3,950 results on '"İnsulin"'
Search Results
2. Prise en charge anesthésique du chien et du chat diabétiques.
- Author
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Manjon-Aspe, Ada and Marotto, Stéphanie
- Subjects
GLYCEMIC control ,DIABETES ,INSULIN shock ,ANESTHETICS ,COMORBIDITY - Abstract
Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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3. L'insulinorésistance : causes et prise en charge chez le chien et le chat.
- Author
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Menard, Maud
- Abstract
Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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4. Diabète sucré et pancréatites.
- Author
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Mantelli, Morgane
- Abstract
Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Diabète acido-cétosique : diagnostic et prise en charge.
- Author
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Arinal, Pauline and Verwaerde, Patrick
- Abstract
Copyright of Nouveau Praticien Vétérinaire Canine & Féline is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
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6. La place des antidiabétiques oraux dans la prise en charge du diabète gestationnel À propos de 81 cas.
- Author
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Idri, Zakaria, Essaadi, Yousra, Babhabib, My Abdellah, Kouach, Jaouad, and Moussaoui, Driss
- Subjects
- *
HYPOGLYCEMIC agents , *GESTATIONAL diabetes , *PREGNANCY , *NEONATAL mortality , *INSULIN therapy , *GLIBENCLAMIDE , *NEONATAL diseases - Abstract
Gestational diabetes is a common condition during pregnancy; this condition is associated with significant fetal and neonatal morbidity, as well as considerable cost. The management of gestational diabetes was traditionally based on the rules of hygiene and dietetics and insulin therapy. Oral antidiabetic drugs have been gradually introduced into the proposed therapeutic panel and remain a subject of debate among practitioners. Our work aims to comfort the data of the literature on the use of glibenclamide in the treatment of gestational diabetes. Materials and methods: We carried out a prospective cohort involving two groups of patients with gestational diabetes requiring hypoglycemic treatment, the first group receiving glybenclamide (41 patients) and insulin for the second group (40 patients). Results: Our study showed that these two therapies gave comparable results in terms of glycemic balance and neonatal outcomes without increasing the risk of fetal or perinatal complications. Conclusion: Glibenclamide could replace insulin in the treatment of gestational diabetes while recalling that its use during pregnancy remains off-label (marketing authorization). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Sanofi investit 1 Md€ dans l’insuline en Chine….
- Subjects
MUNICIPAL government ,INDUSTRIAL capacity ,PEOPLE with diabetes ,EURO ,INSULIN - Abstract
Copyright of Actulabo is the property of MCM Presse and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2024
8. La place des antidiabétiques oraux dans la prise en charge du diabète gestationnel À propos de 81 cas.
- Author
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Idri, Zakaria, Essaadi, Yousra, Babhabib, My Abdellah, Kouach, Jaouad, and Moussaoui, Driss
- Subjects
GESTATIONAL diabetes ,HYPOGLYCEMIC agents ,INSULIN therapy ,GLUCOSE clamp technique ,PREGNANCY - Abstract
Copyright of Cahiers Santé - Médecine Thérapeutique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
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9. EPIDEMIOLOGY AND PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS INVOLVED IN ALTERATION OF GLOMERULAR FUNCTION IN DIABETIC PATIENTS
- Author
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Marcel STOITA, Areha Abid, Cosmin VESA, Raluca A. CORB ARON, Timea C. GHITEA, Gabriela ANGELESCU, and Amorin POPA
- Subjects
epidemiology ,diabetes ,chronic kidney disease ,glomerular function ,insulin ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Chronic kidney disease of diabetic cause is a highly prevalent complication in diabetes mellitus patients. Complex phenotypes of the disease start to be recognized, such as albuminuria (micro- or macroalbuminuria) and non-albuminuric phenotype reduced glomerular filtration rate
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Prise en compte, détection et gestion des effets des traitements antidiabétiques.
- Author
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Faure, Sébastien
- Abstract
Copyright of Actualités Pharmaceutiques is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
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11. La découverte de l'insuline 1921–1922 : un saut dans la recherche biomédicale.
- Author
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Rostène, William
- Subjects
NOBEL Prizes ,PANCREAS ,INSULIN ,DIABETES - Abstract
Copyright of Biologie Aujourd'hui is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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12. Does metformin play a role in the treatment of acne?
- Author
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Ana Maria A. STANESCU, Ioana V. GRAJDEANU, Daniela MIRICESCU, Bogdan SERBAN, Horia LAZARESCU, Florin BREZAN, and Andrei KOZMA
- Subjects
acne ,metformin ,insulin ,Medicine ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Although a common condition, acne is a complex condition that involves chronic inflammation and hyperkeratosis of the hair follicles, increased sebum secretion, and colonization of Propionibacterium acnes. Metformin has been found to play a role in acne, particularly hormonal acne. Our goal is to review the relevant studies and their results following metformin administration in patients with acne.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Insulin injection technique in the western region of Algeria, Tlemcen
- Author
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Mohammed Nassim Boukli Hacene, Meriem Saker, Amina Youcef, Soumia Koudri, Souad Cheriet, Hafida Merzouk, Ali Lounici, and Nimer Alkhatib
- Subjects
diabetes ,insulin ,injection technique ,injection site ,pen needle length ,Medicine - Abstract
INTRODUCTION: Algeria has more than 1.7 million diabetic patients on to whom a descriptive assessment particularly on the insulin usage behaviors has not yet been initiated, although is needed. This study aims to provide a descriptive analysis of how Algerian diabetic patients perceive and apply insulin injection techniques. METHODS: using the “patient” questionnaire within the Injection Technique Questionnaire (ITQ) 2016 survey, this study assessed the insulin injection practices of 100 patients recruited over a seven-month period in western Algeria at the Tlemcen University Hospital Center. The results of this study are compared to those of the ITQ 2016 survey. RESULTS: pens are the instruments of injection for 98% of Algerians who continue to use mostly long needles of 6- and 8-mm, although 4mm needles are the recommended safer option. Insulin analogues (fast and basal) are plebiscite. Arms and thighs are the preferred injection sites; the abdomen (the preferred site elsewhere) is neglected for reasons to be investigated. The correct re-suspension technique for cloudy insulin is unknown. Extensive pen needle re-use (10+ times) for over half of the patients exposes them to both higher intramuscular (IM) injection risk and lipohypertrophy (LH). Injection training is performed in Algeria by the diabetologist. CONCLUSION: this study describes for the first time Algerian patients´ insulin injection technique. It highlights their skills and identifies many deficiencies which patients and professionals must correct given the issues in this area.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Congenital hyperinsulinsim: case report and review of literature
- Author
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Brahim El Hasbaoui, Abdelhkim Elyajouri, Rachid Abilkassem, and Aomar Agadr
- Subjects
congenital hyperinsulinism ,neonatal hypoglycemia ,insulin ,gene mutations ,Medicine - Abstract
Neonatal hypoglycemia (NH) is one of the most common abnormalities encountered in the newborn. Hypoglycemia continues to be an important cause of morbidity in neonates and children. Prompt diagnosis and management of the underlying hypoglycemia disorder is critical for preventing brain damage and improving outcomes. Congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI) is the most common and severe cause of persistent hypoglycemia in neonates and children, it represents a group of clinically, genetically and morphologically heterogeneous disorders characterised by dysregulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic ?-cells. It is extremely important to recognize this condition early and institute appropriate management to prevent significant brain injury leading to complications like epilepsy, cerebral palsy and neurological impairment. Histologically, CHI is divided mainly into two types focal and diffuse disease. The diffuse form is inherited in an autosomal recessive (or dominant) manner whereas the focal form is sporadic in inheritance and is localized to a small region of the pancreas. Recent discoveries of the genetic causes of CHI have improved our understanding of the pathophysiology, but its management is complex and requires the integration of clinical, biochemical, molecular, and imaging findings to establish the appropriate treatment according to the subtype. Here we present a case of sever Congenital hyperinsulinism in a girl admitted for lethargy, irritability and general seizures accompanied with profound hypoglycemia, in spite of aggressive medical treatment, she died because of sever congenital hyperinsulinism diazoxide unresponsive.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
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15. Linseed intake associated with mediterranean diet improves hyperglycemia and blood pressure in west algerian patients with metabolic syndrome
- Author
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BEKKOUCHE L., BOUKORTT F., and AIT YAHIA D.
