Search

The present article studies the structure of the resultative stream (a part of the verbal system that hosts grams diachronically evolving along and synchronically modelled by means of the resultative path: resultative > perfect > perfective/past and resultative > stative > present) in the Fanakalo pidgin as compared to the lexifier Nguni languages (Zulu/Xhosa). The evidence indicates that the organization of the resultative stream in Fanakalo is different from that found in Nguni, attesting to both simplification and complexification, as well as the acceleration of the movement along the resultative path and the cline of structural grammaticalization. This corroborates the views concerning the increase in complexity of stabilized and expanded pidgins and the observation suggesting the acceleration of grammaticalization processes in a situation of contact.

The present study investigates variability in the production of Catalan vowels by Barcelona young, middle-aged, and older adults who speak the Central Catalan variety. The degree of exposure to and use of Central Catalan varies among speakers as half of the participants are second-generation and subsequent-generation migrants from other regions of Spain, where the vernacular is Spanish. All speakers have been born, raised, and schooled in Barcelona, and have acquired both Central Catalan and Spanish. Central Catalan possesses two sets of phonemic mid-vowels (/e/–/ε/ and /o/–/ↄ/), unlike Spanish which has a single vowel per set (/e/ and /o/). This study aims to detail the Catalan mid-front and mid-back vowel contrasts used by speakers of different gender, age, language use, and exposure to Catalan from the bilingual speech community of Barcelona.

In this paper, we discuss the remarkable decrease in the use of French-origin loanwords and loan suffixes in Late Modern Dutch. We consider both changes to be lexical changes since the decrease in loan suffixes such as the verbal suffix -eren appears to result from a shift in certain lexical choices as well (Rutten/Vosters/van der Wal 2015). Our data come from the newly compiled Language of Leiden Corpus (LOL Corpus), developed at Leiden University in the context of a project on the historical Dutch-French contact situation. The main aim of the project is to assess empirically the supposed ‘Frenchification’ of Dutch in the Early Modern period (Frijhoff 2015). The LOL Corpus comprises data from seven social domains (Academy, Charity, Economy, Literature, Private life, Public opinion, Religion) significant in the history of the city Leiden from 1500 to 1899. Leiden was chosen as it was one of the important urban centers in Holland, attracting many migrants, including French-speaking labor migrants and Huguenots. The results for both words and suffixes borrowed from French show a gradual increase from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century, and a remarkable decrease from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. The results partially confirm the ongoing and intensifying influence of French on Dutch in the Early Modern period, depending strongly however on the social domain involved (Assendelft/Rutten/van der Wal 2023a). At the same time, the results also show an unanticipated ‘Dutchification’ in more recent times. We relate these ‘Dutchifying’ lexical changes to the national language planning efforts emerging in the eighteenth century, following the rise of the standard language ideology from the middle of the eighteenth century onwards. These language planning efforts led to the official codification of Dutch in 1804/1805, which targeted spelling and grammar. Previous research has shown the significant influence of the officialization of Dutch, both on the field of education and on language use (Rutten 2019). In this paper, we argue that the successful language policy had the surprising side effect of inspiring language users to exchange sometimes long-established loans for originally Dutch words.

The paper presents an overview of Fula and Wolof numeral systems. Fula is represented by six major lects, for which cardinal, ordinal, distributive, fraction, and human forms of numerals are analyzed. Wolof is the closest relative of Fula, and for this language cardinal and ordinal numeral systems are also analyzed. Apart from the numerals themselves, the syntax of the noun phrase which contains a numeral is analyzed for each language. The language contacts and borrowings are also included in the analysis.

Tjhauba, spoken in northwestern Botswana, is a regional variety of the Bantu language Kgalagadi. Tjhauba exhibits a number of striking linguistic differences with respect to other, previously described Kgalagadi varieties, some the result of language-internal changes, but mostly due to contact with different surrounding Khoisan and Bantu languages. Making use of newly collected field data, this paper shows that Tjhauba has an extensive inventory of click phonemes, contrasting different click accompaniments and, in the speech of elderly speakers, also different click types. Tracing the sources of Tjhauba click words shows that these originate in different Khoisan languages, but also in the Bantu click language Yeyi. Semantically, click words, but also loanwords that do not contain clicks, cluster in the domain of flora and fauna, particularly species found in or close to water. These linguistic findings also shed light on the history of Tjhauba speakers. The adoption of a large number of click phonemes suggests intensive language contact, as still evidenced by ongoing Tjhauba/Khwe bilingualism. A number of the likely source languages for Tjhauba click words are no longer spoken in the area, suggesting contact situations that are no longer ongoing. Furthermore, clicks occur in loanwords, but unlike in neighbouring Bantu click languages, there is no evidence that clicks were also extended to inherited Tjhauba words. This suggests that the sound symbolic or identity marking functions of clicks as posited for other Bantu click languages do not play a role in Tjhauba.

