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Imaginaire ou réel, le «Moi» n'est pas une unité préconçue et accomplie, et l'écrivain du moi essaie de cristalliser son vécu sans forme, dans la forme solide de l'écriture. Mais, présenter l'image d'un objet qui change -ici le «Moi»- fait de l'écriture du moi un ensemble de multiple apparences. Cette écriture devient le choix de plusieurs «moi» par le «Moi», pour changer et rendre riche sa vie limitée et réduite. Ce libre choix dans la présentation du «moi», dévoile de nouvelles conceptions du rapport entre «Moi» et «moimême». Dans cette recherche, nous essayons de répondre aux questionnes basées sur le «Je», son statut, les formes et les voix qu’il s'accorde pour tenter sa chance de vivre dans l'écriture. Pour ce faire, nous procéderons à une étude comparative sélective entre La place (1983) d'Annie Ernaux et Le Moi de l'Autre (1388) de Réza Amir Khani, deux œuvres littéraires, respectivement française et persane. Les deux œuvres se basent en quelque sorte sur le «Moi», ils profitent de différentes stratégies pour parler de ce «Moi» morcelé, dont l'une est le regard porté par les autres sur ce dernier. Le regard des autres et ce qu’ils pensent sur le «Moi» sont toujours accompagnés de beaucoup d'informations sur la société, ainsi, pour connaître mieux cette société nous ajustons nos pas sur ceux de Pierre Zima dans sa démarche sociocritique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the development of more energy-efficient buildings, pursuing comprehensive sustainable solutions can help decrease greenhouse gas emissions, and using natural resources sustainably and at low cost are challenging objectives for the achievement of the United Nations (UN) sustainable development goals. In this context, the main objective of this research is the evaluation of the energy-efficiency improvement of shallow geothermal systems, based on one case study building located at Aveiro University. The present research undertakes the improvement of several parameters with influence on the shallow geothermal systems efficiency, using as a demonstrator a university building in Aveiro University, the CCCI department building. The performed work was developed in three phases: (i) the acquisition of vertical temperature profiles in 15 exploration boreholes, (ii) the simulation of the buildings’ energy needs using EnergyPlus® software, and (iii) the evaluation of the energy demand of the geothermal system using HYGCHP® software. A sensitivity analysis was carried out with HYGCHP® by changing several parameters (average ground temperature, soil thermal conductivity, pipe radius, and total installation length) to assess the reduction potential of the annual energy consumption. Combining different parameters in the design phase allows a considerable reduction in the annual energy consumption. Two parameters are highlighted with a higher influence: the soil thermal conductivity and the average soil temperature (measured in the boreholes). A synthesis of the simulations carried out will lead to concrete recommendations and guidelines for future planning actions regarding geothermal systems installation to ensure sustainable use conditions, comfort, and health in the campus environment.

Shallow landslides triggered by heavy rainfalls have caused casualties and economic losses to domestic infrastructures and industries worldwide. Rainfall mainly reduces the soil matric suction and the shear resistance, resulting in shallow landslides. Vegetation is an eco-friendly and cost-effective method for stabilizing slopes prone to shallow landslides. This research aims to investigate the hydrological and mechanical effects of vegetation on slope stability through a numerical study approach. Vegetated and bare slopes were subjected to a recorded climate condition and two rainfall scenarios of high intensity (HI) and low intensity (LI). Matric suction and factor of safety of vegetated and bare slopes subjected to rainfall were investigated. The matric suction of the vegetated slope at the surface was approximately four times greater than the bare slope after the HI scenario. However, the matric suction is about three times greater in the LI scenario. The results indicate that planting on slopes would reduce the vulnerability of bare slopes to the HI rainfall due to the higher matric suction and additional cohesion induced by the root system. These findings suggest that using vegetation in Rasht, Iran, where the climate data were collected, has considerable potential for stabilizing slopes.

In recent years, Iranian society has been characterised by far-reaching social, economic and political changes. This is particularly true in big cities such as Tehran. Various social rules and norms are now contested, particularly those relating to gender relations. The cafés that have multiplied since the 2000s in the Iranian capital are part of this movement. Based on a survey combining participant observation and semi-directive interviews with customers and managers, this article first shows the important role cafés now play in the daily lives of young middle class people in Tehran. More than mere consumption spaces, cafés embody their aspirations to emancipate from the codes imposed by an authoritarian regime and to adopt Western lifestyles. Their practices can be analysed as a form of resistance, even though cafés also tend to become standardised and impersonal spaces of consumption.

Cities are inherently complex and vastly interrelated challenges. Meanwhile, the rapid growth of cities is not commensurate with the capacity to expand their infrastructure and imposes increasing pressure on urban infrastructure. In other words, it is beyond their capacities and capabilities. Therefore, they always suffer from adverse consequences. One of the new concepts to meet the current challenges of cities in the field of urban planning is the development of smart cities that integrate physical and virtual capabilities. The trend of smart cities in Tehran has started a few years ago. In this study, the current situation of Tehran was evaluated and the strengths and weaknesses of Tehran Smart City were identified, and appropriate strategies and measures to continue the trend of moving Tehran City towards Smart City. The research method in this research is descriptive-analytical. SWOT analysis method and internal matrices (IFE) and external (EFE) were used for research. The results of this study show that all the necessities that have led cities in the world to smart approaches are also applicable in Tehran and the situation of Tehran in the trend of smart city in Tehran is appropriate. According to the strategy selected in this research, which is the Maxi-Maxi or SO strategy, the city of Tehran can continue the smart city trend by using its strengths and investing in opportunities and achieve the desired goals.

Influenza is one of the most important viral diseases that is common among the birds and the mammals and is caused by specific viruses that belong to the Orthomyxoviridae family. Migratory aquatic birds are the reservoir of the disease and there is a likelihood of the disease in any region. There are different methods for detecting the avian influenza, but by the point of detection rates, the ELISA may be one of the most important current methods. In this work we synthesized Gold nanoparticles and conjugated it with rabbit-anti-chicken IgG-HRP. An ELISA test was done to compare the bioactivity of Au-anti-chicken HRP with anti-chicken HRP in order to detect the antibody against the H9N2 subtype of avian influenza virus. Using 133 field chicken sera, the sensitivity of nano-ELISA as compared to traditional ELISA was calculated to be 100%, whereas the specificity was 92%. This method was significantly more sensitive than the traditional ELISA and didn’t require extra costs. It can therefore be concluded that the AuNP-HRP conjugate can be applicable in immune analysis procedure where a more confident result is required.