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Madagascar undergoes, like all countries in the world, the effects of climate change. in fact, since the last 5 years, in the coastal regions and the basins, the temperature has raised from 2 to 2.5 ° and varies between 34 to 36 ° in the shadow during the rainy season and on the high hills, the temperature diminishes from 2 to 2.5 ° during the dry period and varies from 4 ° to 8 °. However, the structure of lodging of 60% of the people are not adapted to this temperature change. Particularly, in the coastal regions, the walls of the houses are made of sheet iron. The inside of these houses is very hot when the weather is hot and very cold when it is cold. The inhabitants can’t afford the houses made in bricks or breeze block and the natural sources of aggregates are in the process of exhaustion. In the other part, we have seen that tons of paper are ready to be burned at the administrative services (public treasury, public financing, universities, ...) and the newspaper publishers. So, it becomes a must to find another way to the construction materials, justifying in that case our research axis. This study aims at the developing of construction material based on recycled paper, binder and aggregate. It deals of picking up or gathering all waste of papers and outdates newspapers and transforming them into brick for building constructions. What’s more, papers have prominent thermal insulating properties. Our work is focused on the study of variants on the different manufacturing processes, the choice of binder, the preparation of the specimens with different binders and different dosages, the mechanical compression tests for different binders, the evaluation of thermal conductivity for different binders and the numerical simulation of the thermo mechanical behavior of samples. The result is a lightweight brick with good thermal insulation. Tests have also made it possible to declare that the material has acceptable mechanical properties : the compressive strength is 1.56 [N/mm2], higher than the value prescribed by the standard for lightweight concrete blocks for construction of 1.1 [N/mm2], the value of thermal conductivity is 0.114 [W/mK], ten times less conductive heat than concrete and it can replace glass wool for a double its thickness. The specific weight is 57.5 [kg/m2].The practical results were confirmed by finite element simulations.

Reseña

Els escàndols de corrupció a l’Estat espanyol han comportat una crisi de credibilitat del sector públic i dels seus mecanismes de control. Els organismes i les institucions internacionals aposten per noves formes de governança i d’integritat institucional que requereixen un canvi profund de cultura organitzativa. Aquest canvi ha de permetre implantar un “marc integral de control intern” inspirat en la metodologia COSO III, que ha de ser implementat i mantingut pels responsables del govern de l’entitat i ha de conviure amb el control intern que és responsabilitat dels interventors del sector públic. En aquest treball s’analitza la configuració actual del control intern en les administracions públiques, les seves debilitats i fortaleses. També es fan propostes de millora per configurar un marc integral de control intern que proporcioni una seguretat raonable sobre la consecució dels objectius de l’entitat, la fiabilitat de la informació financera, l’eficàcia, l’eficiència de les operacions i el compliment de les disposicions legals aplicables que permeti una prevenció efectiva del frau i la corrupció.

Recension d’ouvrage: Seralini, G.-E.; Douzelet, J. L'affaire Roundup à la lumière des Monsanto Papers. Paris: Éditions Actes Sud, 2020.

Aquesta recerca examina el paper actual del Tribunal de Justícia de la Unió Europea en la governança de la Unió a la llum de la seva jurisprudència recent enunciant primerament resolucions jurisdiccionals emblemàtiques de l’última dècada (2010-2019) i fent una anàlisi particular de la Sentència Bauer i Broßonn, de 2018, per la seva especial transcendència respecte a l’efecte directe horitzontal dels drets reconeguts per la Carta de Drets Fonamentals de la Unió Europea i, indirectament, la invocabilitat en un litigi entre particulars de preceptes d’una directiva que concreta aquells drets. A continuació s’analitza la posició privilegiada del Tribunal de Justícia en l’organigrama institucional de la Unió després del Tractat de Lisboa, de 13 de desembre de 2007, per comprendre millor per què aquesta institució ha pogut contribuir tan decisivament a la preservació i la consolidació de la integració europea. L’estudi conclou amb l’examen de si existeix un govern de jutges en la Unió Europea.