Copyright of Journal of Language Contact is the property of Brill Academic Publishers and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to examine the novel “Chronique d’un couple ou la Birmandreissienne” by L. Abderrahmane. Among the French-speaking Algerian writers of the post-independence generation, he stands out for an aesthetic that is essentially part of a transgressive and intercultural dynamic. Through the use of the material of contrepèterie and literary satire, L. Abderrahmane forges an aesthetic marked by various subversions : crossbreeding of languages ​​or heterolinguism, puns including the disfiguration of common linguistic expressions, proverbs, mixture of genres, etc., which, beyond its deliberately provocative aspect, works to question the human condition, particularly “the condition of the couple in Algeria”, to highlight the sufferings of man. In addition, this aesthetic of literary satire is a vector of social meaning : it serves as a pretext for the author to testify and sound the alarm about a taboo problem of those he calls "lives at the degree zero of existence”, “lives without spring” and lives of braising”, but also to lift a veil from the society in which he lives.

This contribution opens with an urbain sociolinguistic perspective examining the neological phenomenon placarded in the advertising display of the city of Annaba in Algeria. Starting from the contact of languages, resulting from socio-economic vitality and advertising progress, a dynamic neologism and a rhetorical richness are revealed, creating a living advertising glossary that is made in urban streets.

In this paper I investigate the role of language contact in the expression of potential and counterfactual hypothetical meanings in Resian, Tersko and Nadiško, three Slovenian varieties spoken in the province of Udine and in contact with Romance languages (especially Friulian and Italian) for centuries. Standard Slovene serves as a point of comparison. In hypothetical utterances Slovene uses the same forms of the conditional mode both in apodosis and protasis: the present conditional in the case of potentiality; the past conditional for the expression of counterfactuality. However, the latter is only used in the literary language, whereas in colloquial speech it is practically avoided. Its functions are fulfilled by the present conditional, which is thus ambiguous. The three examined Slovenian varieties are able, instead, to differentiate between potential and counterfactual meanings. They use the forms of the present conditional in the first case and the past tenses of the indicative in the second. More precisely, in the case of potential utterances, in protasis all three varieties use the conditional of the type bi + -l participle; in apodosis Resian and Tersko often opt for the present conditional of ‘to want’ followed by the infinitive of the main verb. Nadiško, on the other hand, omits the verb ‘to want’. To express counterfactual value, Resian, having retained the forms of the imperfect, uses in apodosis this tense (rarely) or constructions containing it; Tersko generally uses the perfect or the construction “perfect of the verb ‘to want’+ infinitive”; while Nadiško prefers the pluperfect II. The tendency to keep the two values separate and the use of forms that somehow replicate the Romance model may be seen as an enrichment of the original system and at the same time a departure from the Slovene group.

Copyright of Estudios Románicos is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article provides insights into the language situation of the three-generation (G1-G3) Albanian language group (n=120) in Germany and Switzerland and presents their attitudes towards varieties of both languages (Albanian-German). According to the results, the respondents are positively disposed towards both languages and attach a high value to them. Standard German achieves the highest values, while dialects of this language come last in the ranking. The results also show that respondents in Switzerland deal with diglossia more openly and are thus better anchored in Swiss society than the Albanian group in Germany. Finally, our data show that most respondents see their future in Germany and Switzerland and that there is no significant correlation between language attitudes and future career prospects.

