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Copyright of Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering is the property of Canadian Science Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Francis Bacon says knowledge is power. The creation of knowledge and its dissemina-tion largely depends on the creation of literary works. The great works of Shakespeare, da Vinci, Homer, Picasso, Milton, Tagore etc. have been a treasure trove of mankind. Human beings have enjoyed the work, been inspired by the work, taken joy and eternal bliss in such works. However, the creation of knowledge is dependent on pre-existing knowledge. Creators create a work which requires hard work, imagi-nation, creativity and which is incentivised by recognition of their work. The legal order of a couth society affords protection to such a work by copyright law & fair use. Fair use allows a person to use a work by duly acknowledging and referencing the work. Issue of plagiarism and abuse of fair use was aggravated by human greed. The economic implication of copyright infringement aggravated the whole issue. Referencing turned into war. The Bluebook, the Maroonbook, the ALWD, the APA and OSCOLA citation styles engaged in some kind of a war. Reference management systems like Zotero, Endnote, Mendeley etc. just fanned the flame. Disruptive and generative artificial intelligence has created a serious challenge to academic research. In this paper, the author attempts to delve into the inter-linkage of academic writing, research, citation, copyright, referencing mechanism and plagiarism in contempo-rary society, and the aftermath of it. The author attempts to investigate the challenges of writing and the protection of works vis-a-vis referencing tools and techniques

This research examines the way to a carbon-neutral future by looking at the integration of renewable vitality sources and vitality capacity advances in feasible energy arrangements. Through a multidisciplinary approach, enveloping information collection, numerical modelling, and scenario investigations, the study investigates the flow of transitioning vitality frameworks. The optimization of energy capacity capacities is educated by scientific models, uncovering that as renewable infiltration increments (20%, 40%, and 60%), optimal capacity capacities rise correspondingly (300 MWh, 700 MWh, and 1200 MWh). Situation investigations illustrate that higher renewable entrance and appropriately measured energy capacity capacities lead to significant diminishments in CO2 outflows (25%, 45%, and 65%) while keeping up positive financial reasonability. Sensitivity investigations confirm the vigour of the models, showing the versatility to varieties in key parameters such as renewable asset accessibility, energy capacity productivity, and capital costs. A comparative investigation against related work underscores the competitiveness and uniqueness of the proposed approach, emphasizing the noteworthiness of numerical modelling in optimizing energy frameworks. This research contributes profitable insights for policymakers, industry partners, and analysts committed to exploring the complexities of accomplishing a carbon-neutral future. The discoveries displayed here, together with those from different studies crossing worldwide vitality exchange, green hydrogen production, and urban arranging, collectively contribute to the broader discourse on economic energy move.

Today, Green Marketing has become increasingly vital in the modern market place. It drivesshift in both consumer demand and producers supply, leading to changes in advancements in products.Consequently, consumers are experiencing higher levels of satisfaction with the products they buy whilebusinesses are targeting consumers more effectively, driving up profits and fostering growth. This focuson green marketing also reflects a growing concern for sustainable environmental development. This paperdeals with significance of green marketing, discussing the challenges it faces and proposing strategies toovercome them.

This research investigates the integration of vision-based navigation into the charging procedure of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs). The study offers a comprehensive examination of the precision of calibration, the ability to identify objects, the navigation capabilities of autonomous cars, and the effectiveness of charging sessions. The visual systems undergo meticulous calibration, which leads to inherent traits that are crucial for accurate perception. Object recognition algorithms have exceptional proficiency in precisely spotting electric vehicles, charging stations, cables, and obstacles, while also exhibiting heightened levels of confidence. The adaptive navigation framework exhibits improved precision, as seen by developments in velocity and steering angle, enabling AEVs to effectively navigate through complex urban scenarios. Examining the data from charging sessions indicates that the integration of vision- based navigation has led to enhanced operational effectiveness of AEVs. This is apparent via the significant reduction in charging duration and the favorable boost in energy output. The cross-parameter analysis reveals the interconnectedness, emphasizing the influence of accurate calibration on the recognition and movement of objects. It showcases a holistic integration of perception, navigation, and charging procedures. The findings have significant implications for the widespread adoption of vision-based navigation, providing a groundbreaking method for seamlessly incorporating autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs) into real-world scenarios. Future research should give priority to enhancing calibration techniques, exploring advanced object detection algorithms, and resolving challenges related to dynamic urban environments. This will serve to validate the agility and reliability of the vision-based navigation architecture. In summary, this research offers valuable insights into the potential impact of vision-based navigation on the process of charging autonomous electric vehicles. Vision-based navigation is essential for the successful operation of AEVs in dynamic urban contexts.

