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Copyright of Revue Education et Socialisation is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Early discussion on palliative care with patients with advanced, progressive or terminal disease is difficult regardless patient's life expectancy. In Belgium, a Royal Decree sets the criteria to identify patients with palliative needs. For that purpose, the Palliative Care Indicators Tool (PICT) is proposed. This 3-step identification tool designed for physicians begins with the so-called surprise question, «Would you be surprised if your patient died in the next 6 to 12 months?». The second and third steps examine the fragility and incurability criteria, respectively. The surprise question intends to encourage the clinician to trust his/her intuition and to promote a reflection on patient's needs. The PICT facilitates communication between caregivers. Also, it makes possible early thinking about advanced care planning. Hence, it allows patients to receive palliative care in due time. In this paper, after reviewing the background of the surprise question, we shall examine the benefits and limitations of the surprise question.

Copyright of Revue Education et Socialisation is the property of Presses Universitaires de la Mediterranee and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Synergies Turquie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper focuses on verbal idioms. On the one hand, drawing on data from a small corpus study dedicated to French idioms and their Dutch translations, we argue that contrastive linguistics may function as a discovery procedure of certain typological features. Thus we show that syntactic structures with several prepositional phrases as argument are common in Dutch idioms, whereas they are rare in French. On the other, we adopt a variationnist approach with respect to French by studying verbal idioms in Belgian French, showing that although the overwhelming majority of idioms are common to the francophonie, Belgium, like all the other regions, has its stock of unique fixed expressions with lexical and syntactic features of its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Collected Papers of the Faculty of Law in Split / Zbornik Radova Pravnog Fakulteta u Splitu is the property of Split Faculty of Law and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents Résumés/Abstracts, which includes Between 2005 and 2014, the size of the middle income classes changed heterogeneously within European countries. She is maintained in France, Belgium and the Netherlands, countries characterized by mechanisms setting wages at a relatively aggregate level and maintaining a fairly generous welfare state.

High speed sequencing is revolutionizing the various genetic tests and in particular preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), opening the doors to an increasingly efficient predictive medicine. PGD itself is not new, and the various legistations have been dealing with it for some twenty years. National ethics committees, for their part, have widely debated antenatal tests in the context of medically assisted procreation. This paper examines the work of these Committees on PGD in three States, France, Belgium and Switzerland, in order to highlight their similarities and differences. The subject has also been raised and discussed in the context of the États généraux de la bioéthique which took place this year in France and, given the progresses made recently, they have echoed certain demands of civil society. However, in France, caution continues to dominate., (© 2019 médecine/sciences – Inserm.)

Copyright of Synergies Pologne is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue des Sciences de l'Education is the property of Revue des Sciences de l'Education and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Health Literacy (HL) is defined as «the knowledge, motivation, and competences to access, understand, appraise and apply health information in order to make judgments and take decisions in everyday life concerning health care, disease prevention and health promotion to maintain or improve quality of life». This concept begins to be recognized as a priority area for action at political level in Belgium. Indeed, a limited HL may affect health by leading, for example, with poorer management of chronic diseases, more hospital admissions and premature deaths. This paper addresses the question of HL evaluation, improvement interventions as well as the many challenges that remain in this area. HL seems fundamental to the development of better health management. It would allow patients to play a more active role in health care, to involve all health stakeholders, and to contribute to a more sustainable health system. Improving HL could allow better equal access to health care.e.

Copyright of Industrial Relations / Relations Industrielles is the property of Universite Laval, Department of Industrial Relations and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Belgian History / Revue Belge d'Histoire Contemporaine is the property of Cegesoma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper presents the research on medicine in Greco-Roman Egypt conducted in the last forty years at the Centre de Documentation de Papyrologie Littéraire (CEDOPAL) at the University of Liège. It describes the main results obtained by deciphering, editing, translating and commenting Greek and Latin medical papyri, be they literary, documentary or magical.

Purpose: The objectives of this paper is to study the prevalence of breastfeeding in Brussels, to assess whether the targets of the Maternal and Child Health program (MCH) were met (prevalence's of breastfeeding of 85 and 75% of exclusive breastfeeding) and finally to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at the birth., Materials and Method: The cross-sectional survey is representative of children 18 to 24 months living in Brussels. Data on breastfeeding are anamnestic and retrospective. A face to face questionnaire was administered by trained investigators, 16 questions about breastfeeding as well socio-demographic information were collected from 544 mothers. The survey took place in 2012., Results: At the birth, 83.3% (95% CI 80.1-86.4) of mothers exclusively breastfed and 9.7% of the mothers (7.3-12.2) partially. When discharged from maternity unit, 80.9% (77.6-84.2) of mothers breastfed exclusively and 9.7% (7.3-12.2) partially. When fitting a logistic model, predictors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at the birth were gestation, type of birth, father's education level and the main influencing factor was the partner's attitude., Discussion: The targets of the MCH were reached in Brussels. Until now, transversal surveys are the only way of knowing the prevalence and the factors associated with breastfeeding in Brussels. These first representative data on breastfeeding came from the 2012 vaccine coverage survey. Given the primary role of the father in choosing a breastfeeding it is necessary that the father is more often taken into account in regard to the promotion of AM during the prenatal period. A rigorous use of definitions of AM should be systematized.