The emergence of new languages out of languages in contact is a phenomenon that can be observed with a naked eye on the African terrain (see Abidjan French, Sango, Swahili for example). Relexification by borrowing of the lexicon of one of the languages in contact and nativization of the new vehicular language are processes of creolization which seem to have also presided over the emergence of Eastern Yiddish. In this contribution, we would like to reconstruct the glottogenesis of historically attested Indo-European languages by using the model of creolization that may be observed in the genesis of Creoles in the colonies of the Caribean Islands and the Indian Ocean. We will begin by examining some mechanisms of linguistic emergence which are deemed to have participated in the development of Creole languages during the European colonial expansion (16th-19th centuries). We will then consider an even older phase in the history of nativized hybrid languages by reconstructing analogous processes of grammaticalization induced by contact and relexification during the second half of the 3rd millennium BC.The emergence of French Creole languages between the end of the 17th and 18th centuries provides a fine illustration of the interweaving of socio-economic and cultural factors and linguistic data. The origin of slaves in the French colonies of the Caribbean and Indian Ocean differs. A majority of speakers of Bantu languages were present in the early years of the founding of Martinique whereas Saint Domingue-Haiti was primarily populated by speakers of Gbe languages. In the Creoles of the Indian Ocean, the Bantu and Malagasy languages were strongly represented among the slave population. Thus, the languages brought into contact with varieties of French in the two colonial settings belonged to partly distinct linguistic types.Structural convergences between the languages in contact favored the emergence of new structures, different from their source languages. Convergence, conservation understood here as the maintenance and reanalysis of units and functions of substrate or superstrate languages, and hybridization conspired to produce new or partly new linguistic units and functions. Thus, the personal object pronouns of Reunionese Creole exhibit a remarkable analogy with the equivalent pronominal series in Malagasy, hence the idea that convergence could be at the inception of the Creole system. The successors of the preposition “avec” (with) in Seychellois Creole (and in Mauritian Creole) show the influence by convergence with the Bantu source languages. The absence of opposition between /s/ and /ʃ/ in all Indian Ocean French Creoles testifies to the role of Malagasy, where this phonemic distinction is unknown, in the development of Indian Ocean Creole systems. The organization of various dimensions of noun phrases in French Creole languages, including nominal agglutination, provides fine examples of convergence, conservation and hybridization.At an earlier phase in the history of hybrid nativized languages, it is possible to reconstruct analogous processes of grammaticalization induced by contact and relexification. The second half of the 3rd millennium BC saw the spread of late Indo-European (or perhaps already different dialects of late Indo-European) following an expansion which was accompanied by contacts with people speaking very different languages from Indo-European. From these contacts between the intrusive language of the invaders and the epichoric languages of the regions where Indo-European spread, new languages arose which are the historically attested Indo-European languages. Their structure bears the trace of the hybridization of their grammatical systems. As for the lexicon of these languages, the large proportion of words with an Indo-European root suggests that the emergence of historically attested Indo-European languages involved relexification processes that could be two-fold. On the one hand, epichoric substratic languages were partially or totally relexified by means of an Indo-European vocabulary that created totally new languages in their context of emergence. Thus, we can consider Armenian the product of the relexification of substratic Hurro-Urartian or more probably Proto-Kartvelian languages by means of a lexicon provided by Proto-Armenians, Indo-European-speaking people who came from the Balkans, gained a foothold in Asia Minor around 1200 and progressed towards the east until their installation in the Armenian high plateau around 590 BC. On the other hand, it is also conceivable that the various ramifications of late Indo-European were in part relexified by means of the vocabulary of the epichoric languages. This would explain the high proportion of words of non-Indo-European origin in most of the ancient Indo-European languages: Hittite; Sanskrit; Avestan; ancient Greek; Italic languages; Celtic languages; Germanic languages; Slavic languages; Baltic languages; Tocharian.This study carried out jointly by two Creolists and a specialist in historical and comparative grammar makes it possible to recall what is at stake in the notion of glottogenesis: not only an awareness of the fact that languages have a beginning, which may be more or less calculated, but also that these beginnings, far from being creations ex nihilo, result from new syntheses obtained from pre-existing languages. The dynamics perceptible to the naked eye in an African context (Nouchi ; Sango ; Lingala) allows us to reconstruct the processes of the emergence of Creoles in the context of European colonies founded overseas in the 17th and 18th centuries. In turn, the scenarios proposed to understand the genesis of Creoles make it possible to question the linearity of the lineage of historically attested Indo-European languages compared to the common stock of Proto-Indo-European. These languages, some of which were particularly called upon to reconstruct Proto-Indo-European (Hittite; Sanskrit; Ancient Greek; Lithuanian) would not be the direct extensions of the proto-language but rather innovative syntheses whose grammar and even vocabulary testify of the impact exerted by substratic languages.Traditional Indo-Europeanism viewed these underlying influences as marginal remnants. In our approach, inspired by the study of linguistic hybridizations of a more or less recent past, the part of the alloglot environment of endolectalized Indo-European languages is certainly much more than a slag resistant to analysis: it allows not only to take into account the emergence of the specific grammatical systems of the first attested Indo-European languages but also to understand that the lexicon inherited from the Proto-Indo-European strain is not a static heritage but rather the product of partial relexification of a non-Indo-European language using Indo-European vocabulary. The fact that the Indo-European languages never completely continue the reconstituted system of Proto-Indo-European even when they share, each in its own way, a common lexical reservoir, leads to consider these various Indo-European languages mixed creations whose latent structure is not necessarily Indo-European even though the morphemic and lexical signifiers undoubtedly continue the morphology and lexicon of Proto-Indo-European.

