. Numerical results suggests that the proposed C2 rational cubic spline preserves the monotonicity of the data and outperform the performance of the other rational cubic spline schemes in term of visually pleasing.

Green roofs can be used for promoting infiltration and provide temporary storage spaces. Hence, in urban stormwater structural design, the investigation of the hydrological performance investigation is often required. Thus, this paper presents the results of a hydrological investigation in term of peak flow reduction and green roof’s weight using 0, 2, and 6% slope for three specimens drainage layer in green roofs. Three types of recycled waste are selected for each test bed which is rubber crumbs, palm oil shell, and polyfoam. Another test bed without a drainage layer as a control. The result indicates that rubber crumbs can be used as a stormwater control and runoff reduction while ensuring a good drainage and aeration of the substrate and roofs. From the results obtained shows that rubber crumbs are suitable as a drainage layer and a proposed slope of 6% are suitable for lightweight green roofs.

This study investigates the risk of flood on selected critical infrastructure in a flood-prone catchment in Sabah, Malaysia. Kota Marudu, located in the Bandau floodplain, one of the Sabah’s northern water catchments, was selected as the study site due to its frequent flood occurrence and large floodplain coverage. Two of its largest rivers, namely Sungai Bongon and Sungai Bandau, tends to flood during rainy season and cause temporary displacements of thousands of people living in the floodplain. A total of 362 respondents participated in the questionnaire survey in order to gather information on historical flood occurrence. Three flood depth groups were determined, which are 1) less than 0.3 meter, 2) 0.3 – 0.6 meter and 3) more than 0.6 meter, while three categories of critical infrastructure were defined, namely transportation system, communication system and buildings. It is found that the transportation system encounters the most severe impact as flood inundation increases, where 92% of the respondents believe that the transportation access should be abandoned when flood depth is more than 0.6m. The findings of this study will be used for detailed risk assessment, specifically on the vulnerability of the critical infrastructures to flood in this floodplain.

Early embryonic bursectomy (BFX) disturbed the adrenocortical functioning. The stress-unresponsive period that occurred in controls, and lasted for 2-3 weeks after hatching, no longer appeared in BFX chicks. In contrast, the magnitude of the stress-induced hypercorticosteronemia was much lower in BFX than in sham-operated 5 week-old chicken. It was assumed that such adrenocortical dysfunction was due to bursal deprivation, since grafting bursal buds onto the chorio-allantoic membrane of BFX embryos restored all the parameters under study, i.e., the post-hatching stress unresponsive period and the high magnitude of stress-induced responses in adults. Factor(s) involved in such interregulation are not known but do not seem to affect directly adrenocortical cells because intramuscular injection of a moderate dose of ACTH resulted in the same hypercorticosteronemia whether 3 day-old and 5 week-old chicks had been bursectomized or sham-operated.

The effect of bursa of Fabricius on the endocrine function of the chick testes was studied in vivo by comparing plasma testosterone levels from 48 h before hatch to 16 weeks of age in both intact and bursectomized chicken. Early bursectomy was performed at 80 h of incubation. Post surgery survival was low (12% at 1 week). In controls, plasma testosterone levels were found to be low (100-200 pg. ml-1) from 48 h before to 48 h after hatch, then to raise up to a plateau (2,200 pg. ml-1) at 6 weeks. After bursectomy, values were first higher than in intact (210-440 pg. ml-1 from 48 h before/after hatch and 515 vs 300 pg.ml-1 at 3 days) but no difference could be further detected from 1 to 16 weeks of age. It is suggested that, in addition to the effect of androgen on bursa of Fabricius, the later reciprocally influences the gonadotropic axis during the early stage of development.