- Subjects
Metabolic syndrome ,Linseed grains ,Mediterranean diet ,Blood pressure ,glycemia ,HbA1c ,Insulin ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 - Abstract
Introduction. Linseed grains are vegetable molecules with strong antioxidant effect, whith reduced risk for developing high blood pressure (HBP) and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Moreover, by their richness in alpha-linoleic acid, the precursor of Omega-3, linseed grains allow a low level in plasma total cholesterol (TC) and triglycerides (TG). Objective. To evaluate the effect of daily consumption of linseed grains associated with the Mediterranean diet (MD) on hyperglycemia and hypertension in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). Population and Methods. Thirty six patients with MS and 18 witnesses were recruited. Patients followed the MD for 3 months with linseed supplementation. Anthropometric parameters, blood pressure and glucose homeostasis were determined before and after 3 months of the study. Results. Patients presented obesity and altered anthropometric profile, hypertension, increased glucose, insulin, HbA1c, insulin resistance and hypertriglyceridemia, compared to controls. After 3 months follow-up, a reduction in total energy intake, carbohydrates, simple carbohydrates, animal proteins, saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated FA, cholesterol, 6/3 ratio and increase in proteins, fats, complex carbohydrates, vegetable proteins, monounsaturated FA (MUFA) 3 fats and fibers, were noted. Moreover, weight loss, improvement of anthropometric parameters, reduction of hypertension, glucose (36%), insulin (22%), HbA1c (32%), increase in HOMA-IR (31%) and insulin were observed, compared to baseline. In parallel, a reduction of TC (28%) and triglycerides (28%) was noted. Conclusion. Linseed grains, in association with MD, induces antihypertensive and hypoglycemic effects in MS patients.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A case of insulin antibody-mediated insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes treated by glucocorticoid
- Author
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Ben Salah Dhoha, Nabila Rekik, Fatma Mnif, Mouna Elleuch, Mouna Mnif, and Mohamed Abid
- Subjects
diabetes mellitus ,glucocorticoids ,insulin ,insulin antibody ,insulin resistance ,Medicine - Abstract
The syndromes of severe insulin resistance (IR), although rare, are very interesting and clinically important. It causes a deterioration of the glycemic control, despite the very high dose of insulin. One of the rarest etiologies is autoimmunity especially the production of insulin autoantibody. We report the case of a 61-year-old woman with a history of type 2 diabetes for 10 years. She has reported a deterioration of her glycemic control despite an increase in the dose of insulin up to 200U/day (d). The clinical examination was without particularity. There was no history of drug intake. A high titer of insulin antibodies was detected in the serum 77.6%. Prednisolone was administered with a dose of 0,5mg/Kg/d for 1month. The dosage was tapered 5mg at 15 days intervals until 5mg/d. Insulin requirement decreased by 66% and glycemic control was reached. The treatment of antibody-mediated IR is not standardized; corticosteroid therapy often gives good results.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. [Tomorrow, what evolutions in diabetes?]
- Author
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Joubert M
- Subjects
- Humans, Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring, Artificial Intelligence, Blood Glucose, Insulin, Hypoglycemic Agents, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 therapy
- Abstract
TOMORROW, WHAT EVOLUTIONS IN DIABETES ? Diabetes care has undergone a major digital nutation over the past decade. The devices used to treat and monitor patients with diabetes are increasingly "connected", generating large amounts of data. These data, hosted in clouds, facilitate the development of remote monitoring and teleconsultations in diabetology. The advent of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and insulin pumps has also enabled the development of control algorithms (known as "hybrid closed loops" (HCL) thhat automatically modulate insulin pump delivery rate according to real-time CGM data, in order to maintain glucose level in the normal range. HCL have proved high efficacy for patients with type 1 diabetes and are currently being assessed for other insulin-requiring diabetes type. Artificial intelligence (AI), which is currently being developed for all human actiiviities, also concerns diabetology, with a wide range of future applications in screening, diagnosis, therapy, support and research., Competing Interests: L'auteur déclare être consultant, orateur et/ou avoir des partenariats scientifiques avec Abbott, Air Liquide Santé International, Amgen, Asdia, Astrazeneca, Bayer, BMS, Boehringer-Ingelheim, Dexcom, Dinno Santé, Glooko, Insulet, Lifescan, Lilly, LVL médical, Medtronic, MSD, Nestle, HomeCare, Novonordisk, Organon, Orkyn, Roche Diabetes, Sanofi, Tandem, Vitalaire et Voluntis.
- Published
- 2024
18. EVALUATION DE LA GLUCONEOGENESE CHEZ LE DROMADAIRE (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS).
- Author
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BARHOUMI, K. and SOUILEM, O.
- Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the neoglucogenic capacity in camel and was carried out on six 3 years old male dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius), weighting around 300 kg. Two dynamic tests were performed; intravenously and orally. The infusion concerned some precursors of gluconeogenesis such as propionate and propylene glycol and, to a lesser degree, the acetate. Oral administration interested, glucose, fructose and sucrose. The results of this study show that, during both tests, blood glucose rises and remains at a high value for a longer period compared to other conventional ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
19. Prise en charge de l’hyperkaliémie aux urgences.
- Author
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Lemoine, L., Legrand, M., Potel, G., Rossignol, P., and Montassier, E.
- Abstract
Copyright of Annales Françaises de Médecine d'Urgence is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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20. Conversations et réactions autour de l'hypoglycémie sévère
- Subjects
Severe hypoglycemia ,Caregivers ,Cross-sectional survey ,Diabetes ,Insulin ,Glucagon - Abstract
Aim: The objective of the CRASH (Conversations and Reactions Around Severe Hypoglycemia) survey was to further our understanding of the characteristics, experience, behavior and conversations with healthcare professionals (HCPs) of people with diabetes (PWD) receiving insulin, and of caregivers (CGs) caring for such people, concerning hypoglycemia requiring external assistance (severe hypoglycemic events [SHEs]). Methods: CRASH was an online cross-sectional survey conducted across eight countries. PWD with self-reported type 1 (T1D) or insulin-treated type 2 (T2D) diabetes were aged ≥ 18 years and had experienced one or more SHEs in the past 3 years; CGs were non-medical professionals aged ≥ 18 years, caring for PWD meeting all the above criteria except for PWD age (≥ 4 rather than ≥ 18 years). The present report is a descriptive analysis of data from France. Results: Among PWD who had ever discussed SHEs with an HCP, 38.9% of T1D PWD and 50.0% of T2D PWD reported that SHEs were discussed at every consultation; 26.3% and 8.8%, respectively, had not discussed the most recent SHE with an HCP. In total, 35.7% of T1D PWD and 53.8% of T2D PWD reported that glucagon was not available to them at the time of their most recent SHE. Only 16.9% of T1D PWD and 6.5% of T2D PWD who had discussed their most recent SHE with an HCP reported that the HCP recommended obtaining a glucagon kit or asked them to confirm that they already had one. High proportions of PWD and CGs reported that the most recent SHE had made them feel unprepared, scared and helpless and had affected mood, emotional state and activities. Conclusion: CRASH survey data from France identify a need for greater discussion about SHEs between HCPs and PWD and the CGs of such people, and reveal gaps in the diabetes education of PWDs and CGs.
- Published
- 2022
21. Alzheimer’s disease as a metabolic disorder
- Author
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Bloom George S. and Norambuena Andrés
- Subjects
amyloid-β ,tau ,mTOR ,insulin ,mitochondria ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is defined by memory loss and cognitive impairment, along with the accumulation in brain of two types of abnormal structures, extracellular amyloid plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles. Both plaques and tangles are composed predominantly of poorly soluble filaments that respectively assemble from amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and the neuron-specific, microtubule-associated protein, tau. It is now widely acknowledged that soluble oligomers of Aβ and tau, the building blocks of plaques and tangles, are principal drivers of AD pathogenesis by acting coordinately to impair and destroy synapses, and kill neurons. The behavioral features of AD are a direct consequence of these attacks on synapses and neuronal viability, which in turn reflect a reduced capacity of AD neurons to utilize energy sources needed to maintain neuronal function and vitality. In other words, AD neurons are starving, even when they may be surrounded by abundant nutrients. Here, we review some of the evidence for the metabolic deficiencies of neurons in AD and how they impact neuronal health.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. [Obstetrics and Gynecology. Management and screening for gestational diabetes : what's new in 2023].
- Author
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Le Tinier B, Jornayvaz FR, and Hoesli I
- Subjects
- Pregnancy, Female, Humans, Insulin, Obesity diagnosis, Obesity epidemiology, Obesity therapy, Gynecology, Diabetes, Gestational diagnosis, Diabetes, Gestational therapy, Obstetrics
- Abstract
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is becoming increasingly common as a result of the increase in overweight, obesity and maternal age among pregnant women. As a result, in order to provide early hygienic and dietary management, it is recommended that targeted screening be carried out in the first trimester of pregnancy, based on the identification of risk factors in women. In the absence of risk factors, screening for gestational diabetes should be carried out for all pregnant women between 24 and 28 weeks' gestation. During pregnancy, the safest pharmacological treatment remains insulin, and the term of delivery should take account of additional risk factors, insulin requirements, fœtal growth kinetics and the balance of GDM. In the longer term, gestational diabetes should be regarded as a metabolic and cardiovascular warning sign., Competing Interests: Les auteurs n’ont déclaré aucun conflit d’intérêts en relation avec cet article.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. [Normoglycaemic ketoacidosis induced by the use of sglt2 inhibitors : impact of intense physiological stress and fasting].