The Belgian law legalizing euthanasia under strict conditions came into effect September 22, 2002. Any physician performing euthanasia has to complete a registration document and to send it within four days to a federal commission whose mission is to verify that the legal conditions were fulfilled. From September 22, 2002 to December 31, 2013, 8.767 documents have been registered and analyzed by this commission. They are described in six reports referred to Parliament. The present paper analyzes the work of this commission and answers the criticisms concerning its quality and its efficiency. The allegations that clandestine euthanasia's escaping any control are performed are also discussed. In conclusion, it appears that the legal obligations concerning the practice of euthanasia in Belgium are fully effective.

Background: Medication management demands information exchange between healthcare professionals of intra- and transmural care., Aim: The goal of this study is to determine if a paper medication overview improves the information exchange between healthcare professionals of primary and secondary care in the South Eastern part of Limburg., Methods: A paper medication overview was implemented in this region. A pre and post survey were used to gather healthcare professionals opinions about the potential of the paper medication overview. The expectations, experiences and the use of the medication overview were gathered., Results: The most important barriers are the time investment of healthcare professionals and patient involvement. A paper medication overview appears to be mostly used to reduce medication errors. Few healthcare professionals see potential in the paper medication overview as a tool to improve communication. An electronic medication overview yields more possibilities as well for intramural care as for transmural care., Conclusion: A paper medication overview is perceived as a tool to reduce medication errors. Although it is very time consuming to keep the paper medication overview up-to date, it yields a lot of possibilities to improve information exchange between different kinds of healthcare professionals. Patient involvement is crucial to establish the flow of healthcare information.

This paper deals with different issues related to the preposition endéans [within], such as its origin, geographical distribution, meaning, use and morphosyntactic features. Endéans is traditionally described by two qualifying adjectives: "Belgian" and "temporal". Nevertheless, its usage exceeds the territory of Francophone Belgium and, rarely, the domain of time as well, particularly in the past. Two questionnaire researches focused on this matter were conducted among native speakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is concerned with the place and role of general practitioners in the follow-up of patients submitted to bariatric surgery in the province of Liège. The results of the analysis were compared with clinical practice guidelines published by the French Haute Autorité de Santé (HAS). Fifteen interviews were conducted with GPs who follow up operated patients. The results highlight the GPs' wish to fully participate in the follow-up of those patients. Their medical supervision is centered on the HAS clinical practice guidelines, taking into account the intake deficiencies as well as the patient's psychological experience. However, some aspects are disregarded, mainly because of a lack of theoretical knowledge (some biological parameters, pregnancy and contraception). The short consultation time along with the poor communication with the hospital multidisciplinary team were mentioned as obstacles to a good quality follow-up. Progress is still needed to reach the clinical practice guidelines. However, there is a wish to better collaborate. Organising coordination meetings between professionals along with an early implication of the GP - even before surgery - represent possible solutions.