This paper identifies causes of grammatical borrowing and related grammatical phenomena in L1 English L2 Czech immigrant speech. This study contributes to the literature on causes of grammatical borrowing and considers key ideas including social pressure (Thomason and Kaufman 1988), cognitive pressure (Matras 1998; Sanchez 2005) and gap filling (Campbell 1993). Thirteen semistructured interviews were conducted. Participants were affected by social pressure and cognitive pressure surrounding their language use, whether it acted as a driving or inhibiting factor in terms of grammatical borrowing. Participants also engage in borrowing akin to “language play” (Porte 2003: 116) with those close to them; it is a conscious choice to borrow in these cases and it usually represents matter (MAT) (Matras and Sakel 2007) borrowing (Castle 2021a). This paper proposes a new model which considers both conscious and subconscious borrowing whilst also considering factors inhibiting the possibility of borrowing.

In this article the bilingual and polyglot dictionaries that include the German language issued between 1918 and 1933 are listed. Of these, two dictionaries of special terminology are detailed (one dictionary of forestry terms and one of botanical terms). Closely corresponding to immediate practical needs, such dictionaries represent a specific type of lexicography since 1918 to 1933.

The means of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and specifically the WhatsApp application, have led to innovative language practices in written communication. Among these practices is the high frequency of Code-Switching (CS), which is defined in this study as a switch from one written code to another within the same message. This quantitative study aims to automatically identify occurrences of Code-Switching in WhatsApp group chats. All through 14 months, we collected 168 219 messages from 30 WhatsApp groups. The study sample encompasses 1 482 bilingual students from 7 Lebanese universities. A computer tool "DACA" (automatic detection of Code-Switching and arabizi) has been developed to detect the frequency of this phenomenon resulting from languages contact. The results show that in the corpus, there are 15 342 occurrences of CS or 9,1% of the total number of messages. 70,5% of these CS occurrences are detected in messages in Arabizi, 17,9% in messages in English, 10,6% in messages in Arabic and 1% in messages in French. The results also reveal that CS in messages composed in Arabizi are quite often towards English (91,3% of the total number of these CS occurrences) and towards Arabizi in messages composed in English with the same percentage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Insāniyāt / Revue Algérienne d'Anthropologie et de Sciences Sociales is the property of Centre de Recherche en Anthropologie Sociale et Culturelle (CRASC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Public Space is originally a place socialization where urban signs indicated by linguistic plurality are displayed .like the other Algerian cities, we take a sociolinguistic look at the languages of the antiestablishment slogans and what the yresultfrom innovativeneo logical and rhetorical making from hirak in the streets of revolution course of the city of . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studii de Ştiintă şi Cultură is the property of Studii de Stiinta si Cultura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue Académique des Études Sociales et Humaines is the property of Hassif Benbouali University of Chlef and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The problem treated in this article entitled "Heterolinguism and plurilistylismin :" Barkahoum’s White Dress "by Farida Saffidine,combines linguistics and literature, because it is essential to understand both the language of writing and the literary text. we wondered after reading the novel “Barkahoum’s White Dress " published in 2019, about the issues and mechanisms relating to heterolinguism, omnipresent in this novelistic work, namely : the language contact phenomena . To what extent can this literary discourse marked by heterolingualism be distinguished from other bi/plurilingual sociolinguistic discourses ? How are these different forms of hybrid discourse manifested in French-speaking Algerian literary writing and more specifically in the story of F. Saffidine ? By Referring to our training as a linguist and mobilizing our research of Gruttman’s works, who forged this concept of heterolinguism, we propose an analysis that includes some answers on the impact of the socio-cultural context and the multilingual dimension on the auctorial scriptural style and the linguistic choices of French-speaking Algerian writers.