- Author
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Bayoudh S, Douws T, and Canivet JL
- Subjects
- Humans, Fasting adverse effects, Insulin, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 drug therapy, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 complications, Diabetic Ketoacidosis chemically induced, Diabetic Ketoacidosis complications, Diabetic Ketoacidosis diagnosis, Hyperglycemia chemically induced, Ketosis chemically induced, Ketosis complications, Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors adverse effects
- Abstract
Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes that only occurs in cases of absolute or severe relative insulin deficiency. This condition is rare in type 2 diabetes. The use of gliflozin during intense physiological stress associated with fasting can lead to the development of ketoacidosis without severe hyperglycaemia. The diagnosis of this normoglycaemic or euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in the context of type 2 diabetes may be challenging. The treatment of metabolic acidosis cannot rely solely on symptomatic measures such as bicarbonate infusion. The demonstration of metabolic acidosis necessitates the search for an etiological diagnosis. The calculation of the anion gap is the cornerstone of the pathophysiological diagnosis of metabolic acidosis. In the context of diabetes, the occurrence of metabolic acidosis of unknown etiology requires its calculation and systematic measurement of ketones, even in the absence of severe hyperglycaemia. Only the etiological treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, which is insulin therapy, allows for the lasting restoration of acid-base balance. Normoglycaemic ketoacidosis induced by the use of gliflozin during intense physiological stress associated with fasting should therefore be a recognized situation by healthcare providers.
- Published
- 2024
24. EVALUATION DE LA GLUCONEOGENESE CHEZ LE DROMADAIRE (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS).
- Author
-
BARHOUMI, K. and SOUILEM, O.
- Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the neoglucogenic capacity in camel and was carried out on six 3 years old male dromedaries (Camelus dromedarius), weighting around 300 kg. Two dynamic tests were performed; intravenously and orally. The infusion concerned some precursors of gluconeogenesis such as propionate and propylene glycol and, to a lesser degree, the acetate. Oral administration interested, glucose, fructose and sucrose. The results of this study show that, during both tests, blood glucose rises and remains at a high value for a longer period compared to other conventional ruminants (cattle, sheep, goat). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
25. Accès aux soins et aux traitements pour le diabète en Afrique : défis et opportunités.
- Author
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Beran, D. and Besançon, S.
- Abstract
Copyright of Médecine et Santé Tropicales is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. [Residual insulin secretion and management of type 1 diabetes: Interest of new C-peptide assays]
- Author
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Caroline, Coune and Nicolas, Paquot
- Subjects
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ,C-Peptide ,Insulin Secretion ,Disease Progression ,Quality of Life ,Humans ,Insulin - Abstract
Plasma C-peptide represents a direct measure of endogenous insulin secretion. The development of new assays for measuring C-peptide have made it possible to demonstrate that a low insulin secretion persists in 30 to 80% of subjects with type 1 diabetes (T1D), even among those with long-standing disease. Several studies have established that the persistence of B cell function of the islets of Langerhans is associated with a protection against the development of microvascular complications and resulted in a significant reduction in the prevalence of severe hypoglycaemia in people with T1D. Further studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms and the therapeutic strategies that would maintain B-cell function and thus improve the quality of life of patients with T1D.Le peptide-C plasmatique constitue une mesure directe de la sécrétion endogène d’insuline. Le développement de nouveaux dosages du peptide-C a permis de démontrer qu’il persiste chez 30 à 80 % des sujets diabétiques de type 1 (DT1) une faible sécrétion d’insuline, même sur le long terme. Plusieurs études ont établi que la persistance de la fonction B des îlots de Langerhans était associée à une protection contre le développement des complications microvasculaires et engendrait une réduction significative de la prévalence des hypoglycémies sévères chez les personnes DT1. Mais des études complémentaires sont encore nécessaires afin de préciser les mécanismes physiopathologiques sous-jacents et les stratégies thérapeutiques qui permettraient de maintenir la fonction de la cellule B et d’améliorer ainsi la qualité de vie des sujets avec un DT1.
- Published
- 2022
27. [Renewed interest for the control of post-prandial hyperglycaemia]
- Author
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Antoine, Vandelaer, Michael, Joubert, and Jean-Christophe, Philips
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Diabetes Complications ,Glycated Hemoglobin ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ,Hyperglycemia ,Diabetes Mellitus ,Quality of Life ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Insulin ,Postprandial Period - Abstract
Postprandial hyperglycaemia (PPH) may sometimes be relegated to the background in the treatment of diabetic patients, while its control seems important if not essential to reach an adequate overall glycaemic control. PPH is correlated with glycated haemoglobin and diabetic complications. It is also identified as a cardiovascular risk factor. PPH's monitoring and adequate control are not only a therapeutic goal for diabetes itself but also for reducing associated adverse outcomes other than diabetic complications. PPH is related to the quality of life of patients. Continuous glucose monitoring allows a better appraisal of PPH. The use of new insulin formulations as ultra-fast insulins seems to be the better way to manage post-prandial blood glucose peaks.L’hyperglycémie postprandiale (HGPP) peut parfois passer au second plan lors de la prise en charge globale du patient diabétique. Néanmoins, sa maîtrise est indispensable pour obtenir un équilibre glycémique global optimal. L’HGPP est corrélée à l’hémoglobine glyquée ainsi qu’aux complications du diabète. Elle semble également jouer un rôle par rapport au risque cardiovasculaire. Outre son intérêt dans la prise en charge thérapeutique du diabète proprement dit, l’HGPP doit être maîtrisée en raison de son lien avec d’autres conséquences médicales et de son impact négatif sur la qualité de vie des patients. Le monitoring continu du glucose permet une meilleure appréciation de l’HGPP. Les nouvelles insulines ultra-rapides paraissent être les molécules les plus adéquates pour réduire, au mieux et au plus vite, l’HGPP.
- Published
- 2022
28. L’imaginaire thérapeutique des chocs à l’insuline
- Author
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Fournout, Coline
- Subjects
insulin ,thérapeutique ,philosophie féministe ,soin ,régression ,feminist philosophy ,history of psychiatry ,therapeutics ,regression ,care ,histoire de la psychiatrie ,maternage ,insuline ,mothering - Abstract
Le présent article étudie les chocs à l’insuline dans la psychiatrie française au prisme de la philosophie féministe. L’objectif est de mettre en évidence la logique thérapeutique de ce type de traitement utilisé massivement des années 1930 à la fin des années 1950, en montrant comment le genre informe la conception de ce qui soigne. La philosophie féministe se concentre en général sur la pathologisation des femmes ou des minorités de genre, ainsi que la production matérielle et symbolique des déviances sexuelles, c’est-à-dire l’inscription des personnes psychiatrisées dans les rapports sociaux de genre. Dans une optique un peu différente, l’enjeu théorique de cet article est de questionner la manière dont le genre est mobilisé comme catégorie essentielle du processus thérapeutique. L’article propose ainsi de parcourir l’imaginaire épistémologique des chocs à l’insuline à travers deux tropes discursifs centraux de cet imaginaire, le maternage et la régression, et l’image de la reproduction que ces derniers mobilisent. Les chocs à l’insuline ne forment donc pas seulement un dispositif genré, important les rapports sociaux de genre à l’intérieur de l’hôpital, mais un dispositif de genre, c’est-à-dire qui produit la norme de genre sur un plan à la fois matériel et discursif. Dans le sillage des travaux féministes sur le genre de la science, l’objectif est d’ouvrir quelques pistes de réflexion sur la définition du thérapeutique dans la philosophie féministe, tout en contribuant à une réflexion sur les usages féministes possibles de la psychiatrie et son histoire. The article examines insulin shock therapy in French psychiatry through the lens of feminist philosophy. In order to highlight the therapeutic logic of this type of treatment, used massively from the 1930s through the end of the 1950s, it shows how gender informs the conception of what heals. Feminist philosophy generally focuses on the pathologizing of women or gender minorities, as well as on the material and symbolic production of sexual deviance, i.e. on the inscription of psychiatric patients in social gender relations. My perspective is slightly different, in that I am questioning, on a theoretical level, the way in which gender is used as an essential category of the therapeutic process. I thus propose to explore the epistemological imaginary of insulin shock therapy through two crucial discursive tropes of this imaginary, mothering and regression, and the image of reproduction that they mobilize. Insulin shock therapy appears not only as a gendered device, importing gender relations within the hospital, but also as a gendering device, i.e. producing the gender norm both materially and discursively. In the wake of feminist works on the gender of science, I attempt to open up some lines of reflection about the definition of the therapeutic in feminist philosophy, and to contribute to an ongoing reflection on how feminist scholars could use psychiatry and its history.
- Published
- 2022
29. [Insulin allergy: how to manage it?]
