50 results
Search Results
42. Un «laboratoire de choix»?
- Author
-
Elsig, Alexandre
- Subjects
GERMAN propaganda ,WORLD War I ,PROPAGANDA ,WORLD War I propaganda ,SCANDINAVIAN history ,TWENTIETH century ,HISTORY ,GERMAN civilization ,CIVILIZATION ,REIGN of Wilhelmina, Netherlands, 1898-1948 ,INTERNATIONAL relations - Abstract
The article discusses the testing of German propaganda and policies in Switzerland as a test case prior to their implementation in the Netherlands and Scandinavia, other neutral regions in Europe, during World War I. Topics discussed include cultural and psychological aspects of German propaganda in neutral countries, the German conceptions of propaganda with different aims and audiences and the concept of Aufklärung, or elucidation, and statistics on written materials distributed in the neutral regions.
- Published
- 2013
43. The German Tax On Speculation.
- Subjects
GERMAN politics & government ,SPECULATION ,GAMBLING ,PUBLIC opinion ,LEGISLATIVE bills - Abstract
The bill with scheme for taxing speculation has been carried through various stages, and was made law on May 19, 1885 in Germany. It is printed in full in a recent number of the "Jahrbücher für National-Oekonomie." As compared with what was originally proposed, the law is a very mild measure, and one hardly likely to have any great results. But it still deserves attention because it is very characteristic of public opinion in Germany on economic and social subjects, and also characteristic of the present condition of German politics. As an economic measure, it is the first practical outcome of the agitation against speculative gambling in stocks and goods which has been going on for the last ten or fifteen years, and which is only one manifestation of the whole movement of German thought on economic matters.
- Published
- 1885
44. Le Salon 22 Designers Show joue I'ouverture.
- Author
-
Fron, Marie-Emmanuelle
- Subjects
TRADE shows ,DESIGNERS ,THEMES in decoration & ornamentation ,EXHIBITIONS - Abstract
The article briefly discusses the trade show titled 22 Designers Show held in Montreuil, France, from October 5-14, 2012 which features 22 designers showcasing their designs and decorative patterns to various professionals in areas including fashion, lingerie, and the paper-making industry.
- Published
- 2012
45. [On "early pathologic anatomy" and "anatomy of medical structure": continuity or point of epistemological rupture?].
- Author
-
Lellouch A
- Subjects
- France, Germany, History, 19th Century, Microscopy history, Pathology, Clinical history
- Abstract
The aim of this paper is to analyse the technical, conceptual and institutional changes from which, through macroscopic pathology, a new medical science (microscopic pathology) emerged. The "early" pathology was mainly implemented by the Ecole de Paris, at the beginning of the 19th century. After 1850, histo-pathology emerged, in German university institutes (which were separate buildings from the wards and from the dissecting rooms of the hospitals). The birth of histo-pathology is also linked with technical improvements in mass manufactured microscopes, with better techniques for fixing and staining histological samples and lastly, in (1848) withVirchow's cellular theory. Among French doctors, only one, the very famous physician Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893) was aware of these dramatic changes. Charcot wrote many texts which are testimonies of an epistemological rupture between two very different types of medicine, the old French "médecine d'hôpital" and the new "lab medicine", developed in German speaking countries and based on the microscope.
- Published
- 2006
46. ['Intervening is representing': medical campaigns that helped identify the prevalence of hookworm].
- Author
-
Löwy I
- Subjects
- Brazil epidemiology, France epidemiology, Geography, Germany epidemiology, History, 20th Century, Hookworm Infections epidemiology, Hookworm Infections prevention & control, Humans, Program Evaluation, West Indies epidemiology, Communicable Disease Control history, Hookworm Infections history
- Abstract
This paper compares anti-hookworm campaigns conducted in the early twentieth century in France, Germany, Brazil and West India. The populations that suffer from hookworm are not identical in the North and in the South. In tropical and semi-tropical regions hookworm is mainly found among poor peasants and is related to lack of hygiene, while in temperate climates hookworm was a professional disease of miners, a highly organized professional segment. Nevertheless, major disparities in the pattern of hookworm control did not reflect the North-South divide, but a difference between campaigns. These aimed at the eradication of hookworm infection (Germany and West-India) and at alleviating the effects of this infection on populations (France and Brazil). Maps that represented the prevalence of hookworm mirrored the aims of the sanitary campaign in which they were used: eradication of parasitic worms versus the reduction of the handicap induced by these worms. In public health as well, representing is intervening. And vice versa: patterns of intervention shape representations.
- Published
- 2003
47. [Concern for children in family management texts].