This study optimizes the production of activated carbon (AC) from two distinct agricultural wastes, barley husk and maize cob. The process is refined using the Taguchi method with the goal of enhancing water treatment techniques. The study emphasizes how crucial it is to make the transition towards renewable and affordable raw materials for the manufacturing of AC given the predicted expansion of the worldwide demand for AC. The study assessed the impact of four crucial variables on the production and quality of AC using a L9 orthogonal array: phosphoric acid concentration, heating by microwave time, power from the microwave, and nitrogen flow rate. Findings indicated that the most important element for maximizing the production of AC from these agricultural leftovers was microwave power, along with the percentage of phosphoric acid and the time frame of the heating process.

By combining silicon-based microelectronics with micromachining technology, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) have been identified as one of the most promising technologies for the 21st Century. With its microsystem-based devices and technologies, it will have a dramatic impact on the way we live and the way we live our lives. With an emphasis on both commercial applications and device fabrication methods, the paper provides an introduction to the field of MEMS. As well as discussing the range of MEMS sensors and actuators, the phenomena that MEMS devices can sense and act upon, and the major challenges facing the industry, the presentation discusses the challenges faced by the MEMS industry. An introduction to the field of MEMS is presented in this paper, which is divided into four sections. A section on MEMS introduces the reader to its definitions, history, current applications, and miniaturization-related issues. Photolithography, bulk micromachining, surface micromachining, and high-aspect-ratio micromachining are among the fundamental fabrication methods discussed in the second section, as well as assembly, system integration, and packaging of MEMS devices. A brief description of the basic principles of sensing and actuation mechanisms is provided in the third section, which discusses the range of MEMS sensors and actuators, as well as the phenomena that can be sensed or acted upon with MEMS devices. Toward the commercialization and success of MEMS, the final section illustrates the challenges facing the industry.

The recent world is being focused on deriving methods for using renewable energy-based systems to meet the energy demands. There are various research areas to be focused upon for making the output from these energy systems more reliable and efficient. The focus of this paper is on examining on such key component, a Unified power flow Controller (UPFC) into solar Photovoltaic (PV) structures to enhance green energy transmission and efficiency. The UPFC structure has the benefits combining the STATCOM and SSSC, which is found to be vital in regulating the active and reactive power flows within the network, ensuring stability amidst system fluctuations. The software MATLAB/SIMULINK is being used for making a 400.0-kW PV-UPFC farm, the study explores the effect of UPFC on enhancing power quality and stability, addressing real-world challenges like harmonics and voltage fluctuations like sags/swells. The work also delves into novel control strategies, consisting of using Proportional-integral (PI) controllers and advanced optimization techniques, to manage the power flow effectively. It can be concluded that the research highlights the UPFC’s capability in mitigating issues inherent in integrating solar energy into the grid, inclusive of voltage rise, reverse power flow, and system instability, by means of showcasing more desirable system voltage profiles and decreased energy oscillations in the designed system.

