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Due to the differentiation between the laws of member states in the field of designs and patterns, European Parliament and Council Directive no. 98/71/CE from October 13, 1998 on legal protection of designs and patters, has implemented a protection system of designs and patters adapted to domestic market needs. Based on the Directive no. 98/71/CE, Council Regulation (EU) no. 6/2002 from December 12, 2001 on community designs and patters has been issued, which is compulsory in all its elements and which applies directly in all member states. Thus, a special legal protection has been provided meant to encourage individual creators, to bring forward innovation, the development of new products and the investments in their fabrication. To implement the provisions of the Regulation (EU) no. 6/2002, Commission Regulation (EU) no. 2245/2002 from October 21, 2002 has been adopted. All these regulations are intended to provide protection of designs and patterns, and for this purpose two forms of protection are deemed as necessary, namely a long-term one, corresponding to the design or patters not registered, and a short-term one, corresponding to the design and patters registered. In this paper we shall present in detail these forms of protection, as well as the substantive and formal conditions necessary to be fulfilled for the registration of designs and patterns. The presentation shall be founded on legal regulations mentioned above that are enforceable and binding also on the Romanian territory, a legal protection of designs and patterns been thus provided not only inland but also intra-community. The purpose of the paper is to highlight also the necessity of designs and patterns protection, a sine-qua-non condition for the development of new products and investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Deviance et Societe is the property of Medecine et Hygiene and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper deals with the making of the euro and the monetary frontiers of the euro zone, not overlapping with those of the European Union. At the very start of the monetary union, the dimension of the euro zone has been determined by the interplay of institutional and political pressures. After the last enlargement, only four small economies have managed to enter the euro. The present economic crisis has delayed the accession programmes of some new Member States. The central and eastern European countries are thus trying to ground their application on political criteria rather than on institutional ones. However the European Council has not given any positive answer to these claims. In the future the absorption of new members into the euro zone will be based on conditionality and adaptation of the structures of the monetary union, as it has to deal with a higher number of participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Regional Science / Revue Canadienne des Sciences Régionales is the property of Canadian Regional Science Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In political discourse as well as scholarly research on the European Union, the last decade of the 20th century was the decade of citizenship. But, despite numerous unresolved questions, there has been a virtual silence on the matter since 2001. Does this mean that there have been no major developments in European citizenship over the past few years? The answer is clearly negative. Via a comparison of the White Paper on European Governance (2001) and the draft Constitution (2004), this article documents a certain tension in the institutional discourse about European citizenship. It proposes a new theoretical model to grasp this tension and to understand European citizenship as it is conceived nowadays. This analytic prism is based on the distinction between "government citizenship" and "governance citizenship." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Swiss Political Science Review is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article explores the discourses on national identity of the inhabitants of Cahul city, situated at the border of the Republic of Moldova with Romania (and therefore the European Union). Since borders and identities are strongly connected, this research observes Moldovans citizens discourses of identification through the lens of their perspective on the border. The interviews and focusgroups show that two different discourses can be identified. At one hand, for a minority of Moldovans that have been interviewed, the border is an artificial delimitation, as Romanians and Moldovans resemble. On the other hand, for the large majority, the border is at the right place and it separates two different states and their citizens, even if there are some common characteristics that Romanians and Moldovans share. Therefore, this article underlines that a common and differentiated "we" can be found in the everyday discourses and practices of Moldovan citizens living at the border [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes how the notion of parental project was framed by French law and how it became a criteria in gaining access to medically assisted reproduction (AMP) and a factor in the fate of human embryos. Gender equality, relations among parents, the autonomy of women, and the logic that only couples have access to AMP are mentioned. Additional topics of discussion include intracytoplasmic sperm injection as defined in the bioethics law of 2011, the notion of parental project in the conception, transfer, and preservation of human embryos, and in vitro fertilization (FIV).

The EU has as its motto 'United in Diversity.' To what extent does reality reflect this federal ideal as inscribed in the European treaties? Although the Lisbon Treaty introduces reforms and legitimizes processes that reinforced the federal character of the European project, it remains difficult at this stage to define the EU as a social and political structure in which power rests on a fragile equilibrium between unity and diversity as well as on a struggle to maintain it. If unity has been reinforced through successive institutional reforms, there is still disequilibrium in favor of diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]