Unlabelled: The aim of this paper is to study and validate the French version of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale developed by Radloff (in 1977) in an adolescent sample. This scale was developed to measure levels of depressive symptomatology, with special emphasis on the affective components and depressed mood., Method: The data used in this study were collected in 11 schools. Our sample was composed of 1496 French-speaking, Belgian secondary school students aged 12 to 16 years. The questionnaire included demographic information such as age, gender, grade and family composition. The position of the CES-D scale has not changed and was placed in the last part of the self-administered questionnaire., Results: After an exploratory factor analysis, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis to test our factor model. We tested the model with four factors proposed by Radloff (in 1977) and also the model proposed by Chabrol (in 2002). Our results indicate a better match with Radloff's model in our sample, showing the relevance of using Radloff's model with four factors in adolescents. Although our analysis shows a clear gender difference with regard to depressive symptoms, the tested factor model remained stable regardless of the gender of the adolescent., (Copyright © 2013 L’Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Purpose: The objectives of this paper were to study the prevalence of breastfeeding in the French-speaking community of Belgium, to assess whether the targets of the Maternal and Child Health program (MCH) were met (prevalence of breastfeeding of 85, 70, 50, and 25% at the maternity hospital and at 3, 6, and 12 months of age, respectively), and to identify factors associated with breastfeeding at the maternity hospital and at 6 months of age., Materials and Methods: A sample (two-stage cluster sampling) was drawn from the population of children aged 18-24 months living in the area. A face-to-face questionnaire was administered by trained investigators. Anamnestic data on breastfeeding at the maternity hospital and at 3, 6, and 12 months as well sociodemographic information were collected from 522 mothers. The survey took place in 2009., Results: At the maternity hospital, 75.7% (95%CI [72.7-79.5]) of the mothers were breastfeeding: 72.4% among the Belgians (and French) and 89.0% among foreign mothers. At 3 months of age, the breastfeeding prevalence was 48.3% (CI, 44.0-52.6): 42.5% among the Belgians (and French) and 72.0% among foreign mothers (p<0.001). At 6 months of age, 26.0% of the mothers were breastfeeding (CI, 22.3-29.8): 19.3% among the Belgians (and French) and 53.0% among foreign mothers (p<0.001). At 12 months of age, 10.0% (CI, 7.4-12.5) of the mothers were breastfeeding: 4.8% among the Belgians (and French) and 31.0% among the foreign mothers (p<0.001). When fitting a logistic model, the predictors associated with breastfeeding at the maternity hospital were educational level, nationality of birth, and parity. At 6 months, logistic models were fitted separately in the two strata. Among the Belgians, the level of education and attending a MCH consultation were significantly associated with breastfeeding. In the stratum of foreign mothers, the only factor associated with breastfeeding was working time. No association was observed between breastfeeding and the mother's age at the maternity hospital or at 6 months., Discussion: The targets of the MCH were not reached in Belgian and French mothers, while they were in mothers of other nationalities. Until now, transversal surveys have been the only way of knowing the prevalence and the factors associated with breastfeeding in the French-speaking community of Belgium. These first representative data on breastfeeding came from the 2009 vaccine coverage survey., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The developments in mental health care in Belgium over the last few years show that some major steps are already taken towards implementing community oriented care. In Belgium, we are going through a historic moment, as the proposed reform is ambitious but also complex. Indeed we talk here about a comprehensive mental health care reform which brings together federal, regional and community competencies.It aims to transform part of hospital care into community oriented care by e.g. creating mobile teams in the existing community care mechanisms.In the same time we are developing an operational approach to networking focusing on the needs of care users and of their families.In this paper, we will describe the content of the reform, its mechanisms and all care professionals involved. We will also present the progress of the exploratory phase by stressing not only positive aspects that highlight the evolving nature of our approach, but also the difficulties we are facing in implementing it.

Permanent implant iodine-125 brachytherapy is an attractive treatment option for men with localized prostate cancer and is an alternative approach to radical prostatectomy. Overall survival and biochemical relapse free survival are similar with both treatments but the toxicity is different. More potency preservation, less incontinence and one day hospitalisation are attractive for the patient with brachytherapy. On the other side, pre-existing obstructive or irritative urinary symptoms at baseline have to guide the patient to a surgical approach. A patient has to be able to select one of these two therapeutic opportunities through a complete transparent information. In this paper, we related our permanent implant iodine-125 brachytherapy experience. Overall survival, biochemical relapse free survival and registred toxicity are similar to those published in the literature.

Copyright of Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie is the property of Association des Demographes du Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Therapeutic Patient Education / Education Therapeutique du Patient is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cancer during pregnancy is relatively rare, but its incidence has been increasing over recent years. A European study has been launched in 2005 by F. Amant (KUL) to register all pregnant patients with a cancer diagnosis with or without treatment during pregnancy (surgery, chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy). All infants exposed to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy are also followed up by pediatricians, neurologists, cardiologists and psychologists. In Belgium, French- and Dutch- language hospitals are working in close collaboration to follow these pregnant patients. The national results are summarized in this paper.

The article presents the exploratory phase of research which aims to understand and develop therapeutic education for patients (ETP) in home care services in Belgium. Information is provided on the research's objectives, methodology, and results. Topics of discussion include the nursing staff's working conditions, the method of financing ETP, and medical staff and patient relations.

