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The aim of this article is to demonstrate that local perceptions of climate change and the adaptation strategies developed by communities living near the Yangambi Biosphere Reserve (RBY) in the Democratic Republic of the Congo are influenced by autochthony or ancestral ties to the land and the low social acceptability of nature conservation actions. This low level of social acceptability applies to all the projects carried out in the area. To this end, documentary sources, individual interview surveys and focus groups were used to gather the relevant data. After analysis, it was realized that the construction of the perception of climate change is influenced by two main factors. On the one hand, autochtony, which refers to local communities' sense of belonging to their ancestral land, of which an area of 225,000 hectares is occupied by RBY, and on the other, the low level of social acceptability of the said reserve, including the scientific projects carried out in and around RBY.

Le présent article a pour objectif de démontrer comment la méthode de centre d’analyse ou de sections homogènes peut être utilisée dans des structures sanitaires pour l’analyse des charges en termes de dépenses, et dans le calcul du coût des soins. Les données proviennent du rapport annuel des services de finances de l’hôpital José Oudney, et la méthode des sections homogènes nous a permis de faire une répartition analytique des charges indirectes d’exploitation afin de les imputer aux coûts réels des soins et services médicaux reçus par 3.585 patients pour l’exercice 2020.

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are promising because of some of their several interesting characteristics. LDHs can be synthesized using different preparation methods. The application of ultrasounds (US) in the preparation method leads to reduced synthesis times and better dispersion of particles characterized by small size and narrower particle size distribution. Consequently, the specific surface area is higher in US-prepared samples compared to materials prepared by classical methods. These modified characteristics are responsible for improving the performances of LDHs used as catalyst precursors, adsorbents of dyes and heavy metals, fire suppressants, and other applications.

The exercise of discretionary power by the administration when it performs regulatory or implementation tasks may be necessary, and sometimes politically expedient. It may, however, undermine business confidence and, more generally, citizens’ allegiance to the political system. It is not therefore surprising that many governments are implementing policies for reducing or eliminating administrative discretion3. Access to citizenship status is an important prerequisite for enjoying rights and privileges, such as migration and political rights, as well as for developing a sense of identity and belonging. Since the establishment of Union citizenship, all persons who are nationals or citizens of an EU Member State enjoy the status of EU citizenship, which confers on them a number of additional rights and privileges. However, Member States retain full control over who can be recognized as a citizen. In the last years is also a phenomenon in which member states have proposed more liberal policies related to European citizenship acquisition based on the need to revive their economies and finances or also in order to attract more working forces due to their population which is aging quite fast. The objective of this study is to analyze the discretionary power of the administrative institutions and internal policies of member states in according their citizenship in relation to their obligations toward European Union mainly after February 2022.

Africa is urbanizing faster than any other continent. This urbanization is more a demographic than an industrial phenomenon, as was the case in Europe. It is accompanied by an increasingly important metropolisation. In Cameroon, metropolisation, understood as the process of the concentration of command functions (political, economic, and cultural) in a small number of cities, mainly affects the cities of Yaoundé (political capital) and Douala (economic capital), with notable consequences. This study aims to analyze death in an urban context. It tackles, from a sociological perspective (sociology of funerals and urban studies), the question of urban vulnerabilities, their production and their reproduction. Based on the issue of death in an urban Cameroonian context, it tries to show how the loss of a loved one and the ensuing funeral can reveal the forms of inequality that structure the lives of certain populations in the Cameroonian urban field, specifically in the city of Douala. The field data that was mobilized comes from a collection carried out expressly for the drafting of this article.

Abstract: The paper addresses relative clause formation in four Chadic languages spoken in the upper north region of Cameroon, namely Musgusm, Masa, Wandela and Giziga. Relative clauses are introduced by a relativizer which agrees in gender and number with the head noun (Masa). In these languages, the unmarked relative position is DP REL and the relativizer modifies DPs. It is argued that the promotion analysis (Schachter 1973, Vergnaud 1974, Kayne 1994 is used to derive relative clause in these languages since wh-relatives aren’t attested in these languages. Furthermore, the accessibility hierarchy devised by Keenan and Comrie is respected in these languages: Subject, Direct Object, Indirect object of pre-or postposition as well as Possessor are relativizable positions in the aforementioned languages. Following Biloa (2013), it is argued that the landing site of relativization is the specifier position of Relative Phrase (RelP) that the head hosts relativizer.