Promoting construction, enhancing safety and multiple functions of IoT. Since the beginning of Fourth Industrial Revolution, digitalization becomes a fundamental function of all the construction project and bring all the project to a brand new practical and efficient world. IoT (Internet of Things), which refers to a large network of connected sensors and devices capable of autonomously exchanging and analysing data in real-time, belongs to a major facilitator of this function. To have an idea of the importance of this technology in the construction field, one must think about it as an instrument to decrease labour cost, reduce project repair time, and save material cost by automating and networking process. Among these could be automated assessment of a construction site to alert about hazards that might affect workers’ lives. IoT alarms and delivered insights reduce risks and keep the working place of the construction workers safe. Overall, it is claimed in the paper that IoT has a significant number of applications in the construction sector- starting from the project management to the quality testing of work. These are just some of the applications of IoT and as the field evolves, more benefits and value-added services would be seen arising. In this regard, IoT will also have a key role in communication and coordination between many stakeholders involved, hence creating collaboration and cooperation for a healthy conductive environment with openness among all. Its integration with latest technologies like digitization of data, data analytics, AI, facilitate predictive maintenance decisions and end up making less mistakes. Although there is a huge potential for IoT to develop in the construction industry, so far, it is not utilised in a large scale. There are some limitations to be reduced like the cybersecurity, interoperability, and workforce readiness among others that need to be addressed or enhanced in due time. Industry participants must join hands to overcome these issues. It would be an understatement to say that IoT has the ability to completely revolutionize the construction industry. In article it illustrates how the Internet of Things is transforming the building sector and offers guidance on how interested parties can take advantage of this technology to raise project sustainability, output, and safety. By adopting innovation and digitization, those involved in the construction industry can take advantage of new moves for efficacy and efficiency in systems performance.

There are various kinds of water tanks and reservoirs that are used for storing different liquids such as water, petroleum, and chemicals. Residential and commercial use of water tanks is essential in order to meet the needs of those living in these places on a daily basis. During their lifetime, these tanks are subjected to the pressure of the water inside and the pressure of the earth outside. The tank bases are subjected to soil reaction from the bottom and internal water pressure from the inside. In order to protect them from top to bottom, they are always covered from top to bottom. Providing optimum height for easy pumping of water to the overhead tank is the purpose of this rectangular underground tank. Due to the underground nature of the water tank, lateral earth pressure and water pressure also need to be considered during design calculations, so the design must comply with IS code standards. An underground rectangular tank is designed in this project. Our project involves the design and research of an underground water tank capable of holding 3 lakh litters under earthquake conditions. The design in this project comprises of side walls, base slab and roof slab. STAD.PRO is used for the analysis and design of underground water tanks. For this design project limit state method is used. Researchers investigate parameters related to water tanks, including shear force and bending moment, to better understand how they respond to seismic forces, and to aid in more effective design and construction.

The stringent environmental regulations and growing awareness of the low-carbon economy are presenting immense challenges to metallurgical operations, one of the major sectors with high emissions. Hydrometallurgy has been identified as a lower-emission technology in comparison to the high-temperature smelting and melt-refining processes. The close monitoring of traditional hydrometallurgical operations, however, does not fulfil the criteria for a sustainable, low-emission process. Recently, biotechnology has emerged as a green alternative within the hydrometallurgical domain, albeit significantly different from the basics involved in the process. Although the application of microbial activity has been successfully established in chalcopyrite leaching and bio-oxidation of gold-bearing minerals, the acceptability of bio-hydrometallurgy for other minerals and materials is still limited due to a wide research gap to connect solution chemistry, microbial activity, and extractive metallurgy. In general, a large portion of the total chemical consumption occurs in pre-treatment and/or leaching operations; hence, the primary application of microorganisms at the forefront can significantly minimize the overall consumption. Demonstrated applications in waste printed circuit boards and spent automobile catalysts have curtailed excessive acid usage, while the energy-intensive baking/roasting of monazite is successfully altered by microbial processing. Furthermore, the remarkable reduction in carbon footprints by the green biotechnology application in hydrometallurgy has been evaluated, which indicates sustainability in process metallurgy.