- Author
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Sana, Karimzadeh, Stéphanie, Andrade Lopes, Danièle, Allali, Haïg, Nigolian, François R, Jornayvaz, and Karim, Gariani
- Subjects
Drug Hypersensitivity ,Humans ,Insulin ,Allergens ,Immunoglobulin E - Abstract
Insulin allergy is a rare entity, complex to manage. Several types of hypersensitivity reaction are described, depending on the allergens (insulin itself vs additives). Type I, so-called immediate, IgE-mediated reactions are the most common. Their management requires a careful history and examination, as well as an allergological consult. If an IgE-mediated allergy is confirmed, insulin avoidance is recommended whenever possible. If insulin treatment is mandatory, another type of insulin may be offered. In case of failure, desensitization should be discussed, either via a dedicated protocol, or via insulin pump. In this article, we summarize the available data from the literature.L’allergie à l’insuline est une entité rare, complexe à prendre en charge. Plusieurs types de réactions d’hypersensibilité sont décrits, selon les agents allergènes (insuline même vs additifs). Les réactions de type I, dites immédiates, IgE (immunoglobulines E) médiées sont les plus fréquentes. Leur prise en charge nécessite une anamnèse et un examen minutieux, ainsi qu’un avis allergologique. En cas de confirmation d’allergie IgE médiée, une éviction des insulines est dans la mesure du possible recommandée. Si la poursuite des traitements insuliniques est inévitable, un autre type d’insuline peut être proposé. En cas d’échec, une induction de tolérance devrait être discutée, soit via un protocole dédié, soit via la mise sous pompe à insuline. Nous résumons dans cet article les données de la littérature à disposition.
- Published
- 2022
30. [Rapid and ultrarapid insulins: when and how?]
- Author
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Yann, Vuignier, Anne, Wojtusciszyn, and Christophe, Kosinski
- Subjects
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ,Insulin Infusion Systems ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Insulin - Abstract
Treatment combining long-acting and short-acting insulins is essential for people with type 1 diabetes, but may become also compulsory in other forms of diabetes in case of insulinopenia. The purpose of short-acting insulins is to mimic physiological insulin secretion in response to carbohydrate intake at meals. There is a delay between the injection and its action, sometimes limiting their use and effectiveness. Ultra-rapid insulins have been developed to more closely approximate the expected insulin response to a meal, through faster absorption. They do not improve diabetes control but allow more flexibility with mealtime injections. These new analogues are also an attractive alternative for use in insulin pumps.Un traitement combinant insulines lente et rapide est essentiel pour les personnes avec un diabète de type 1, mais peut le devenir dans d’autres formes de diabète en cas d’insulinopénie. Le but des insulines rapides est de mimer la sécrétion physiologique d’insuline en réponse à la prise de glucides aux repas. Il y a un délai entre l’injection et son action, limitant parfois leur usage et leur efficacité. Des insulines ultrarapides ont été développées pour se rapprocher davantage de la réponse insulinique attendue à un repas, grâce à une absorption plus rapide. Elles n’améliorent pas le contrôle du diabète mais permettent plus de flexibilité avec les injections aux repas. Ces nouveaux analogues sont également une alternative intéressante pour une utilisation dans les pompes à insuline.
- Published
- 2022
31. Nouveaux hypoglycémiants injectables pour le diabète de type 2: Première partie: les insulines basales.
- Author
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Gerson, Michel
- Abstract
During the therapeutic escalation of type 2 diabetes, basal insulin is often the first injectable drug prescribed after years of oral treatment. In the 2000s, slow analogues of the insulin, glargine and then detemir, were sold on the market, largely supplanting NPH insulin. Since 2016, the French prescriber has three new specialties: a biosimilar (i.e. a quasi-copy) of glargine, Abasaglar1; a three times more concentrated glargine, Toujeo1; Xutolphy1 which is the combination of a new longer-acting analogue, insulin degludec with a GLP-1 analogue, liraglutide. Assessing the risk of hypoglycemia is a key element in the proper use of basal insulins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Comment gérer la progression calorique lors de la renutrition.
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Tappy, Luc
- Abstract
Résumé Un jeûne total ou une alimentation hypoénergétique prolongée s’accompagnent non seulement d’une diminution de la masse de tissu adipeux, mais aussi d’une forte diminution des stocks de glycogène hépatique et musculaire et d’un catabolisme protéique, associés à une diminution de la masse protoplasmique active de l’organisme. On assiste simultanément à une diminution globale du métabolisme énergétique, ainsi qu’à une diminution de la quantité de nucléotides phosphate intracellulaires. Ces modifications de composition corporelle s’accompagnent d’une contraction des compartiments liquidiens, touchant principalement le compartiment intracellulaire, ainsi que d’une diminution de la quantité corporelle totale de phosphates et de potassium. Lors de la reprise d’un apport nutritionnel, on assiste à une rapide réexpansion du compartiment liquidien intracellulaire, et à un transfert important de potassium, de phosphate et de magnésium du compartiment extracellulaire vers l’intérieur des cellules. Ceci entraîne occasionnellement des troubles sévères de l’homéostasie hydro-électrolytiques et un dysfonctionnement des systèmes cardiocirculatoire et nerveux pouvant représenter un danger vital. Ces effets indésirables d’une renutrition peuvent être prévenus, chez les sujets à risque, par une reprise lente et progressive de l’alimentation, et par un apport systématique de potassium, associé à une administration de phosphates et de magnésium en cas de diminution de leur concentration sanguine. Total or partial starvation decrease both body fat mass and lean body mass. The latter comes along with a spectacular drop in intracellular glycogen and nucleotides phosphate, associated with decreased intracellular fluid volume and total body potassium, magnesium and phosphate pools. Upon renutrition, the provision of carbohydrate and the ensuing hyperinsulinemia cause a swift reversal of cellular hypometabolism, and to a rapid transport of extracellular phosphate, potassium and magnesium into the cells. This is more specifically related administration of carbohydrate and a rapid rise in plasma insulin concentration, which is responsible for an immediate increase in cellular energy metabolism, inhibition of lipid oxidation and stimulation of glycogen synthesis. These phenomenons can be some times at the origin of set of acute hydro-electrolytic imbalances and cardiac and neural dysfunctions known as “the refeeding syndrome”. Occurrence of this syndrome can be largely prevented by a slow, graded administration of energy and carbohydrate upon initiation of refeeding and by the systematic administration of potassium supplement. The initial phase of refeeding also requires a careful monitoring of blood phosphate and magnesium concentrations, with administration of exogenous supplements when required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. [Antidiabetic treatments for the elderly].
- Author
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Picart C, Hoang S, Soudani M, and Charbit J
- Subjects
- Humans, Aged, Hypoglycemic Agents therapeutic use, Blood Glucose
- Abstract
Diabetes is very common in people over 75. A broad arsenal of treatments is now available. It is important, however, to choose the right treatment regimen to suit the patient's specific glycemic targets., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Dietary lipids: less fat or best fat?
- Author
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Chardigny Jean-Michel
- Subjects
lipids ,nutrition ,obesity ,insulin ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
Obesity and overweight occurrence is growing around the word. This is often considered as a consequence of high fat diets, and some recommendations encourage ‘‘light’’ diets, including low fat intake. However, most trials with low fat intake do not demonstrate any benefit and could be worse than low carbohydrate diets. The key role of insulin could explain that eating fat do not make body fat. On the other hand, several unbalanced fatty acid intake are reported, i.e. saturated/mononunsaturated fatty acids and w6/w3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thus, fat intake could be improved in this respect. Moreover, the molecular and supramolecular structures of fat in food are new challenges to address in order to ameliorate the recommendations for healthy diets.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Contraindre, forcer, influencer, coopérer ?