This study assesses the pesticide residues and Polyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination risks associated with the consumption of insects in Togo. The results of this research have shown that Desethylatrazine and Diuron were two herbicides found in some species. Acanthacris ruficornis (Serville, 1839) (Orthoptera: Acrididae) and Imbrasia obscura (Butler, 1878) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) were found to contain Desethylatrazine at 0.320 and 0.640 µg·kg-1 respectively, while Oryctes monoceros (Olivier, 1789) (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and Macrotermes bellicosus (Isoptera: Termitidae) contained Diuron at 0.217 and 0.532 µg·kg-1 respectively. Moreover, Permethrin insecticide was found only in Rhynchophorus phoenicis (Smeathman, 1781) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) at 0.556 µg·kg-1. However, the concentration of Permethrin found in this species is low compared to the maximum residual limit recommended in animalproducts (50 µg·kg-1). Moreover, no species contains more than one pesticide. For PAHs, only Fluoranthene was found in processed Cirina forda (Westwood, 1849) (Lepidoptera: Saturniidae) (0.31 µg·kg-1) at a relatively low concentration compared to the threshold allowed in processed foods (µg·kg-1). According to our results, the insects studied had a low tendency to accumulate pesticides that could pose risks to human health and the culinary methods of insects in Togo do not lead to the formation of PAHs.

Résumé : Le traitement de la figure du personnage du héros remonte, historiquement, à la littérature antique. De personnage demiurge, doué de pouvoirs extraordinaires et incarnation de la vertu dans la société, le héros littéraire est devenu au fil des siècles un personnage quelconque, un être de papier parmi tant d’autres, au point d’incarner souvent la figure de la déchéance morale dans la diégèse. Le Pain nu s’adosse à cette approche dévaluative vulgarisée par Mohamed CHOUKRI à travers son héros juvénile livré à la sexualité déviante. Mineur, il s’adonne à des pratiques sexuelles comme la zoophilie, la sodomie, le voyeurisme, la masturbation, le viol. Toutes ces pratiques péjoratives l’inscrivent résolument dans la déconstruction de la figure du héros juvénile positif, jusque-là absente dans la littérature romanesque maghrébine. Mots-clés : sexualité, héros juvénile, avatars, déconstruction, figure

n emerging countries, information technology (IT) and access to financial services (AFS) are critical determinants determining household income. However, little is known about how IT and AFS work together to increase home wellbeing. This research aims to look into the influence of access to financial services in mediating the impact of IT on household income in Ghana. The study investigates the role of social networks as a moderator in the IT-AFS interaction. A multi-stage sampling strategy was used to collect data from 478 farmers for this study. The study discovered that having access to technology and financial services increases household income. Due to the mediation role of access to financial services, the positive impact of access to IT on household income was also proven. The variable, social network, influenced these mechanisms. This research shows how having access to technology and financial inclusion can help people get out of poverty. This work adds to the body of knowledge. The paper includes policies for ensuring IT and AFS development to improve the welfare of rural households.

Characterisation of the strawberry (fragaria vesca) growing system in the peri-urban areas of the city of Ouagadougou (Burkina Faso). Burkina Faso is one of the main strawberry producing countries in West Africa. Cultivated in the provinces of Kadiogo, Houet and Boulgou, it is a speciality of the country. However, this crop does not benefit from technical support from research structures. Today, with the economic growth of West African countries, its demand could therefore increase. This study, conducted on the Boulmiougou site, aimed to characterise the strawberry cultivation system in order to improve knowledge of the species and highlight its potential. To this end, a survey was conducted among 31 strawberry producers. The results of the study indicate that the current knowledge of strawberry cultivation is based on many years of experience of the producers. Indeed, the cultivation practices adopted do not follow any established technical itinerary with derisory means of production. Strawberry cultivation is not very widespread and is practised on the edges of the lowlands, on an average area of 0.24 ha per producer. Its production is limited because its clientele is restricted to the wealthy classes.