In this paper we suggest that linguistic features can show traces of the frequency and intensity of social interactions between indigenous peoples. We focus on peoples of the alluvial fan of the Pilcomayo River (South American Chaco), and analyze first-person non-singular verbal encoding in their languages. The corpus is composed of (a) data obtained during fieldwork, (b) descriptive grammars, and (c) published reports by missionaries, army officers, and European travelers. Combining environmental and ethnohistorical information, we propose that the first-person non-singular subject verbal indexes split visible in Eastern Toba of the Lower Pilcomayo River, Western Toba from the Upper-Middle Pilcomayo River (Guaicuruan), and Tapiete of the Upper Pilcomayo River area (Tupi-Guaraní) could be an outcome of language-internal resources used by the speakers of these languages to replicate the Matacoan (Maká, Nivaclé, and Wichí) external model.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate language contact and phonetic adaptation with reference to Nigerian English variety. It focuses on the segmental aspect of phonetic adaptation. The data for this study comprises both primary and secondary data which are obtained through observation, interview and secondary sources like textbooks, journals, internet etc. Using the descriptive method of data analysis, the following findings are evident. English and Nigerian indigenous languages came into contact as a result of slave trade and missionary activities. Nigerians engage in phonetic adaptation in order to suit Nigerian situation, environment, purpose and users. In the Nigerian English, such forms of segmental phonetic adaptation like vowel and consonant phonetic adaptations abound. Segmental phonetic adaptation processes in the Nigerian English include substitution, adjunction, insertion, elision and monophthongization. Factors responsible for the phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English comprise linguistic and sociological factors. Linguistic factors include absence of some phonemes in their indigenous language, phonetic environment of speech sounds, linguistic and communicative incompetence and bilingualism while the sociological factors include for convenience sake and for the sake of local intelligibility. Some distinctive features which distinguish one class of sound from the other like consonant and vowel features are maintained during phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English. Phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English is equally allophonic.

The study presented here is the first contemporary investigation of the subjective compared to the objective ethnolinguistic vitality of West Frisian. West Frisian is a minority language spoken in the province of Fryslân, in the north of the Netherlands. The objective ethnolinguistic vitality of the language was established on the basis of policy documents and statistical data. To investigate the subjective ethnolinguistic vitality of the language, rich qualitative data were gathered by means of a questionnaire, which – due to low literacy rates – was administered to West Frisian speakers (N=15) in person. The primarily open-ended items in the questionnaire targeted different aspects of the three main socio-structural factors that constitute the ethnolinguistic vitality of a language: that is, status, demography, and institutional support. Content analysis was performed on the questionnaire data, using rounds of deductive and inductive coding and analysis. The results suggest that West Frisian has a certain amount of vitality, which constitutes a good basis for language planning to ensure its continued maintenance. Moreover, the findings indicate that overall, the subjective vitality tallies with the objective vitality in terms of status, demography, and institutional support. However, two aspects raised concern among the participants: firstly, as part of the status of West Frisian, there was concern about the language's presence in the linguistic landscape (where subjective vitality matched objective vitality, but participants explicitly expressed the desire for a more persistent and pervasive presence of the language in public spaces); and secondly, as part of the institutional support for West Frisian, there was concern about the role of the language in the education system (where subjective vitality did not match objective vitality). The article discusses what implications the findings of this exploratory study – should they hold true – would have for language planning in the province of Fryslân.

This paper explores the current use of the verb like in sequences such as “me likey”. This new use is practically limited to modern variant spellings (likey, likee, like-y and likie) and resembles the original (and now obsolete) impersonal structure of the verb in which the experiencer was encoded in the objective case and the verb was used invariably, among other aspects. However, rather than the re-emergence of an impersonal construction, the sequence “me likey” seems to be the result of a situation of language contact and it is in line with the informalisation of English as seen, for example, in the increasing tendency for objective pronouns to be used in subject position in a variety of constructions. In light of the evidence from the Corpus of Contemporary American English and the TV Corpus, we can conclude that the sequence is used in highly informal registers, and that it tends to appear in rather formulaic expressions, especially in two-word sequences.

This study examines the segmental duration of non-vibrant rhotics in a language contact scenario in the Western Caribbean, where an English-based Creole co-exists with Spanish: The Archipelago of San Andres, Colombia. The unexplored phenomenon of the neutralization of the tap/trill contrast merits a thorough analysis to examine the effects of language contact in this Creole-Spanish bilingual population. To do this, the segmental duration of 619 non-vibrant, intervocalic taps and trills were compared in three generations of Raizal Spanish (the bilingual Spanish variety) and contrasted with the duration of Continental Spanish (the monolingual variety spoken by Colombian immigrants from Continental Colombia). While there are language-specific differences in rhotic duration between Creole and Spanish, results show that Raizal Spanish has longer durations that differ from the monolingual Spanish variety. A cross-generational examination revealed that the neutralizations of the tap/trill contrast in older bilinguals, as third-generation speakers, are converging toward the monolingual variety, distancing themselves from the older second and first generations. This phenomenon signals a change in progress resulting from diverging variation patterns of duration in tap/trill segments in generations of bilingual Raizales. These findings suggest a changing sociolinguistic panorama in which stable bilingualism is taking place among younger individuals.