- Author
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Charles, Rodolphe
- Subjects
- *
DECISION making , *DIABETES , *INSULIN , *MEDICAL protocols , *HEALTH care teams - Abstract
The article discusses how the Haute Health Authority (HAS) publishes a recommendation to clarify the model and define the concept of shared decision process. It notes that it completes in 2018 by offering a guide for the variations of the model in the form of tools. It states that the patient insulin dependent diabetic would like to continue carrying weights heavy.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. [The insulin receptor discovery is 50 years old - A review of achieved progress]
- Author
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Pierre, De Meyts
- Subjects
Cryoelectron Microscopy ,Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ,Humans ,Insulin ,Middle Aged ,Receptor, Insulin ,Nobel Prize ,Signal Transduction - Abstract
The isolation of insulin from the pancreas and its purification to a degree permitting its safe administration to type 1 diabetic patients were accomplished 100 years ago at the University of Toronto by Banting, Best, Collip and McLeod and constitute undeniably one of the major medical therapeutic revolutions, recognized by the attribution of the 1923 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Banting and McLeod. The clinical spin off was immediate as well as the internationalization of insulin's commercial production. The outcomes regarding basic research were much slower, in particular regarding the molecular mechanisms of insulin action on its target cells. It took almost a half-century before the determination of the tri-dimensional structure of insulin in 1969 and the characterization of its cell receptor in 1970-1971. The demonstration that the insulin receptor is in fact an enzyme named tyrosine kinase came in the years 1982-1985, and the crystal structure of the intracellular kinase domain 10 years later. The crystal structure of the first intracellular kinase substrate (IRS-1) in 1991 paved the way for the elucidation of the intracellular signalling pathways but it took 15 more years to obtain the complete crystal structure of the extracellular receptor domain (without insulin) in 2006. Since then, the determination of the structure of the whole insulin-receptor complex in both the inactive and activated states has made considerable progress, not least due to recent improvement in the resolution power of cryo-electron microscopy. I will here review the steps in the development of the concept of hormone receptor, and of our knowledge of the structure and molecular mechanism of activation of the insulin receptor.Le récepteur de l’insuline a 50 ans – Revue des progrès accomplis.L’isolement de l’insuline du pancréas et sa purification à un degré suffisant pour permettre son administration à des patients atteints de diabète de type 1 furent accomplis il y a 100 ans à l’Université de Toronto par Banting, Best, Collip et McLeod et représentent sans conteste une des plus grandes révolutions thérapeutiques en médecine, reconnue par l’attribution du Prix Nobel de Physiologie ou Médecine en 1923 à Banting et McLeod. Les retombées cliniques furent rapides ainsi que l’internationalisation de sa production commerciale. Les retombées en matière de recherche fondamentale furent beaucoup plus lentes, en particulier en ce qui concerne les mécanismes moléculaires d’action de l’insuline sur ses cellules cibles. Presque un demi-siècle s’écoula avant la détermination de la structure tri-dimensionnelle de l’insuline en 1969 et la caractérisation de son récepteur cellulaire en 1970–1971. Le fait que le récepteur de l’insuline soit une enzyme appelée tyrosine kinase ne fut démontré que dans les années 1982–1985, et la structure cristallographique du domaine kinase intracellulaire fut déterminée dix ans plus tard. La structure cristallographique du premier substrat intracellulaire de la kinase (IRS-1) en 1991 ouvrira la voie à l’élucidation des voies de signalisation intracellulaires. Il faudra 15 ans de plus avant l’obtention de la structure cristallographique du domaine extracellulaire du récepteur (en l’absence d’insuline) en 2006. Depuis, la détermination de la structure du complexe insuline-récepteur dans les états inactif et activé a fait d’énormes progrès, en particulier grâce aux améliorations récentes dans les pouvoirs de résolution de la cryo-microscopie électronique. Je passerai ici en revue les étapes du développement du concept de récepteur hormonal, et de nos connaissances sur la structure et le mécanisme moléculaire d’activation du récepteur de l’insuline.
- Published
- 2022
37. [One hundred years after the discovery of insulin: a new revolution for patients living with type 1 diabetes?]
- Author
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Sophie, Borot
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ,Insulin Infusion Systems ,Artificial Intelligence ,Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Insulin ,Hypoglycemia - Abstract
The year 2021 saw the 100-year celebration of the discovery of insulin as a treatment for type 1 diabetes, saving lives of people previously condemned by the disease. However, insulin replacement, so different from physiological secretion, remains a challenge. Until the 1990s, people living with type 1 diabetes were treated with two injections of intermediate insulin and prandial regular insulin injections. Their kinetics led to frequent hypoglycemia, justifying meals taken at fixed times, with fixed amount of carbohydrates avoiding fast sugars. The development of rapid and then long acting insulin analogues in the 1990s and 2000s and the principle of patient empowerment have reduced these constraints by introducing the notion of functional insulin therapy, dissociating meals managed by rapid insulins from basal insulin (= insulin for living). Meals can be taken at variable times, with variable carbohydrate content and without food restrictions. But the revolution started 5 years ago, with the development of continuous glucose monitoring systems, freeing the patient from blood glucose controls, coupled thereafter to an insulin pump driven by artificial intelligence in the very recent hybrid closed-loop systems. These systems showed significant glucose control improvement, together with reduction of both the time spent in hypoglycemia and the mental burden on the individual, pending a cure for the disease for the next century.Cent ans après la découverte de l’insuline : une nouvelle révolution pour les patients vivant avec un diabète de type 1 ?L’année 2021 a vu célébrer le centenaire de la découverte de l’insuline comme traitement du diabète de type 1, sauvant la vie de personnes condamnées auparavant par la maladie. La substitution insulinique, tellement différente de la sécrétion physiologique, reste cependant un défi. Jusque dans les années 1990, les personnes vivant avec un diabète de type 1 étaient traitées par deux injections d’insuline intermédiaire, d’une durée d’action de 12 à 16 h, et des injections d’insuline rapide humaine, d’une durée d’action de 7 h environ, dont la cinétique entraînait des hypoglycémies fréquentes justifiant des repas pris à heures fixes, une quantité de glucides fixe et des collations obligatoires en évitant les sucres rapides. Le développement des analogues rapides (durée d’action de 4 h) puis lents (sans pic d’action) de l’insuline dans les années 1990 et 2000 et de l’éducation thérapeutique ont permis un allègement de ces contraintes. Ils ont permis aussi l’essor de l’insulinothérapie fonctionnelle, dissociant les repas, gérés par les insulines rapides, de l’insuline lente (c’est-à-dire l’insuline vitale), permettant des repas à horaires variables, à contenus variables et sans restriction d’aliments. Mais la grande révolution vient de ces cinq dernières années, avec l’apparition des capteurs de mesure du glucose en continu, libérant le patient des contrôles glycémiques capillaires, couplés par la suite à une pompe à insuline pilotée par une intelligence artificielle dans les systèmes très récents de boucle fermée hybride. Ces systèmes permettent une amélioration majeure du contrôle de la glycémie, en réduisant à la fois le temps passé en hypoglycémie et la charge mentale de la personne.
- Published
- 2022
38. [Hypoglycemia in children]
- Author
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Kevin, Perge and Marc, Nicolino
- Subjects
Blood Glucose ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1 ,Humans ,Hypoglycemic Agents ,Insulin ,Child ,Hypoglycemia - Published
- 2022
39. Conversations et réactions autour de l'hypoglycémie sévère:enquête internationale auprès de patients ayant un DT1 ou un DT2 et d'aidants: résultats de la cohorte française
- Author
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Chevalier, Nicolas, Penfornis, Alfred, Riveline, Jean-Pierre, Chartier, Florence, Mitchell, Beth, Osumili, Beatrice, Spaepen, Erik, Snoek, Frank, Peyrot, Mark, Benabbad, Imane, Medical psychology, APH - Health Behaviors & Chronic Diseases, APH - Mental Health, Amsterdam Reproduction & Development (AR&D), and Medical Psychology
- Subjects
Severe hypoglycemia ,Caregivers ,Cross-sectional survey ,Diabetes ,Insulin ,Glucagon - Abstract
Aim: The objective of the CRASH (Conversations and Reactions Around Severe Hypoglycemia) survey was to further our understanding of the characteristics, experience, behavior and conversations with healthcare professionals (HCPs) of people with diabetes (PWD) receiving insulin, and of caregivers (CGs) caring for such people, concerning hypoglycemia requiring external assistance (severe hypoglycemic events [SHEs]). Methods: CRASH was an online cross-sectional survey conducted across eight countries. PWD with self-reported type 1 (T1D) or insulin-treated type 2 (T2D) diabetes were aged ≥ 18 years and had experienced one or more SHEs in the past 3 years; CGs were non-medical professionals aged ≥ 18 years, caring for PWD meeting all the above criteria except for PWD age (≥ 4 rather than ≥ 18 years). The present report is a descriptive analysis of data from France. Results: Among PWD who had ever discussed SHEs with an HCP, 38.9% of T1D PWD and 50.0% of T2D PWD reported that SHEs were discussed at every consultation; 26.3% and 8.8%, respectively, had not discussed the most recent SHE with an HCP. In total, 35.7% of T1D PWD and 53.8% of T2D PWD reported that glucagon was not available to them at the time of their most recent SHE. Only 16.9% of T1D PWD and 6.5% of T2D PWD who had discussed their most recent SHE with an HCP reported that the HCP recommended obtaining a glucagon kit or asked them to confirm that they already had one. High proportions of PWD and CGs reported that the most recent SHE had made them feel unprepared, scared and helpless and had affected mood, emotional state and activities. Conclusion: CRASH survey data from France identify a need for greater discussion about SHEs between HCPs and PWD and the CGs of such people, and reveal gaps in the diabetes education of PWDs and CGs.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Alteration of brain insulin and leptin signaling promotes energy homeostasis impairment and neurodegenerative diseases
- Author
-
Taouis Mohammed
- Subjects