Agricultural research in Ghana has resulted in a number of innovations targeted at increasing the productivity of small agricultural businesses. However, none of these studies has investigated the factors that influence the adoption of technological innovation in Ghanaian agriculture businesses. Hence, this study examine the factors that influence the adoption of technological innovation in Ghanaian agribusinesses. Structural equation modeling was used to examine data collected from 1526 agribusiness employees in Ghana using a convenience sampling technique and a questionnaire survey. The findings indicate that internal, and external factors have an impact on information and communication technology (ICT), and new materials and technology (NM & NT), but no or little impact on biotechnology (BT) respectively. Also, the study reveal that human capital factors have a substantial impact on ICT, BT, and NM & NT. Lastly, the findings show that ICT, BT, and NM & NT have a positive and significant impact on technological innovation. The study underscores the need for agribusinesses to focus on internal and human capital factors since they increase employees' productivity and efficiency.

The underlying uncertainty in digital humanities research data affects decision-making and persists during a project’s lifecycle. This uncertainty is inevitable since most empirical claims cannot be assessed against an absolute truth (Drucker 2011; Binder et al. 2014). This situation has been previously recognized together with the need to report the degrees of uncertainty that accompany such claims (Blau 2011). Although TEI makes it possible to annotate text with notions of certainty or precision, examples of actual projects taking advantage of this are scarce. There are many possible explanations for uncertainty’s lack of visibility in computationally supported humanities research; among them, the need for tools specifically designed to address the goal of defining and managing uncertainty stands out. Thus, efforts to provide technical support for humanities research should focus on managing and making uncertainty more transparent, rather than removing it. Another challenge is the fact that there is no agreement on a generic taxonomy for the different types of uncertainty that researchers may face. Various researchers across disciplines, working on varying projects and data sets, can use different categories to classify the uncertainties present in a particular case. In this paper, we introduce a collaborative platform for collective annotation of TEI data sets. We briefly present the flexible taxonomy of uncertainty used in the platform and describe two data sets used for its testing. Then we describe use cases of annotations available on the platform, and how they translate into TEI annotations. Creating and interpreting annotations with and without uncertainty should now be easier, especially for researchers who do not know TEI markup.

Four magnesium–aluminum mixed oxides were synthesized by the hydrotalcite route using four modifying agents (three surfactants: glucose, CTAB, and P123, as well as silica SBA-15), and then calcined at 550 °C. Physicochemical characterizations were conducted before and after calcination. X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential thermal and gravimetric analyses (DTA/TGA), and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the hydrotalcite structure was obtained even in the presence of a modifying agent. This structure was converted into mixed oxides upon calcination where the pore size distribution was more homogeneous in the presence of a modifying agent. Nickel was impregnated on these oxides and then the catalytic performances of the obtained catalysts were tested in the dry reforming of methane as a model for biogas reforming. In our conditions, the catalyst based on SBA-15 did not show any catalytic activity whereas good catalytic activities and high carbon balances were obtained for the samples prepared with the three surfactants. The effect of a surfactant is mainly the slight enhancement of the carbon balance due to higher nickel species dispersion. It is suggested to put into evidence this slight enhancement by time on stream studies, where the formation of a lower amount of carbon and longer lifetime for catalysts elaborated with surfactants is expected.