Copyright of Mélanges francophones is the property of Galati University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Polish communities from Bukovina have been studied in the last period through several research projects, initiated by both Polish and Romanian researchers. One of them is the Audiovisual Linguistic Atlas of Bukovina (ALAB), which aims to realize a radiography in multimedia format of the ethnolinguistic diversity of Bukovina. Regarding the Polish ethnic minority, in 2016 two field studies have been carried out in two localities: Bulai and Poiana Micului. Following the analysis of the material thus ob-tained, we managed to capture some characteristics both at the linguistic and the sociolinguistic level that individualize the two communities. Thus, from a linguistic point of view, the two dialects are different both at phonetic and lexical level, the Bulai dialect being more similar to the Polish literary lan-guage. At the sociolinguistic level has been observed the presence of a strong epilinguistic component in the Polish people speech, based on the representations and the attitudes that the Polish ethnic groupshave regarding the status and the vitality of their own dialects.

The reciprocal influence of people and even more languages is inevitable in a multi-lingual context such as that of Cameroon. The most visible consequence of these contacts is of course the phenomenon of linguistic borrowing. In Cameroon, borrowing is essential in all categories of discourse, whether formal or informal, and the Francism and the Anglicisms remain the most flourishing, because of their privileged status and the special protection they receive from the State. Indeed, the State that is the main guarantor of the language policy in the country offers primacy to the official languages that are French and English to the detriment of the languages of the others. This is the reason why the first ones impose their supremacy over the second ones. Mengaka is one of those languages oppressed by French and English. Although located in the French-speaking area of the country, it owes much of its vocabulary to English. By examining in a comparative perspective of the French language, which is supposed to be the major term source for Mengaka, the observation is that, currently, English appears to be its actual favorite supplier in terms of linguistic borrowing. This is why the present paper is concerned with the examination of the sociolinguistic factors involved in the borrowing process of English terms in both the Mengaka and the French contexts.

The article analyses the linguistic attitudes of future Valencian teachers in a bilingual speaking community characterised by mainstream contact between the Catalan and Spanish languages. This research focuses on the language attitudes of a group of speakers who share a specific set of traits: age, education, profession and socioeconomic status. Special attention is given to attitudes towards four linguistic varieties used by Valencian speakers in their regular interactions: standard Spanish (CS), colloquial Spanish – nonstandard – (CNS), standard Valencian (VS) and vernacular Valencian or apitxat (VNS).

In this study we represent the bilingual language situation in the ethnolinguistic community of Serbs in Ingolstadt, recorded over the period of time from 2010 until 2013. The paper also addresses the occurrences of bilingualism and diglossia in the context of contact linguistics, their classification, as well as the samples of bilingualism in the researched corpus, with the accompanying phenomena of language contact. The obtained cross-section of the sociolinguistic and linguistic situation of the researched ethnolinguistic community, as well as the research results, refer to the specific community and specific corpus. Nonetheless, obtained results with certainty allow introspect into the life cycle dynamics tendency for the Serbo-German bilingual communities. Reflecting upon the research results we may conclude that our investigated sample, which can expand onto the entire research corpus, can be regarded as being almost in the second last phase of the language change process. A rather significant part of the corpus in the further development of the language change process would certainly be the third generation of working migrants. Further direction of the bilingual community development will most likely be dependent upon this generation, as well as other accompanying factors. In the researched sample we can observe different percentual representation of balanced bilinguals and dominant bilinguals, as well as passive and receptive bilinguals. The fact that there is a significant percentual presence of passive and receptive bilinguals among the third group of migrants explains the situation that one part of the second generation of working migrants in the researched community is powerless before the pressure of social networks, economic and social relations that we find in the social majority group. They abandon teaching their children the Serbian language, and they perceive the German language as the capital asset through which those who belong to the third generation of working migrants can gain top positions in the education system and in the market as well. In the language practice of bilingual speakers there is the phenomenon of language contact from the first to the third generation, specifically in the occurrence of transference (mixing of two language systems on the basis of phonetics, morphology, syntax) or in code switching (mixing of two languages from the communicative aspect). Transference, as a phenomenon in the direct and indirect language contact, may have multiple results which will be considered in future papers on the issue of language contact phenomenon. Finally, under the environmental effect (standard German language, German dialects), as well as the effect of different language community dialects the members of the first generation of working migrants come from, a new language is developed. This new language cannot be called the Serbian language spoken by the Serbs in the homeland but namely we propose a new term Serbian diaspora language in Germany. This language as such is then transferred onto the new generations and/or its use declines in one and sustains in other domains. Ultimately, at the end of this process, as many contact linguistic researches have illustrated, an inevitable situation may occur where a life cycle of the bilingual community might come to an end and there might be a complete language change of the minority with the majority community.