central nervous system ,homeostasis ,insulin ,leptin ,neurodegenerative diseases ,Oils, fats, and waxes ,TP670-699 - Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) controls vital functions, by efficiently coordinating peripheral and central cascades of signals and networks in a coordinated manner. Historically, the brain was considered to be an insulin-insensitive tissue. But, new findings demonstrating that insulin is present in different regions of themammalian brain, in particular the hypothalamus and the hippocampus. Insulin acts through specific receptors and dialogues with numerous peptides, neurotransmitters and adipokines such as leptin. The cross-talk between leptin and insulin signaling pathways at the hypothalamic level is clearly involved in the control of energy homeostasis. Both hormones are anorexigenic through their action on hypothalamic arcuate nucleus by inducing the expression of anorexigenic neuropetides such as POMC (pro-opiomelanocortin, the precursor of aMSH) and reducing the expression of orexigenic neuropeptide such as NPY (Neuropeptide Y). Central defect of insulin and leptin signaling predispose to obesity (leptin-resistant state) and type-2 diabetes (insulin resistant state). Obesity and type-2 diabetes are associated to deep alterations in energy homeostasis control but also to other alterations of CNS functions as the predisposition to neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD). AD is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by distinct hallmarks within the brain. Postmortem observation of AD brains showed the presence of parenchymal plaques due to the accumulation of the amyloid beta (AB) peptide and neurofibrillary tangles. These accumulations result from the hyperphosphorylation of tau (a mictrotubule-interacting protein). Both insulin and leptin have been described to modulate tau phosphorylation and therefore in leptin and insulin resistant states may contribute to AD. The concentrations of leptin and insulin cerebrospinal fluid are decreased type2 diabetes and obese patients. In addition, the concentration of insulin in the cerebrospinal fluid of AD patients is diminished. Taken together, these data clearly links deficiency of leptin and insulin signaling to both alterations of energy homeostasis control and predisposition to AD. Furthermore, environment changes leading to insulin and leptin-resistance may promote these defects, such as high fat diet.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. [Generating pancreatic islets organoids: Langerhanoids]
- Author
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Anastasia, Papoz, Flora, Clément, Camille, Laporte, Emily, Tubbs, Xavier, Gidrol, and Amandine, Pitaval
- Subjects
Organoids ,Islets of Langerhans ,Insulin-Secreting Cells ,Islets of Langerhans Transplantation ,Humans ,Insulin - Abstract
The extension of islet transplantation to a wider number of Type 1 diabetic patients is compromised by the scarcity of donors, the reduced ex vivo survival of pancreatic islets and the use of immunosuppressive treatments. Islets of Langerhans isolated from brain-dead donors are currently the only cell source for transplantation. Thus, it is crucial to find an alternative and an abundant source of functional insulin secreting cells not only for clinical use but also for the development of research dedicated to the screening of drugs and to the development of new therapeutic targets. Several groups around the world, including ours, develop 3D culture models as Langerhanoids that closely mimick human pancreatic islets physiology. In this review, we describe recent advances to mimic the pancreatic niche (extracellular matrix, vascularization, microfluidics) allowing better functionality of Langerhanoids.Les Langerhanoïdes, des organoïdes d’îlots pancréatiques.Les îlots de Langerhans isolés de donneurs en état de mort encéphalique constituent actuellement la seule source de cellules pour la transplantation de patients atteints de diabète de type 1. Cette approche thérapeutique reste cependant compromise par la rareté des donneurs et par certains aspects techniques. L’utilisation de sources alternatives de cellules productrices d’insuline est donc un enjeu tant thérapeutique que pour la recherche pharmacologique. Plusieurs équipes dans le monde, dont la nôtre, développent des modèles de culture cellulaire en 3D, les Langerhanoïdes, qui sont physiologiquement proches des îlots pancréatiques humains. Dans cette revue, nous décrivons les récentes avancées mimant la niche pancréatique (matrice extracellulaire, vascularisation, microfluidique), permettant ainsi d’accroître la fonctionnalité de ces Langerhanoïdes.
- Published
- 2022
42. [Intestinal gluconeogenesis: an insulin-mimetic function]
- Author
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Gilles, Mithieux
- Subjects
Dietary Fiber ,Mice ,Glucose ,Gluconeogenesis ,Animals ,Homeostasis ,Humans ,Insulin ,Obesity ,Insulin Resistance ,Intestinal Mucosa - Abstract
Intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) is a regulatory function of energy homeostasis. IGN-produced glucose is sensed by the gastrointestinal nervous system and sends a signal to regions of the brain regulating food intake and glucose control. IGN is activated by dietary protein and dietary fibre, and by gastric bypass surgery of obesity. Glutamine, propionate and succinate are the main substrates used for glucose production by IGN. Activation of IGN accounts for the well-known satiety effect of protein-enriched diets and the anti-obesity and anti-diabetes effects associated with fibre feeding and gastric bypass surgery. Genetic activation of IGN in mice shows the same beneficial effects, independently of any nutritional manipulation, including a marked prevention of hepatic steatosis under hypercaloric feeding. The activation of IGN could thus be the basis for new approaches to prevent or correct metabolic diseases in humans.La néoglucogenèse intestinale : une fonction insulinomimétique.La néoglucogenèse intestinale (NGI) est une fonction régulatrice de l’homéostasie énergétique. Le glucose qu’elle produit est détecté par le système nerveux gastrointestinal et envoie un signal aux régions du cerveau régulant la prise alimentaire et le contrôle glycémique. L’activation de la NGI par les protéines et les fibres alimentaires et par la chirurgie de type by-pass gastrique permet d’expliquer les effets anti-obésité et anti-diabète des régimes enrichis en protéines et/ou en fibres et de la chirurgie bariatrique. L’activation génétique de la NGI chez la souris présente les mêmes effets bénéfiques, indépendamment de toute manipulation nutritionnelle. L’activation de la NGI pourrait ainsi être la base de nouvelles approches préventives ou correctives des maladies métaboliques chez l’homme.
- Published
- 2022
43. Aspects analytiques, cliniques et médico-judiciaires liés à l’identification de molécules à pouvoir hypoglycémiant dans les intoxications par antidiabétiques
- Author
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Arbouche, Nadia and STAR, ABES
- Subjects
[SDV.TOX] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Toxicology ,Insuline ,Antidiabetic drugs ,Forensic medicine ,Insulin ,Liquid and gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry and high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC/GC - MS/MS and UHPLC-HRMS) ,Antidiabétiques oraux ,Médecine légale ,Chromatographie liquide et gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem et haute résolution (UHPLC/GC - MS/MS et UHPLCHRMS) ,Cheveux ,Hair - Abstract
The use of anti-diabetic drugs, despite their therapeutic purposes, is not risk-free. The greatest risk associated with the use of these drugs is hypoglycaemia, which can be fatal if used inappropriately. Misuse is actually quite well known for criminal purposes of suicide and murder, for doping purposes in sports (in the case of insulin) and in the context of factitious hypoglycaemia (Munchausen syndrome). In my thesis, I was interested in 5 families of oral antidiabetic drugs (hypoglycaemic sulphonamides, glinides, gliptins, biguanides and gliflozins) and in insulin. The main objective was to develop analytical methods for the identification and quantification of these substances in blood and other biological fluids and to provide an interest in the research of these substances in hair in order to provide interpretation criteria to better explain the concentrations found in hair due to the lack of data in the literature. The first part of this work was devoted to the development of analytical methods to detect oral antidiabetic drugs in blood and hair by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for metformin and by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the other four families of oral antidiabetic drugs. After developing analytical methods for the investigation of oral antidiabetics,my work turned to the development of a method for the identification of insulin in the postmortem blood matrix on a liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (Q-TOF) system. Today, the MS libraries contain six antidiabetic drugs belonging to the sulphonamide family as hypoglycaemicagents, one biguanide (metformin), two glinides, five gliptins and three gliflozins. In addition, they now also include the spectra of human insulin and five of its synthetic analogues. These methods have been applied both in clinical settings for dose adjustment and overdose cases from the intensive care unit and emergency room, and in forensic cases involving mainly suicides and overdoses due to incorrect use of these drugs. This work has led to 7 international and 3 national publications., L'utilisation des médicaments antidiabétiques, malgré leurs fins thérapeutiques, n'est pas dénuée de risques. Le plus grand risque lié à l'utilisation de ces médicaments est l'hypoglycémie, qui peut être fatale en cas d'utilisation inappropriée. L'utilisation détournée est en fait assez bien connue à des fins criminelles de suicide et de meurtre, comme substances dopantes dans le milieu sportif (dans le cas de l'insuline) et dans le cadre des hypoglycémies factices (syndrome de Münchhausen). Dans le cadre de ma thèse, je me suis intéressé à 5 familles d'antidiabétiques oraux (sulfamides hypoglycémiants, glinides, gliptines, biguanides et gliflozines) et à l'insuline. L'objectif principal était de développer des méthodes analytiques pour l'identification et la quantification de ces substances dans le sang et autres fluides biologiques et d'apporter un intérêt à la recherche de ces substances dans les cheveux afin de fournir des critères d'interprétation pour mieux expliquer les concentrations retrouvées dans les cheveux en raison du manque de données dans la littérature. La première partie de ce travail a été consacrée au développement de méthodes analytiques pour détecter les antidiabétiques oraux dans le sang et les cheveux par chromatographie en phase gazeuse couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem en ce qui concerne la metformine et à l’aide de la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem pour les autres quatre familles d’antidiabétiques oraux. Après avoir développé des méthodes analytiques pour la recherche d'antidiabétiques oraux, mon travail s'est orienté vers le développement d'une méthode d'identification de l'insuline dans la matrice sanguine postmortem sur un système de chromatographie liquide couplé à la spectrométrie de masse à haute résolution (Q-TOF). Aujourd'hui, les bibliothèques de MS contiennent six antidiabétiques appartenant à la famille des sulfamides comme agents hypoglycémiants, un biguanide (metformine), deux glinides, cinq gliptines et trois gliflozines . En outre, elles comptent désormais aussi les spectres de l'insuline humaine et de cinq de ses analogues synthétiques. Ces méthodes ont été appliquées à la fois dans des contextes cliniques pour l'ajustement de la posologie et aux cas de surdosage provenant de la réanimation et des urgences, et dans des cas médico-légaux impliquant principalement des suicides et des surdosages dus à une mauvaise utilisation de ces médicaments. Ces travaux ont donné lieu à 7 publications internationales et 3 publications nationales.
