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This course comprises the list of plants likely to cure or alleviate diseases or functional symptoms which are beforehand studied from clinical or physiological point of view. With regard to botany, plants are designated: - either by their French name with sometimes a synonym or a classical Latin name, - or according to the Tournefort or Linné's terminology. It is an interesting truative on eighteenth century medical botany, the professor who dictated this course being Antoine or Bernard de Jussieu.

Rémy Willemet is above all a local botanist whose first work was selected by the academy of Nancy in 1766. His notoriety began when another work with Jean-François Coste was chosen by the academy of Lyon ten years later. He published then in many papers and was elected in numerous academies and scientific societies. During the Revolution, he was a professor of the Ecole centrale de la Meurthe and of the Société de santé, and he became the chairman of the botanical garden. Willemet wrote some botanical books. Today, what is the memory of his researchs and papers? Fairly few things because he never undertook botanical travels in order to discover and compare pharmaceutical plants. However, Willemetia was the name used to denominate some species and honour his family. His name was also engraved on the wall of some university buidings and it was chosen some years ago to entitle a botanical paper in Lorraine.

Floristic atlases have an important input to flora conservation planning even though their data quality varied greatly across countries. This study aimed to assess survey completeness of cells of floristic atlases. Then, a surveying guide is designed to overcome as efficiently as possible sampling biases. A review and analyses on a wide dataset were carried out to select an estimator of the true species richness of surveyed cells. The Jackknife 1, a non-parametric estimator, appeared as the best compromise for regional floristic atlases. The number of records in each cell was used as an estimator of sampling effort. The ratio between the observed species richness and the estimated species richness measures the completeness of inventories in each surveyed cell. Eighteen variables were selected to describe current inventories and design new surveys. These variables highlight locations, periods and species to be given priority in future studies., (Copyright © 2012 Académie des sciences. Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

J.Fr. Oberlin was a Lutheran clergyman in a remote valley of Vosges between Alsace and Lorraine. He is well-known for his numerous philantropic acrivities and his spiritual living. In his youth he acquired some knowledge in medicine and botany which allowed him to cure many people whose well-being and vitality improved during the 60 years of his life at the Ban de la Roche. He profited of progress of medicine in the XVIIIth and XIXth centuries and the exceptionnel botanical abundance of the valley. There are little information about the stock and the preparation of drugs but Oberlin is the source of a great liveliness for medical researchers about medicine of his epoch.

Armand-Jean de Mauvillain was Marguerite Cardinal's and Jean de Mauvillain's son. Jean de Mauvillain was successively the King's and Gaston d'Orléans surgeon. His ancestors were native of the Poitou region. The Mauvillains' genealogy has been documented. Armand-Jean de Mauvillain completed his medical studies in Paris and graduated on May 19, 1649. He was appointed "Docteur-régent" on Februrary 3, 1650 and professor of botany in 1655. He was dismissed from his position at the Faculté de médecine for four years due to a quarrel with the Dean Antoine Blondel. Then he resumed his former position and was elected Dean in 1666. In 1650, he married Gemme Cornuty the daughter of the "Docteur-régent" Jacques Cornuty and Anne Bergeret. Jacques Cornuty was the son of Georges Cornuty, a former Dean of the Faculté de médecine (1608-1610). Mauvillain and his wife had four children: Armand-Jean, also future "Docteur-régent", Guillaume, Nicolas and Louise-Angélique.His property inventory enables us to discover his living conditions, his collection of books and the value of his belongings. His role as Molière's counsellor is disputable. The actual date of his first meeting with the famous comedian has not been ascertained. The geneaology of de Mauvillain's family has been documented from the end of the sixteenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century. Its members counted a surgeon, a priest, physicians and lawyers. These commendable activities were in accordance with those traditionally practised by the Ancien Regime middle class members.