Copyright of Studies in Contrastive Grammar / Studii de Gramatica Contrastiva is the property of Universitatea din Pitesti and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A complex, multicomponent in linguistic, dialectal and ethnic aspects region between the Danube and the Dniester rivers is an interesting object for scientists. Ethnographers and linguists compared such areas with natural laboratories. According to author’s opinion, heuristic potential of Southern Bessarabia laboratory is faintly used now. It is considered that such region needs further indepth studying in various positions: comparative-historical, because of the fact that different in origin idioms demonstrate high dynamics, sociolinguistic, areal, functional and etc. Such observation gives a lot of new interesting linguistic phenomena, which are necessary for science and society in various fields, in particular, in practice – in realization of effective and conflict-free language politics.

A. J. Ribeiro, H. Schuchardt's first Capeverdean informant, wrote a theatre play in Capeverdean Creole (CVC) - A mi qué bóde! ‘I am a toughie!’ - which he sends him in one of the letters the two men exchanged and which are now part of the holdings of the Hugo Schuchardt Archiv (https://schuchardt.uni-graz.at). In this article, this small work is the point of departure for the discussion of two issues: (i) the fact that late-19th century CVC (Santiago variety) already displayed features which we can observe in the current synchrony of the language, and (ii) the claim that contact with Portuguese, more or less visible according to the profile of the informant, has always characterised CVC.

In this article I question the characterization of the faus franceis d’Angleterre as a dialect of Medieval French. I do so first of all on grounds of the fact that Anglo-French (AF) was spoken by an extremely heterogeneous group of speakers coming from very different social and linguistic backgrounds. Therefore, one should not use linguistic factors observed in a given author’s text to draw conclusions regarding AF as a whole. While it is generally accepted that the majority of speakers of AF were bilingual, the scenario of bilingualism from birth only applies to a comparatively small portion of the population. I will show that roughly one half of the texts show features suggesting that the author has an L2 French background. As a consequence, the observed phenomena should not be considered dialectal features of AF as a whole, or as language change characterizing AF in general, but rather as idiolectal features in a given author’s L2. Technically, my argument rests on the distribution of several verb-related (morpho)syntactic phenomena, which set AF apart from continental Old French (OF), namely auxiliary selection, use of the pronoun eux, motion-event descriptions and directed motion constructions. My study is corpus-based and utilizes data from the ANHdb (Anglo-Norman Hub database, cf. Schauwecker and Stein 2016) as well as the BFM (Base de français Médiéval, 2016).

This article is part of a study of cultural and linguistic diversity in Côte d’Ivoire. In order to conduct a study on the peoples and languages spoken in Bouna we have advanced our research by focusing on phenomena of language contact and the cohabitation of peoples. This allowed us to do a linguistic and sociolinguistic analysis. The purpose of this article is to show that the cohabitation of individuals and peoples is at the same time the guarantee of economic, socio-cultural and linguistic development.

Abstract This article reconstructs the system of kin terms in Proto-Omagua-Kukama (POK), the ancestral language of the Omagua and Kukama-Kukamiria, and compares it to Tupinambá, a former language of the Brazilian Atlantic coast and their closest relative in the Tupí-Guaraní language family. I identify semantic shifts, analogy-based innovations, calques, and borrowings. I suggest that some of these changes are likely due to concomitant changes in pre-POK social structure. The identification of borrowings is potentially fruitful in determining which languages contributed to the setting that gave rise to POK. Detailed study of the evolution of the divergent grammar and lexicon of POK is crucial to understanding this social and linguistic history.