This paper reviews different ways to manage energy in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) for smart cities by looking at three separate studies. Initially, it explores a structured approach to solving energy management issues in HEVs, comparing three known methods and highlighting one that can be used in real-time. Next, it discusses a creative use of Petri Nets (PNs) for managing energy, either on its own or with the Global Positioning System (GPS). This part points out the benefits of using GPS to manage energy better during different driving conditions. Lastly, the paper talks about the need to improve energy management in a specific type of HEV to address current environmental and energy challenges. It mentions the use of a Genetic Algorithm (GA) to improve energy management strategies, aiming to extend the life of the vehicle’s fuel cell and improve energy efficiency. Through these discussions, this review aims to provide a clear understanding of how energy management in HEVs can be improved in smart city settings.

With growing technologies, the exhaustion procedure of fossil fuels occurs at a faster pace. At the moment, research area mainly emphasizes on efficient utilization of the renewable energy resources. To achieve this, many converters have been developed over the years, but there exist some disadvantages in almost all the topologies which may be related to either the gain of the converter, or the overall efficiency, or the voltage stabilization, or the ripple content etc. In this paper, an active clamped, high gain, hybrid, forward boost converter has been developed which will attenuate the abovementioned problems that are observed in the conventional converters. In the proposed converter topology, two modes are attainable, which maybe further controlled using a push button only. One of the modes involves the closing of the push button, wherein the input voltage will be less and with the help of a less duty cycle, expected voltage is acquired. This mode is known as a hybrid mode. In the second mode i.e. boost mode, required output voltage is obtained from the lower input voltage. In both the modes, high gain and high efficiency are obtained from the converter. The converter simulation and the required results are furnished and provided.

Maximum power point tracking (MPPT)methods are most popular to harvest maximum energy from renewable energy sources for generating electric power. Among many renewable energy sources, solar energy is a primary and mostly available on the earth. Generally photovoltaic (PV) panel are arranging in a proper sequence to produce required electric power. Many conventional MPPT algorithms are available on PV system but working on uniform irradiances. Partial shading is a common phenomenon on PV systems. During partial shading conditions, conventional MPPT algorithms will fail to exhibits its best performance due to occurrence of many local peak powers. Hence, an efficient optimization method must be incorporated to identify global maximum power point among all possible points. Mayfly optimization is one of the best in existing optimization methods. However, perturb and observe (P&O) method must be incorporate with Mayfly technique to produce the best performance under both uniform irradiances and partial shading condition. A boost converter is used as a MPPT device in this paper due to its merits over other converters. Extensive results are carried out on OPAL-RT platform by establishing Hardware – in the – Loop (HIL) to validate the proposed method.

This study used a combination of cutting-edge technology and tools, including remote sensing and geographic information systems (GIS), to ascertain the geomorphological features of the Rapti River basin. The watershed area, perimeter, stream order, basin length, stream length, mean stream length, bifurcation ratio, stream length ratio, form factor, drainage density, stream frequency, circularity ratio, elongation ratio, compactness coefficient, constant of channel maintenance, length of overland flow, etc. where among the various geomorphological characteristics found in the represent study. Studying geomorphology is crucial to comprehending how watersheds behave hydrologically. Measuring the drainage network's linear and shaped features as well as the contributing ground slopes can help with the morphometric study of a drainage basin and its stream system. Sub watersheds could be prioritized using morphometric analysis by calculating linear and shape characteristics. The morphometric parameters of a watershed are useful in describing a watershed when there is a lack of extensive hydrological data. A basin's morphological feature reflects its characteristics, which can be used to combine hydrological response. When quantified and expressed in morphometric parameters, basin characteristics can be examined to see how they affect runoff. Surface runoff, infiltration, and erosion susceptibility within the basin can all be qualitatively assessed through the interpretation and quantitative analysis of five drainage parameters. We learned about the wide range of uses for geographic information systems, global positioning systems, remote sensing, and other instruments. GIS and remote sensing methods are widely used in NRM due to this application diversity. These approaches aren't used in case of Rapti basin which will help in better planning and management of resources of the basin.