At the beginning of the XXth century, professor Brunotte, of the school of pharmacy of Nancy, and the section vosgienne de Nancy du Club alpin français, undertook the creation of an alpine garden, in the Vosges, near the col de la Schlucht and le Hohneck, near also with the frontier with Germany. After the death of professor Brunotte, in 1910, the garden was given to the University of Nancy and completed until 1914, but the 1st World War destroyed it completely and it was impossible to recreate it. 1966 was the year of the creation of a new garden, not far from Monthabey, along the route des Crêtes, with a monument devoted to Monthabey garden and its promoter. The paper describes the creation of the first garden, the personality and career of professor Brunotte, its garden after his death and after the war, the precursors in botany of the Vosges Kirschleger and Bleicher, the new garden at Haut-Chietlet, finally the memories of professor Brunotte.

John Frederick Oberlin (1740-1826) minister and philantropist for sixty years in a Vosges valley, not far from Schirmeck-Rothau, studied sciences at Strasbourg University. He brought to his parish phythoterapy, Linne's classifying of plants and some start of scientific medicine. Two of his sons took their Doctor's degree at Strasbourg and one of them worked part of his life as a General Practioner in the valley. The present paper makes mention of a few plants in the herbarium preserved at the parsonage Museum of Waldersbach with their copies in slides. The interest they offer lies in their excellent preservation and the medical properties written out in French, German, Latin and Vosges provincial dialect. It is called to attention there may be an uncertainty about the present name of one plant.

Marcel Petitmengin was born in Nancy in January 1881. Student at the school of pharmacy and preparator in its laboratory for natural history, he received his diploma in 1904. He had already published some papers on botany and belonged to the International Academy for Geographical botany. He choose the flora of Mount Viso, in Italy, for his philosophical thesis. In the same time, he worked on greek flora with Maire, then on Primulaceae from Asia. Having published about fifty papers on botany, he died from tuberculosis in October 1908, being twenty-seven years old. Very faithful, he took part actively in protestantism in Nancy.

From the early XIXth century, studies of plant associations in relation to their different environments arose in geobotany, next to classical studies of species distribution. This trend in research was perpetuated and may explain some characteristics of the reception in France of American scientific ecology. Thus, during the interwar years, the Zürich-Montpellier school of phytosociology made possible important progress in bringing to the fore the discontinuities in vegetation. However, it hindered ecological research from the approach of plant associations dynamics, hence to ideas in systems ecology, while works on these subjects were successfully carried out at the same time in the USA. Nevertheless, several researchers (geobotanists, microbiologists or biocoenologists) worked within a conceptual framework that was in harmony with American studies on biotic communities.

During the first half of the 19th century, and notably during the Restoration, many French naturalists gathered into some new natural history Societies, called Linnean Societies. They tried to remove the chaos of the zoological and botanical nomenclature, and decided to fight against the generalization of the natural method. They worshipped Linnaeus' memory, his artificial system of classification of plants and animals, and his binomial nomenclature. This worshipping, ignored by the official scientific institution, opened up the way to an international critical approach aiming at the stabilization and universalization of zoological, botanical and geological nomenclatures. At the end of the century this approach caused the writing of the International codes of nomenclature currently in use today. The starting points of these codes were Linnaeus' 10th edition of Systema naturae (1758), 1st edition of Species plantarum (1753) and 5th edition of Genera plantarum (1754).

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The article analyzes why medical acupuncture was only practiced in France from the 1810s to the 1820s and argues that French medical orthodoxy played a role. The reception, success, and decline of acupuncture in France during that time and how obstacles to animal magnetism at the end of the 18th century contributed to this decline are discussed. Topics addressed include the involvement of Jules Cloquet, a member of the newly founded Académie royale de médicine (royal medical academy) in 1821, acupuncturists and hypnotists portrayed as charlatans, and the economic, political, and morale aspects of acupuncture.