The purpose of this series of studies is to test a paper-and-pencil procedure adapted from a computerized Implicit Association Test: the SC-IAT-P (Personalized Single Category Implicit Association Test, Bardin, et al. 2014). This adaptation combines the advantages of SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006), IAT-P (Olson & Fazio, 2004) and paper-and-pencil IAT (Lemm, Lane, Sattler, Khan & Nosek, 2008). It is capable of measuring implicit attitude toward a single object, limits the influence of extrapersonal associations, and is unquestionably easy to administer. The tool was used in three studies with two different goals. Study 1 highlights a link between paper-and-pencil SC-IAT-P and a computerized corollary in the field of tobacco-smoking. Study 2 reveals the ability of the tool to distinguish smokers from non-smokers according to their score and smokers who have already considered quitting from those who have never considered it. Finally, Study 3, carried out between the two rounds of the French presidential elections in 2012, highlights the difference of attitude between supporters on the Left and Right but also an effect of indecision. The discussion deals with the prospects offered by this tool and its limitations. Résumé: Cette série d’études teste une adaptation en procédure papier crayon d’un test d’association implicite informatisé : le SC-IAT-P (Single Category Implicit Association Test Personalized, Bardin, Perrissol, Py, Launay, & Escoubès, 2014). Cette adaptation allie les avantages du SC-IAT (Karpinski & Steinman, 2006) de l’IAT-P (Olson & Fazio, 2004) et de l’IAT format papier crayon (Lemm, Lane, Sattler, Khan, & Nosek, 2008). Il mesure l’attitude implicite envers un unique objet, limite la contamination de la mesure par des associations extra-personnelles et son administration est d’une facilité indéniable. L’outil a été mis en oeuvre dans trois études portant sur deux objets. L’étude 1 permet de mettre en évidence un lien entre le SC-IAT-P papier crayon et son corollaire informatisé dans le domaine du tabac. L’étude 2 révèle la capacité de l’outil à discriminer les fumeurs des non-fumeurs en fonction de leur score au SC-IAT-P papier crayon mais également les fumeurs qui ont déjà envisagé d’arrêter de fumer de ceux qui n’ont jamais envisagé. Enfin, l’étude 3, réalisée pendant l’entre deux tours des élections présidentielles françaises de 2012, met en évidence une différence d’attitude entre les sympathisants de gauche et de droite mais également un effet de l’indécision. La discussion porte notamment sur les perspectives offertes par cet outil et ses limites.

The paper industry is an activity that have a large impact on the quality of natural resources. The large amount of water used has an impact on the wastewater generated. Untreated liquid waste can cause pollution in water bodies (rivers). Wastewater treatment with Up flow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) is able to process wastes with high COD content in the paper industry. This paper provides a basic review and UASB research that has been carried out in the wastewater treatment of the paper industry.

RESUMEN A lo largo de la segunda mitad siglo XX en la Argentina diferentes actores inscriptos en las instituciones de formación de profesores de Educación Física procuraron promover disimiles discursos y prácticas con el objeto de legitimar en distintas esferas sociales a la disciplina. En esos procesos se establecieron diálogos con diversos saberes científicos constituyéndose lo que los actores de la Educación Física denominaron como “tradiciones disciplinares”, asimismo promovieron desiguales inscripciones dentro del sistema de educación superior. En este artículo profundizaremos en los procesos de configuración de las saberes y prácticas que hicieron a la construcción de la identidad de los profesores de educación física en las décadas de 1970 y 1980. Para ello, analizaremos fuentes primarias y secundarias entre ellas se destacan los planes de estudio y los expedientes administrativos de distintas instituciones de formación. En cada uno de los casos atenderemos a las tramas de construcción de los mismos. El recorrido posibilitará evidenciará que en el período considerado las producciones identitarias de los profesores de educación física comenzarán a pensarse en una relación de necesidad y de tensión entre la investigación y la docencia.

The experimental investigation of the performance of hydrophobic-treated recycled paper mill sludge (RPMS) incorporated into asphalt mixtures is presented in this paper. This research implements RPMS as a solid waste additive to partially replace the mineral filler in the asphalt mixture while practicing green asphalt technology. The raw RPMS required mechanical pre-treatments and its hydrophilic property was modified chemically. The hydrophobicity was assessed by Hydrophilic Coefficient, Water Contact Angle (WCA) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The ethanol method, which involved the esterification of ethyl esters that utilized 7ml of waste cooking oil (WCO) and 50ml of ethanol, was adopted. In the Marshall mix design, RPMS was incorporated at 0.5% and 1.0% of the weight of aggregates. Conventional 60/70 PEN bitumen and granite aggregates were used. The optimum binder content (OBC) was evaluated and justified by its adsorption strength. The mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures were determined and compared with the Public Work Department (PWD) specifications. All the volumetric properties satisfied the standard specification by PWD for 0.5% modified RPMS asphalt mixture, and thus it is preferable as it also involved lower binder cost due to the lower OBC achieved.

Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

El presente artículo pretende ser una primera contribución al conocimiento de la fabricación, comercialización y uso del papel como materia scriptoria en la Castilla bajomedieval. El estudio del caso burgalés a través de la abundante y variada documentación de su archivo catedralicio ha permito identificar la importancia de su judería como centro productor de papel «hispano-árabe». Aunque la mayoría de la documentación medieval que se conserva está escrita en pergamino, paulatinamente desde fines del siglo XIII y en el siglo XIV el papel se convierte en el soporte principal. Al mismo tiempo, se utilizó otro tipo de papel, importado desde el sur de Francia, que testimonia las estrechas relaciones comerciales y políticas de ambos reinos.This article is an initial attempt to study the manufacturing, commercialization and use of paper as a material of support for script in Late Medieval Castile. Through abundant and variegated records in the Cathedral archive, the Burgos case study has enabled us to identify the importance of its Jewish Quarter as a producer of the type of paper know as «Hispano-Arabic». Even if the majority of medieval documents are written on parchment, gradually from the end of the thirteenth century and especially from the fourteenth century on, paper becomes the main material on which they are written. Furthermore, a different type of paper from the south of France was also used, which testifies to the close political and trade relations which existed between the two kingdoms.

Although the US Constitution introduced a republican state system, there is no specific definition of the republic there. The US Constitution is deliberately short document. Its authors wanted to create a charter that would survive throughout times and conditions. However, given the briefness of the Constitution, they felt the need to explain and defend the ideas that had been advocated in it. Thus, The Federalist still serves as the primary source of interpretation of the US Constitution. It is therefore my intention to examine the meaning of republicanism in The Federalist. Although I speak of the republican teaching of The Federalist, there is, in fact, an ambiguity in the use of the word in those essays. This ambiguity reflects an ambiguity in the general use of the word in the political theory and discourse of the 18th century. However, more fundamental problem seems to be the so-called Madison’s “two definitions” of republic from Federalist No. 37 and No. 39. Both of these essays were written by James Madison. I agree that there is a fundamental difference between these two definitions. I do not, however, believe that it reflects inconsistency in Madison’s thinking. I will argue that these “two definitions” reflect Madison’s strategy to introduce a new definition of the republic. Thus, in The Federalist, there are two uses of the word republic: 1) its putative meaning in America, the meaning which was embodied in most of the state constitutions and which is the Anti-Federalist understanding of republicanism; and 2) The Federalist’s understanding of what constitutes republicanism. This second use is a new republicanism and represents a significant break on certain crucial points from the then dominant American understanding.

El paper dels ausetans a la Segona Guerra Púnica havia estat sempre acceptat i corroborat per les fonts i l’arqueologia. Ara bé, la citació de Livi «Ausetanos prope Hiberum» ha portat a suposar l’existència d’uns altres ausetans a l’Ebre i a fer-los protagonistes dels fets atribuïts pels clàssics. Volem demostrar que les terres del Ter mitjà van ser importants en el conflicte i en les revoltes posteriors, i que és aquest el territori ausetà a què les fonts fan referència, tal com ho demostren els esdeveniments històrics posteriors que culminen amb la fundació d’Auso.

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Se presenta Fasti Congressuum, un proyecto digital creado por doctorandos universitarios con el objetivo de difundir congresos y calls for papers relacionados con la Antigüedad. Surgido a raíz de las dificultades de acceso a los mismos por parte de los investigadores, este proyecto se basa en el uso de las humanidades digitales y en el espíritu de trabajo en equipo, aprovechando las ventajas de las redes sociales y contribuyendo a crear una red de difusión internacional. Así, Fasti Congressuum está llegando a una notable cantidad de investigadores mediante la utilización de una web trilingüe dinámica y fácil de consultar, cuyos contenidos son difundidos a través de Facebook, de Twitter y de una newsletter. Estos prometedores resultados, junto con el formato de post (que condensa eficazmente la información imprescindible sobre cada congreso) convierten a Fasti Congressuum en una novedosa herramienta dentro del mundo de la difusión académica de la Antigüedad.