The Netherlands traded extensively with Japan between 1609 and 1854. During this period the Dutch exported not only goods into Japan, but also books which they sold to the Japanese. In due course, Japanese interpreters and intellectuals began to translate these books into Japanese and by about 1850 they had translated around 1,000 Dutch books. This article examines the influence of the Dutch language on Japanese, resulting from the translation of these books and from language contact. This influence was twofold, syntactic and lexical. As for the former, in order to render Dutch texts into Japanese, translators introduced several features including a new relative pronoun, tokoro no, and a new compound word, ni yotte, in order to translate the Dutch word door’(‘by’) in passive sentences. As concerns the latter, Japanese translators used a number of approaches in order to render new objects and ideas in Japanese. They occasionally created a new compound word from the constituent parts of a Dutch compound word. In other cases, they formed new compounds from Dutch and Japanese words and morphemes, or transcribed Dutch words in the Japanese katakana syllabary. This final approach was also used for loanwords which Japanese adopted as a result of language contact with Dutch, such as, for example, in the case of kokku (コック) from the Dutch kok.

Researchers in second language acquisition (SLA) have examined the acquisition and use of tense-aspect (TA) morphology in predominantly tutored, second language (L2) varieties (Andersen & Shirai 1996; Bardovi-Harlig 1998; Quesada 2013; Salaberry 2005, 2011, 2013). Language contact scholars have focused on L2 acquisition in immigrant situations in which L2 learners acquire the host country’s language in an untutored environment (Clements 2002, 2003, 2009; Klein & Perdue 1992, 1997; Sharma & Deo 2010). This case study addresses the effects of instructed and non-instructed contexts on language learning by examining similarities and differences in L2 use of TA morphology among three Chinese-Spanish learner varieties: an untutored variety spoken by a Chinese immigrant living in Spain (Clements 2003, 2009) and two tutored varieties spoken by Chinese learners of Spanish who are studying in the United States and have varying degrees of experience with Spanish. The production data, retrieved from three 45-minute sociolinguistic interviews, yielded a total of 390 tokens. Quantitative and qualitative analyses revealed trends across the learner varieties, which include lower rates of overtly marking state verbs in all learner varieties, an innovative aspectual marker ya ‘already’ in the Chinese immigrant variety, and a distinct interplay of semantic factors for each L2 variety. Findings suggest an effect of the learning context on L2 use of TA morphology.

This paper deals with the question of the formation of Croatian adjectives with the prefix među-. While such adjectives were very rare in late 19th and early 20th century, an analysis of relevant lexicographic works and digital corpora demonstrated that their number started to become larger in later 20th century, culminating in recent decades. Today, the [među-N-Suff]Adj derivational pattern is a productive, accounting for 134 adjectives with a frequency of ten occurrences or more retrieved from the largest extant Croatian web corpus, hrWaC. On the basis of an analysis of available older lexicographic works and digital corpora, it can be concluded that među- prefixed adjectives first entered into Croatian as loan translations (calques) of Latin(ate) and German terms. According to more recent lexicographic works and digital corpora, later on, and especially in recent decades, which coincided with a growing English influence on Croatian, među- prefixed adjectives were probably produced as equivalents of English inter- prefixed adjectives. The number of među- prefixed adjectives, as well as the variety of semantic domains in which they are used, testify to the fact that the [među-N-Suff]Adj pattern is well-established and productive in contemporary Croatian. The analysis of Croatian među- prefixed adjectives in this paper could contribute to shedding more light on the question of morphological borrowing phenomena in general.

This paper analyses a large dataset of Middle English vocabulary from nine domains which has been arranged into a semantic hierarchy. It focuses on the distribution of French-origin borrowings at various levels of technicality and at various levels of co-hyponymic density (i.e. the number of words per sense). Overall, results show that French loanwords are concentrated in higher proportions at the hypernymic (or more general) level rather than at the hyponymic (or more technical) level. These findings run counter to the orthodox view that borrowings are used to fill lexical gaps for new technical terms in a semantic field.

Copyright of Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Afrique des Grands Lacs is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anales de Filología Francesa is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Anaquel de Estudios Árabes is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Studia Universitatis Babes-Bolyai, Philologia is the property of Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Romera and Elordieta (2019) and Elordieta and Romera (2020) reported that most information-seeking absolute interrogatives in the variety of Spanish spoken in the Basque Country have a rising-falling circumflex final contour. Basque has falling final contours in absolute interrogatives. Applying the same methodology, this paper shows that most information-seeking absolute interrogatives in Madrid Spanish end in a high rising configuration. The results of this research strengthen the hypothesis proposed by Romera and Elordieta (2019) and Elordieta and Romera (2020) that the variety of Spanish spoken in the Basque Country shows influence from Basque.