Copyright of Radioprotection (EDP Sciences) is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the social history of credit networks in the region of Languedoc in France in the 18th century, exploring the ways financial institutions and economic relationships explain the social origin of the French Revolution. The article describes tensions resulting from the increasing indebtedness among the French middle class and the aristocracy, the investments in equipment to stimulate economic development, and the distribution of resources between social groups such as the peasantry, laborers, and the nobility. Other subjects under discussion include the fiscal system of the elites, the financial demands of the monarchy, and the consumption rate of the 18th century French family.

The article discusses the confiscation of art, books, and specimens of natural history that were seen as subversive to the Jacobin government during the French Revolution. The article describes the martial, physiocratic, and republican justifications for the forced seizures of property, the targeting of ecclesiastics and immigrants, and the depositing of the confiscated items in the French Museum of Natural History or educational institutions. Other subjects under discussion include the destruction of rare historical items, the depositing of objects into various governmental departments to complete collections, and the Écoles Centrales and its use of confiscated objects.

Philippe Cauvet undertook a military career after having obtained his pharmacist diploma in the school of Montpellier in 1854. He kept first his terms in the military school of "Val-de-Grâce" in Paris and came after some years to Strasbourg as a tutor at the "Ecole impériale du Service de santé militaire". Cauvet obtained his philosophical thesis in this town in 1861. Some years later, in 1864, he was accepted as a fellow at the school of pharmacy where he teached botany and zoology to military and civilian students. After some years in Algeria and other towns in France, he asked in 1874 to become a professor at the school of pharmacy of Nancy, but the ministry of war did not agree with the plurality of activities. Cauvet was named as the professor of materia medica at the n 1882. He remained at these two functions until his death, suddenly occured in 1890. Professor Philippe Cauvet worked mainly in botany and wrote books in this field and in natural history.

Raspail was a great scholar and politician. His works are connected with very different areas such as journalism, agriculture, meteorology, mineralogy, geology, botany, chemistry, biology and medicine. In his works, urology fills a significant place and deserves to be reported for its medical originality and nonconformism.

Robert François Laugier was born in Nancy in 1722. He was the son of an apothecary who began an apprenticeship in this field, but then became a medical student. His thesis, in 1748, was on a subject in chemistry. Interested in botany, he went to Vienna, at the request of the last Duke of Lorraine, to direct the botanical garden. He had an important place in the Imperial court and was professor at the University until 1769. On his return to Nancy in 1769, he was elected to the local academy and may then have gone to Strasbourg. He became a professor at the University of Modena and died in Reggio in 1793. Robert (de) Laugier is remembered by his book, well known in pharmaceutical bibliography, Institutiones pharmaceuticae sive philosophia pharmaceutica, which appeared in 1788 and 1793, and by his work to improve the design of the alembic.

Between 1811 and 1813, Sebald Justinus Brugmans (Franeker, 1763-Leyden, 1819), professor of Botany, Natural History, Chemistry and Medicine at the University of Leyden, served as a General Inspector of the French Imperial Military Health Service while he devoted himself to the improvement of hospital and barrack facilities and also to the improvement of the conditions of life for the regular army. Through his approach he was able to combat against epidemic diseases in unhealthy costal regions. For his career of almost 25 years he served under various rulers.

Pierre Belon was born in Le Mans in 1517. After he had worked as apothecary assistant and he had studied botany, he was chosen to join in the embassy sent by French King François I to the Turkish Sultan in 1546. From 1553 he wrote his impressions upon his tour "Comments upon different peculiarities and memorable things". In Stamboul he dawdled around the typical Turkish drugstores and he observed and recorded the hygienic habit of the Turks. Not only are his "Comments" about the Eastern Countries a mine of useful information but they can be also considered as the foundation of renewal in the relationship between Europeans travellers and the Middle East.