Array

Lexical data has been key in attempts to reconstruct the early history of the banana (Musa sp.) in Africa. Previous language-based approaches to the introduction and dispersal of this staple crop of Asian origin have suffered from the absence of well-established genealogical classifications and inadequate historical-linguistic analysis. We therefore focus in this article on West-Coastal Bantu (WCB), one specific branch within the Bantu family whose genealogy and diachronic phonology are well established. We reconstruct three distinct banana terms to Proto-West-Coastal Bantu (PWCB), i.e. *dɪ̀‑ŋkòndò/*mà‑ŋkòndò ‘plantain’, *dɪ̀‑ŋkò/*mà‑ŋkò ‘plantain’ and *kɪ̀‑túká/*bì‑túká ‘bunch of bananas’. From this new historical-linguistic evidence we infer that AAB Plantains, one of Africa’s two major cultivar subgroups, already played a key role in the subsistence economy of the first Bantu speakers who assumedly migrated south of the rainforest around 2500 years ago. We furthermore analyze four innovations that emerged after WCB started to spread from its interior homeland in the Kasai-Kamtsha region of Congo-Kinshasa towards the Atlantic coast, i.e. dɪ̀‑kòndè ‘plantain’, kɪ̀‑tébè ‘starchy banana’, banga ‘False Horn plantain’, and dɪ̀‑tòtò ‘sweet banana’. Finally, we assess the historical implications of these lexical retentions and innovations both within and beyond WCB and sketch some perspectives for future lexicon-based banana research. Note: Changes were made to the title of this article after publication, on 9/20/2021.

Este artículo cuestiona a partir de una postura sociocrítica el estatuto de la representación articulada con la Historia, refiriéndose a la noción de episteme tal como la plantea Michel Foucault en Las palabras y las cosas, y de la cual discrepa sin embargo, ateniéndose más bien, con el término de estructura histórica, a una perspectiva holística que permite sobrepasar una sencilla periodización cultural.

INTRODUCTION: L´hépatite B est un problème mondial de santé publique. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la prévalence et les facteurs associés au portage du virus de l´hépatite B (VHB) à l´occasion d´un dépistage de masse dans plusieurs localités réparties sur le territoire béninois. METHODES: il s´agissait d´une étude transversale descriptive et analytique avec une collecte prospective de données. Cette collecte avait eu lieu du 20 au 28 juillet 2019 à l´occasion d´un dépistage volontaire gratuit de l´hépatite B organisé au Bénin par les Club Rotary sur 23 sites répartis sur tout le territoire national. Un test rapide d´orientation diagnostique avait été utilisé pour la détection de l´Antigène HBs. RESULTATS: en tout, 9035 volontaires étaient inclus, pour la plupart de nationalité Béninoise (99%), avec un âge médian de 27 ans, dont 51,1% de célibataires et principalement des écoliers, élèves ou étudiants (37,9%). La séroprévalence du VHB était de 6% (545/9035) [IC95%, 5%-6, 5%]. Les facteurs associés au portage de l´Ag HBs étaient, en analyse univariée: l´âge, le sexe, le statut matrimonial, le niveau d´étude, la profession et les antécédents de diabète, de scarification et d´hépatite C; et en analyse multivariée: le sexe, l´âge, et le niveau d´étude. CONCLUSION: la séroprévalence du VHB est de 6% dans la population étudiée. L´infection par le VHB semble toucher volontiers les sujets de sexe masculin, âgés de plus de 17 ans, et ayant un niveau d´étude secondaire.

The article aims to investigate the challenges faced by public school principals in implementing Integrated School Sport Framework (2011) within Mgwenya Circuit in Mbombela Local Municipality, Mpumalanga, South Africa. To achieve this goal, the study applied quantitative research approach and case study methodology targeting. The targeted population and subsequently participants are the 26 principals of these 26 Mgwenya Circuit schools. Because of the small population size, the population was taken as a whole. It could be argued that at national sport level, we will continue to have less black African players if schools which are at grassroots level fail to identify, develop and nurture talent. The findings indicate that a majority of respondents agreed that the budget for school sport is inadequate and many schools are characterized by poor or no facilities. In addition the majority of respondents also agreed that schools do not have dedicated trainers and coaches and that makes development and nurturing of talent difficult. Interestingly and proving the earlier assumptions wrong, majority of schools have developed sport policies as per framework requirements, however their implementation was very poor. As a consequence many do not integrate sport activities into the school calendar or year plan.