For some years now in Belgium, the public employment services and the private operators have been invited at the request of European institutions to work closely within the framework of « public-private partnerships », following a logic of mixed management of the labor market. As a result, the public employment services have recently developed a new line of specialized services in building and managing partnership integration and training. Within these new services, the « Partnership Counsellors » are in charge of selecting collaborative projects and following the actions undertaken, in the context of these projects, by the partners (both private and nonprofit) in charge of the job seekers. The objective of this paper is to describe the different ways to forge and develop these partnership relations. More specifically, we will focus on the ways in which trust is expressed in the interactions between the people responsible for partner relationships, that is to say, the « professionals », and occupational integration operators, who are their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context and objective: In Belgium, master-level physiotherapy studies are both taught in higher education colleges or universities and provide equal access to the physiotherapy profession at the end of curriculums. In 2008, faced with the need to consider a reform of physiotherapy teaching, the two institutions began work on developing a common integrated competency framework. This paper reports on the process and results of the development of an integrated competency framework. Methods: Principles of both project and competency engineering were implemented to promote a participatory and representative approach of professional practice settings; several stakeholder groups were set up, including two internal and external validation groups. The process was based on the conceptual framework of professional didactics. Results: The integrated competency structure includes the following: a professional physiotherapy framework; an educational framework; the definition of competencies and abilities, with criteria and indicators (headings); a quality criteria list; the clusters of recognized situations; the final integrative goal; a summary of the process and methodology; a glossary; a list of participants involved in the development of the competency framework; a bibliography. Conclusion: The development of the integrated competency framework provided an opportunity to initiate a process that challenges numerous physiotherapy curriculum issues, including the educational, identity and institutional aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lien Social et Politiques is the property of Institut National de Recherche Scientifique (INRS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Intercâmbio is the property of Universidade do Porto, Faculdade de Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes whether the Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989 has a legal or other effect in domestic law of Belgium. It mentions that Belgium is part of the monistic system and hence has a direct applicability of international treaties. It reflects on the applicability of the invocation of the provisions of the Convention before the Belgian courts and judges.

The new guidelines from the European Atherosclerosis Society and the European Society of Cardiology include a number of updated items. In this paper, we summarize 4 of these changes that we consider to be the most pertinent. Firstly, cardiovascular risk is now stratified according to 4 (previously 2) categories: "very high risk" (patients with cardiovascular disease, patients with diabetes > 40 years old who have at least one other risk factor, patients with kidney failure, or patients in primary prevention with a SCORE value > or = 10%); "high risk" (patients in primary prevention with a SCORE value > or = 5% and < 10% or patients with a particularly serious risk factor such as familial hypercholesterolaemia or patients with diabetes < 40 years old without any other risk factor); "moderate risk" (primary prevention with SCORE > or = 1% and < 5%); and "low risk" (primary prevention with SCORE < 1%). The SCORE value for patients in primary prevention is estimated using the SCORE table (calibrated for Belgium). Risk in this table may now be corrected according to HDL cholesterol level. Secondly, the therapeutic targets for each category are now more stringent: LDL cholesterol < 70 mg/dl (or reduced by at least 50%) if the risk is "very high"; < 100 mg/dl if the risk is "high"; and < 115 mg/dl if the risk is "moderate". Thirdly, for patients at "high" or "very high" risk, particularly in patients with combined dyslipidaemia, two further therapeutic targets should be considered: non-HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B levels. Fourthly, the follow-up of efficacy (lipid profile) and tolerance (hepatic and muscular enzymes) is described in more details so as to harmonize case management in clinical practice.

Copyright of Population (00324663) is the property of Institut National d'Etudes Demographiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Biotechnologie, Agronomie, Societe et Environnement is the property of Les Presses Agronomiques de Gembloux and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Langage & Societe is the property of Fondation Maison des Sciences de l'Homme and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article surveys the status of private archival collections, particularly family archives, within the Archives générales du Royaume et Archives de l'État dans les Provinces (General Archives of the Kingdom and State Archives in the Provinces), the system of archival administration in Belgium. The author briefly outlines the history of the institution and the legal framework governing its operations before presenting a detailed discussion of its principles of archival appraisal, organization, and classification.

Copyright of Autrepart is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the second part of the twentieth century, two belgian teams called for a new rhetoric. Gathered around Chaïm Perelman, the first one claimed that logic should be widened to include all aspects of argumentation theory ; under the name of "Groupe μ", the second one offered a rigourous linguistic theory of figurative language. This paper investigates the epistemological relations between both projects and works out the part played by stylistic device in argumentation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESSACHESS is the property of ESSACHESS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The medical profession regulation has always been a delicate subject to deal with. The need for one arose as early as the 17th century. Multiple attempts to create such a regulation occurred during the 19th and the 20th century, which led to the 1938 "Board of Medical Doctors" law. This law could not be applied then because of the Second World War. After the Belgian capitulation of May 28th 1940, the Germans and some members of professional or political movements wished to create a Medical Board that was totally different from the one proposed by the 1938 law. The background to this "33 Months Board" is analysed in this paper along with its functioning during the conflict. Among others this is based on the file dealing with the 1947 trial of this so called "Medical Board".

Copyright of Cahiers Quebecois de Demographie is the property of Association des Demographes du Quebec and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Societes Contemporaines is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)