- Published
- 2022
44. Insulin signaling in the brain serotonergic system : nexus of diabetes-depression comorbidity
- Author
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Bullich, Sebastien, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Toulouse Mind & Brain Institut (TMBI), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, Bruno Guiard, and STAR, ABES
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Noyau du raphé ,Serotonin ,Depression ,[SCCO.NEUR]Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,Diabetes ,Sérotonine ,[SCCO.NEUR] Cognitive science/Neuroscience ,Dépression ,Diabète ,Anxiety ,Insuline ,Insulin ,Anxiété ,Dorsal raphe - Abstract
Epidemiological studies estimate a higher risk of developing major depression (MD) among diabetic patients compared to the general population. More specifically, human studies highlighted correlations between impairments of metabolic parameters and depressive symptoms. Peripheral insulin resistance could be determinant in this relationship since this defect in insulin signaling positively correlates with the severity of MD. However, brain insulin resistance consequences on depressive disorders in humans and pre-clinical models are yet to be deeply investigated. Because the brain is endowed with a high density of insulin receptor, it has been proposed that insulin could directly (or indirectly) modulate monoaminergic systems and more particularly serotonergic (5-HT) neuronal activity in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). In agreement with the latter hypothesis, previous findings indicate that insulin influences the dopaminergic system and related feeding behaviors but only few studies have focused on the impact of this hormone on the 5-HT system yet indisputably involved in MD physiopathology. During this thesis, we were able to show that insulin receptor is expressed in DRN 5-HT neurons. Through ex- and in-vivo electrophysiology along with intracerebral microdialysis in awake freely moving mice, we characterized insulin excitatory effects on 5-HT neurons. These results led us to test whether insulin modulate neurobehaviors. Doing so, we demonstrated that acute intra-DRN or intra-nasal insulin injection shows anxiolytic-like effects in healthy mice. In a second part, we studied the activity of the 5-HT system and anxio-depressive-like behaviors in mouse models of type 1 or type 2 diabetes (T1D/T2D) thereby providing insight into the effects of insulin signaling impairment in pathological conditions. In a context of insulinopenia (T1D) or insulin resistance (T2D), mice displayed apparent anxious behaviors accompanied by a significant reduction of 5-HT firing rate. Then, we tried to identify the implication of apelin, an adipokine known for its insulin-sensitizing properties, in T2D-induced behavioral anomalies. Our results showed that Apelin knock-out mice are more prone to develop insulin resistance in response to diabetogenic diet but also marked behavioral disturbances reminiscent of anxiety. Interestingly, although chronic metformin treatment, an oral antidiabetic drug, does not improve peripheral metabolic parameters but it exerts anxiolytic-like effects in these mutant mice. Thus far, this work highlights the existence of anatomic and functional interactions between insulinergic and serotonergic systems and their importance in anxiety, a psychiatric disorder often predictive of a depressive episode. Furthermore, we identified apelin as a potential actor implicated in the comorbidity between diabetes and depression anticipating putative pharmacological strategies targeting this adipokine. Indeed, this work strengthens the hypothesis in which insulin-sensitizers could alleviate anxio-depressive symptoms with or without metabolic syndrome comorbidity. It also paves the way for the development of potentiation strategies based on the use of insulin or antidiabetic treatments to reinforce antidepressant efficacy. However, the mechanisms underpinning such effects warrant further investigations for future studies., Les études épidémiologiques estiment que le risque de dépression majeure (DM) est plus élevé chez les patients diabétiques comparé à la population générale. Des études plus spécifiques mettent en lumière des corrélations entre la dégradation de certains paramètres métaboliques et les symptômes anxio-dépressifs chez l'humain. C'est notamment le cas pour l'insulino-résistance périphérique qui est positivement corrélée à la sévérité de la DM. En revanche, les conséquences de l'insulino-résistance centrale sur les troubles dépressifs n'ont jamais été étudiés de manière approfondie non seulement en clinique mais également chez l'animal de laboratoire. Compte tenu de la présence du récepteur à l'insuline dans le cerveau, une des hypothèses serait que cette hormone module directement (ou indirectement) l'activité des systèmes monoaminergiques et notamment celle des neurones sérotoninergiques (5-HT) majoritairement regroupé dans le noyau dorsal du raphé (NDR). En effet, si l'influence de l'insuline sur le système dopaminergique et le comportement alimentaire a déjà été montré, très peu d'études se sont intéressées à son impact sur le système 5-HT pourtant clé dans la physiopathologie de la DM. Au cours de ce travail de thèse nous avons pu montrer que le récepteur à l'insuline est présent sur les neurones 5-HT du NDR. Grâce à des techniques d'électrophysiologie ex- et in-vivo et de microdialyse intracérébrale réalisées sur modèle murin, nous avons caractérisé l'effet excitateur de l'insuline sur l'activité électrique des neurones 5-HT. Ces résultats nous ont amené à tester les effets comportementaux de l'insuline et à montrer les effets anxiolytiques de son injection intra-raphé et intra-nasale chez la souris saine. Dans un second temps, afin de se placer dans un contexte pathologique et de mieux comprendre l'impact de la perturbation de la signalisation de l'insuline sur l'humeur, nous avons étudié l'activité du système 5-HT et les comportements de type anxio-dépressifs dans des modèles murins de diabète de type 1 et 2 (DT1/DT2). Dans ces deux modèles, que ce soit dans un contexte d'insulinopénie (DT1) ou d'insulino-résistance (DT2), les souris présentent un phénotype anxieux et certains traits de la DM associés à un diminution de l'activité du système sérotoninergique du NDR. Enfin, nous avons tenté d'identifier l'implication de l'apeline, une adipokine connue pour ses propriétés insulino-sensibilisatrice sur les anomalies comportementales induites par un DT2. Nos résultats montrent que les souris présentant une invalidation génétique de l'apeline, sont plus susceptibles à développer une insulino-résistance en réponse à un régime alimentaire diabétogène et des troubles comportementaux. De manière intéressante le traitement par la metformine, un antidiabétique aux propriétés insulino-sensibilisatrice, ne permet pas l'amélioration des paramètres métaboliques de ces souris mutantes mais améliore leur état anxieux. Ainsi ce travail de thèse a permis de souligner l'existence d'interactions anatomiques et fonctionnelles entre le système insulinergique et sérotoninergique central ainsi que leur importance dans l'anxiété, un trouble psychiatrique souvent annonciateur d'un épisode dépressif. [...]