The paper attempts to analyze fish production and the direction of trade. Data for the analysis was taken from a period of 10 years (2011- 2021) from the Ministry of Commerce & Industry and FAO. To examine the type and extent of increase in the fish area, production, and productivity throughout the course of the year for several countries, including China, Vietnam, the United States, Norway, and India, descriptive statistics and the sustainability index were utilized. Markov chain analysis employing linear programming was then applied to determine transition probabilities in fish trade. The fish export markets were the USA, China, Japan, Thailand, Taiwan, Kuwait, Hong Kong, and others. The fish export markets were categorized as stable markets (China, USA, Taiwan, Thailand, and Hong Kong) and unstable markets (Japan and Kuwait) based on the magnitude of transition probabilities. Though the country has a good potential for export of fish. India must therefore give rising output more consideration, supported by measures that encourage exports. In addition, initiatives must be made to develop a new market and broaden the trade area to include other significant, global markets.

This research presents a comprehensive investigation of progressed materials for high-efficiency sun-oriented cells, centring on perovskite, natural, and quantum-dot innovations. Through an efficient strategy enveloping fabric determination, amalgamation, characterization, device creation, and execution examination, the study accomplished an eminent proficiency of 22% in perovskite sun-based cells, beating natural (9%) and quantum dot-based cells (12%). Stability testing uncovered perovskite cells maintained 90% of their introductory productivity after 1000 hours, outperforming the comparative decay watched in natural (75%) and quantum dot-based cells (80%). Comparative investigations with related works underscored the centrality of our discoveries, counting experiences into exciton elements, feasible plan hones, and imaginative approaches to adaptable solar cell models.

This research explores the transformative part of nanomaterials in progressing urban maintainability through the integration of renewable vitality frameworks. Synthesized quantum dabs, carbon nanotubes, and graphene were characterized and connected over assorted applications, counting solar vitality saddling, wind vitality improvement, vitality capacity, and urban foundation improvement. In solar cells, the integration of quantum specks resulted in an eminent increment in control transformation proficiency (PCE), with an 85% change in short-circuit current thickness (J sc) and a 20% increment in open-circuit voltage (Voc). Wind turbine edges upgraded with carbon nanotubes displayed a momentous 21% rise in control yield and a 40% advancement in soundness, emphasizing the potential of nanomaterials in optimizing wind vitality frameworks. Graphene-based supercapacitors illustrated a multiplied particular capacitance and a 10% increment in cyclic solidness, underscoring the adequacy of nanomaterials in vitality capacity applications. The consolidation of nanocomposite building materials showcased a 44% diminishment in warm conductivity, contributing to made strides cover for maintainable urban foundations. Nanosensors, coordinated into smart frameworks, showed a prevalent 80% increment in affectability and a 50% lessening in reaction time compared to customary sensors.

This research investigates the transformative potential of nanotechnology in tending to water refinement challenges and advancing natural supportability. Carbon nanotubes and graphene were synthesized and joined into nanostructured channels, showing a well-defined arrangement with predominant basic keenness affirmed through SEM and XRD investigations. In comprehensive water decontamination tests, these channels showcased momentous efficiencies: overwhelming metals, such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), were expelled at rates outperforming 98% and 97%, individually; natural poison methylene blue displayed an amazing evacuation productivity surpassing 99.5%; microbial contaminant Escherichia coli was successfully killed, accomplishing a momentous expulsion effectiveness of 99.9%. Comparative investigations with related studies underscored the competitive or prevalent execution of the nanostructured channels. Additionally, a life cycle appraisal (LCA) highlighted the commitment to natural maintainability, uncovering generally moo nursery gas outflows (450 kg CO2e), vitality utilization (550 MJ), and asset consumption (10 kg) related to the filters’ whole life cycle. The inventive integration of nanotechnology into water treatment techniques exhibits the potential for effective, feasible, and intriguing approaches, laying the establishment for the advancement of progressed innovations fundamental for worldwide water resource conservation.