- Author
-
Kottek SS
- Subjects
- Child, Child, Preschool, Germany, History, 16th Century, History, 17th Century, History, 18th Century, Humans, Child Welfare history, Family Health, Textbooks as Topic history
- Abstract
Hausväterliteratur designates works aimed at landlords and their wives in order to help them in the management of their estate. Among a wide-ranged list of topics tackled in these sizeable volumes, child welfare seldom fails to appear, though generally rather briefly. We consider in this paper a number of German works, most of them dating from the 17th century, though beginning with Johann Coler (1593) and winding up with Johann Joachim Becher (1714). These works include some advice on how to diagnose and manage the most common ailments, as well as some basic educational principles. A brief "pediatric" pharmacopoeia is often added. Although this review concerns only works in German, we have added references to a document taken from English literature, the diary of the clergyman and landlord Ralph Josselin. Dating from the same period (1643-1683), this document shows us how a landlord and his wife actually treated their sick children, thus shifting from theory to practice. "Hausväterliteratur" can be considered as an early stage of what was later termed "Domestic Medicine".
- Published
- 2002
48. [The rebirth of Rudolf Virchow's biological thought, in the work of Ludwig Aschoff].
- Author
-
Benaroyo L
- Subjects
- Germany, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Methods, Clinical Medicine history, Pathology, Clinical history, Philosophy, Medical history
- Abstract
Rudolf Virchow's teaching was challenged by German physicians in the 1920s. Scientific medicine, they argued, did not provide sufficient tools for patient care. They held Virchow responsible for this state of things. According to Ludolf von Krehl, Gustav von Bergmann or Ferdinand Sauerbruch, Virchow fostered a mechanistic trend in medicine which neglected the human dimension in medical practice. These clinicians claimed that scientific medicine should therefore be complemented at the bedside by a teleological approach, taking into account the purposiveness of vital processes. This was the methodological core of the reform that they intended to promote. Many pathologists alike were preoccupied with the reformatory trend launched by the physicians. Ludwig Aschoff, Paul Ernst, Max Borst and Walter Pagel endeavoured to reform the theoretical foundations of their discipline. However, they did not agree with the physicians' view of Virchow's teaching. Aschoff especially showed that Virchow's initial writings provided in fact an epistemological basis supporting the clinicians' endeavour. In this paper, I examine Aschoff's argumentation. I hope thereby to improve our knowledge of one of the components of the medical reform which took place in Germany during the Weimar period.
- Published
- 1997
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. [Emil Kraepelin and bipolar disorder: invention or over-extension?].
- Author
-
Géraud M
- Subjects
- Germany, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Humans, Psychotic Disorders history, Bipolar Disorder history
- Abstract
From 1899 to 1913, Emil Kraepelin (1856-1926) creates and elaborates the nosographical group of the "manic-depressive insanity". In the 50-60s, Leonhard splits off this homogeneous group and describes unipolar psychosis, bipolar psychosis and cycloïd psychosis (anxiety-elation psychosis, motility psychosis and confusion psychosis). Recent nosographical orientations seem to announce a come-back to Kraepelin's conception of "mood disorders". This paper presents the essential of Kraepelin's "manic-depressive insanity" theory-temperamental basis, integration of mixed states, epidemiological datas- and highlights its dialectical relations with today's theory of bipolarity.
- Published
- 1997
50. [Differences between town and country and evolution of mortality in Germany during industrialization].
- Author
-
Vögele JP
- Subjects
- Germany, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, Rural Health history, Socioeconomic Factors, Industry history, Mortality, Urban Health history, Urbanization history
- Abstract
Traditionally cities and towns in historical Europe were perceived as being particularly unhealthy. Terms like 'le handicap urbain' or 'urban penalty' have been introduced in order to emphasize the high death rates in the fast-growing industrial towns of nineteenth century Europe, which significantly exceeded the average rates for rural areas or the whole country. A rising population density was ideal for the transmission of the prevailing infectious diseases. This paper assesses urban and rural mortality change in Imperial Germany, when the country was going through a process of accelerated industrialization and urbanization. It provides an analysis of changes in age-, sex- and disease-specific mortality in urban and rural Prussia. In general, urban mortality in Germany reached its peak after the middle of the century, thereafter urban mortality improved substantially in relative as well as in absolute terms, the gap between urban and rural mortality narrowed and finally disappeared entirely. The largest cities registered the strongest decline in mortality. Obviously they had the potential to overcome the threats of disease or death, and became forerunners of improved health conditions in modern industrialized societies. An analysis of the mechanisms of mortality change in an urban environment during industrialization in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries can therefore serve as a paradigm for conditions in highly urbanized industrial societies.
- Published
- 1996
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