- Published
- 2021
45. Rôle de l'épitranscriptome dans la physiopathologie de la cellule β pancréatique
- Author
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Bornaque, Florine, Metabolic functional (epi)genomics and molecular mechanisms involved in type 2 diabetes and related diseases - UMR 8199 - UMR 1283 (EGENODIA (GI3M)), Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Lille, and Jean-Sébastien Annicotte
- Subjects
N-6-methyladenosine ,Insuline ,Cellules Bêta Pancréatiques ,Epitranscriptome ,Insulin ,Type 2 diabetes ,Pancreatic Beta Cells ,Diabète de type 2 ,[SDV.MHEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Human health and pathology ,N-6-methyladénosine - Abstract
The prevalence of diabetes in the world continues to increase, with an estimate of 700 million patients by 2045. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development of the disease has become a major public health issue to prevent the progression of diabetes in the world.Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (> 1.26 g / L) caused by insulin resistance in peripheral tissues and loss of function and / or mass of pancreatic β cells. These cells, present in the islets of Langerhans, are involved in the regulation of carbohydrate homeostasis by secreting insulin, a hypoglycemic hormone that acts on various tissues sensitive to insulin, such as the liver, muscle or adipose tissue. The pathophysiological dysfunction of β cells, following numerous cellular stresses (oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, etc.), is at the origin of the development of T2D.In addition to genetic factors, obesity induced by a diet rich in fats and sugars, physical inactivity and aging are considered to be major environmental risk factors for the development of T2DM. These factors modify the environment of the cells and cause chemical modifications of DNA (methylation of cytosines) or histones (acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination), called epigenetic modifications, thus modulating the expression of many genes and altering, in particular, the identity or function of pancreatic β cells.Other aspects of the regulation of gene expression are little studied in the context of type 2 diabetes. Indeed, RNAs can also be subjected to chemical changes sensitive to environmental signals, such as DNA. These epitranscriptomic modifications correspond to the chemical and reversible modifications of RNA, the most common is m6A methylation, at position N6 of adenosine. The methyl group is added by a protein complex composed in particular of methyltransferases METTL3 and METTL14 and can be removed by demethylases ALKBH5 or FTO. These modifications can be recognized by cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins, which will affect the translation, splicing, stability, structure or localization of RNAs.This modification is involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, its role in T2D is still poorly understood, although it has recently been shown that m6A methylation may be altered in the pancreatic islet and affect insulin secretion.Thus, in this thesis work, we hypothesized that the environment, through variations in glycemia or free fatty acid concentrations in the blood, could induce changes in the m6A methylation of RNAs and lead to pancreatic β cell dysfunction during T2D.The results obtained during this thesis show a significant decrease in m6A methylation in the presence of a high concentration of glucose, both in mice and in islets obtained from human donors, associated with altered expression levels of m6A demethylases. Palmitate induces the opposite effect with an increase in m6A methylation and a reduction in the expression of demethylases. In addition, the use of siRNA and/or specific inhibitors demonstrates that these enzymes modulate the expression of genes involved in the identity of pancreatic β cells and insulin secretion stimulated by glucose.These results, combined with data from the literature, suggest that changes in glucose concentration regulate m6A methylation, which plays a key role in controlling gene expression for the identity and function of pancreatic β cells. Thus, our results highlight new mechanisms potentially involved in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and may therefore contribute to a better understanding of the etiology of this disease.; La prévalence du diabète dans le monde ne cesse d’augmenter, avec une estimation de 700 millions de malades en 2045. La compréhension des mécanismes impliqués dans le développement de la maladie est devenue un enjeu majeur de santé publique pour limiter la progression du diabète dans le monde.Le diabète de type 2 (DT2) se caractérise par une hyperglycémie chronique causée par une résistance à l’insuline des tissus périphériques et une perte de fonction et/ou de masse des cellules β pancréatiques. Ces cellules, présentes dans les îlots de Langerhans, interviennent dans la régulation de l’homéostasie glucidique en sécrétant de l’insuline, une hormone hypoglycémiante qui agit sur différents tissus, comme le foie, le muscle ou le tissu adipeux. Le dysfonctionnement physiopathologique des cellules β, suite à de nombreux stress cellulaires (stress oxydatif, stress du réticulum endoplasmique, inflammation), est à l’origine du développement du DT2.Outre les facteurs génétiques, l’obésité induite par un régime riche en graisses et en glucides, l’inactivité physique et le vieillissement sont considérés comme des facteurs de risques environnementaux majeurs du développement du DT2. Ces facteurs peuvent induire des modifications épigénétiques sur l’ADN (méthylation des cytosines) ou les histones (acétylation, méthylation, phosphorylation, ubiquitination), altérant l’expression des gènes.D’autres aspects de la régulation de l'expression des gènes sont peu étudiés dans le contexte du diabète de type 2. En effet, les ARN peuvent également être soumis à des modifications chimiques sensibles aux signaux environnementaux, comme pour l'ADN. Ces modifications épitranscriptomiques, correspondent à l’ensemble des modifications chimiques et réversibles de l’ARN, la plus répandue étant la méthylation m6A, en position N6 de l’adénosine. Le groupement méthyle est ajouté par un complexe protéique composé, notamment, des méthyltransférases METTL3 et METTL14 et peut être retiré par les déméthylases ALKBH5 ou FTO. Ces modifications pourront être reconnues par des protéines cytoplasmiques ou nucléaires, qui affecteront la traduction, l’épissage, la stabilité, la structure ou la localisation des ARN.Cette modification intervient dans de nombreux processus physiologiques et physiopathologiques. Toutefois, son rôle au cours du DT2 est encore peu connu, même s’il a été récemment démontré que la méthylation m6A pouvait être altérée dans l’îlot pancréatique et affecter la sécrétion d’insuline.Nous avons émis l'hypothèse que l'environnement, par le biais de variations de la glycémie ou des concentrations d'acides gras libres dans le sang, pourrait induire des changements de la méthylation m6A des ARN et conduire au dysfonctionnement des cellules β pancréatiques au cours du DT2.Les résultats obtenus au cours de cette thèse montrent une diminution significative de la méthylation m6A en présence d'une concentration élevée de glucose, chez la souris et dans des îlots obtenus de donneurs humains, associée à une augmentation d'expression des déméthylases m6A. Le palmitate induit l’effet inverse avec une augmentation de la méthylation m6A et une réduction d’expression des déméthylases. De plus, l'utilisation de siRNA et d'inhibiteurs spécifiques démontre que ces enzymes modulent l'expression de gènes impliqués dans l'identité des cellules β et la sécrétion d'insuline stimulée par le glucose.Ces résultats, associés aux données de la littérature, suggèrent que les variations en glucose régulent la méthylation m6A, qui joue un rôle clé dans le contrôle de l'expression des gènes de l’identité et de la fonction des cellules β pancréatiques. Nos résultats mettent en évidence de nouveaux mécanismes potentiellement impliqués dans la physiopathologie du diabète de type 2 et peuvent donc contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de l'étiologie de cette maladie.
- Published
- 2021
46. [What is the role of gastric glucagon-like peptide 1 ?]
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Lara, Ribeiro-Parenti, André, Bado, and Maude, Le Gall
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Blood Glucose ,Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 ,Humans ,Insulin - Published
- 2021
47. Instauration d’une insulinothérapie en présence d’un diabète de type 2 déséquilibré.
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Couic-Marinier, Françoise and Pillon, François
- Abstract
Résumé Un homme présentant un diabète ancien, déséquilibré depuis plusieurs mois avec présence de signes d’insulinopénie, se voit prescrire une insuline lente. Le pharmacien doit lui proposer une prise en charge globale et l’accompagner dans la mise en place de l’insulinothérapie. Summary Setting up insulin therapy with a patient with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes. A man with longstanding diabetes, uncontrolled for several months with signs of insulinopenia, is prescribed slow-acting insulin. The pharmacist must be able to offer him global care and support in putting the insulin therapy into place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. [Focus on gestational diabetes]
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Philippe, Deruelle
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Diabetes, Gestational ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Insulin ,Female - Published
- 2021
49. [Gestational diabetes]
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Philippe, Deruelle
- Subjects
Diabetes, Gestational ,Pregnancy ,Humans ,Insulin ,Female - Published
- 2021
50. [Pancreatic α and β cells: Best enemies or partners for life?]
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Karen Leal, Fischer, Manon, Jaffredo, Jochen, Lang, and Matthieu, Raoux
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Islets of Langerhans ,Insulin-Secreting Cells ,Insulin Secretion ,Homeostasis ,Insulin - Abstract
Diabetes are major metabolic diseases constantly increasing in the population, caused by reduced secretion and action of insulin, the only hormone lowering efficiently the glycaemia. Insulin is secreted by β cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. The islet micro-organs also contain 15 to 35% of α cells, well-known for their opposite effects on glycaemia. Considered until now as potentially harmful in diabetes, α cells are emerging as potent enhancers of β cell activity when studied in physiological nutritional setting and should therefore be reconsidered in a therapeutic point of view. This review summarizes the latest concepts regarding β cell function in physiological states and the involvement of dynamic functional interactions between α and β cells for the regulation of nutrient homeostasis.Cellules α et β du pancréas - Meilleures ennemies ou partenaires pour la vie ?Les diabètes sucrés sont des maladies métaboliques graves en constante augmentation. Ils sont dus à des déficits de sécrétion et d’action de l’insuline, la seule hormone qui diminue efficacement la glycémie. L’insuline est sécrétée par les cellules β des îlots pancréatiques. Les cellules α, également présentes dans les îlots, libèrent du glucagon et ont des effets opposés à ceux des cellules β sur la glycémie. Longtemps considérée comme néfaste dans le diabète, la cellule α apparaît désormais comme un modulateur des cellules β, ce qui nécessite de prendre désormais en compte cette cellule sur le plan thérapeutique. Cette revue présente le fonctionnement des cellules β et des cellules α. L’implication des interactions dynamiques entre ces deux types cellulaires dans l’homéostasie du glucose, mais aussi celle des autres nutriments, est également décrite.
- Published
- 2021
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