Henri Braconnot was born in Commercy in 1780. When he was 13 years old, he was bound apprentice in the pharmacy of Graux in Nancy. He remained here for two years, learning pharmacy, chemistry and botany. When the army called him, his position in Strasbourg allowed him to study. After it, he came to Paris and learned in some schools, particularly the Ecole gratuite de pharmacie. Returned in Nancy, forever, in 1802, he was then named as the chairman of the botanical garden and a member of the academy of the town, and he began his results in plant chemistry. He worked almost until his death that occurred in January 1855. Braconnot's work is essentially devoted to chemistry. His name is attached to the extractive principles of vegetables. Some orientations of his research are: plant acids, fats, extractive compounds that may have conduct him to alkaloïds, sugar obtained from saw-dust and rages, other organic plant chemicals, nitration of cellulose, and some others such as colours chemistry, hydrology, physiological chemistry, toxicology, mineralogy. He was never received as an apothecary, but pharmacy has always considered that he belonged to it.

The Ecole d'anatomie et de chirurgie navale de Rochefort was created on February 5, 1722 by Jean Cochon-Dupuy. Anatomy, internal medicine and botany were taught together with the art of bandages. The major professor was the first medicine doctor of the port, afterwards came the first surgeon. At the end of the XVIIIth century the number of subjects and teachers increased. Many terms of probation were also organized. This school was closed in 1964.

Nutrition has taken on great importance in the health considerations of the general population. To meet expectations many fields have been called to contribute. With his multi-disciplined training the Pharmacist can and should have an important role to play. Upstream, the agro-food industry has many opportunities to offer. Our knowledge of Genetics, Molecular Biology and Botany can be a great advantage. Nutriceuticals are at the interface of nutrition and medicine. They concerns foods which have preventative or curative properties for certain illnesses. Are we going to be able to integrate into this new concept? Administered in pharmacological doses certain nutriments are indeed drugs. The Pharmacist should have a better training in Nutrition in order to be able to do his job properly. In hospitals the Pharmacist dispenses and sometimes prepares solutions for parenteral nutrition, while the biologist participates in denutrition diagnosis.

The founding of the Schools of Pharmacy was celebrated in the Year XII by the issuing of fifty silver medals engraved by Brenet and intended for these schools. Only two of them have since been located. But, the "Brenet medals" have also served as prizes in competitions in the School of Pharmacy of Paris since the Year XII and for the Pharmaceutical Society. The autor is in possession of one, also bestowed in the Year XII, but for a "Second Prize in Botany" in Rouen, a city which was at that time without an official teaching institution in medicine or pharmacy. Its recipient was probably a medical student taking courses organized in the Hotel-Dieu of Rouen.

When printing came into being, Strasbourg played a crucial role in the dissemination of the knowledge on anatomy, especially with the publication of Brunschwig's famous treatise on surgery in 1497. The first official human dissection in Strasbourg was performed in 1517. The teaching of medicine really began with the establishment of the Academy in 1566, but it was only in 1652 that a specific chair was created for anatomy. The first anatomical theatre was opened in 1670 in a secularized church contiguous to the city hospital. Until 1708, the teaching of anatomy is combined with that of botany; it was only from this date that anatomy was to be associated with surgery, and such was the case until the French Revolution. During the nineteenth century an impressive museum of anatomy was gradually established in Strasbourg. In 1872, after the annexation of Alsace, when the new german university was created, normal and pathological anatomy were separated and each chair attached to a particular institute. The building housing the institutes of normal and pathological anatomy was inaugurated in 1877 and is still used today. In 1919, when the Faculty of medicine was reorganized after Alsace was restored to France, histology and embryology were definitively separated from anatomy. Many famous anatomists worked in Strasbourg, among whom are to be found: J. G. von Andernach (1497-1574), T. Lauth (1758-1826), F. D. Reisseissen (1773-1828), J. F. Lobstein (1777-1835), E. A. Lauth (1803-1837), E. Küss (1815-1871), E. Koeberlé (1828-1915), E. Beaunis (1830-1921), H. D. Bouchard (1833-1899), J. G. Joessel (1838-1892), W. Waldeyer (1836-1921), G. Schwalbe (1844-1916), W. Pfitzner (1853-1903), F. Keibel (1861-1929), A. Forster (1878-1957) and Ph. Bellocq (1888-1962).