139 results
Search Results
102. «JE SUIS PRESQUE FÉMINISTE, MAIS...» APPROPRIATION DE LA CAUSE DES FEMMES PAR DES MILITANTES MALIENNES AU FORUM SOCIAL MONDIAL DE NAIROBI (2007).
- Author
-
Latourés, Aurélie
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,WOMEN ,SOCIAL movements ,MALIANS ,WORLD Social Forum ,ACTIVISM - Abstract
Copyright of Politique Africaine is the property of Karthala Editions Diffusion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
103. LA PIRATERIE MARITIME EN AFRIQUE CONTEMPORAINE RESSORTS LOCAUX ET INTERNATIONAUX DES ACTIVITÉS DE PIRATERIE AU NIGERIA ET EN SOMALIE.
- Author
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Amirell, Stefan Eklöf
- Subjects
MARITIME piracy ,FAILED states ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,EQUALITY ,FIREARMS & crime - Abstract
Copyright of Politique Africaine is the property of Karthala Editions Diffusion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
104. LA GLOBALISATION DE LA SOCIOLOGIE EN SITUATION AFRICAINE: ENTRE RÉSISTANCES ET DYNAMIQUES DE STRUCTURATION.
- Author
-
ABÉ, CLAUDE
- Subjects
GLOBALIZATION ,ECONOMIC development ,SOCIAL conditions in Africa ,SOCIOLOGISTS ,SOCIOLOGICAL research ,INTERNATIONAL economic assistance ,INTERNATIONAL cooperation ,AFRICAN history, 1960- - Abstract
Copyright of Canadian Journal of Sociology is the property of Canadian Journal of Sociology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
105. L'ENFANT D'AGE PRESCOLAIRE, AU BÉNIN, EN AFRIQUE.
- Author
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Bosom, Danièle
- Subjects
PRESCHOOL education ,EARLY childhood education ,BREASTFEEDING ,LEARNING - Abstract
Copyright of International Journal of Early Childhood is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2004
106. [Child survival, fertility, and family planning in Africa. Uncertain prospects].
- Author
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Mbacke C
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Behavior, Contraception, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Longevity, Mortality, Organization and Administration, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Psychology, Survival Rate, Child, Contraception Behavior, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Health Planning, Health Planning Guidelines, Infant Mortality, Motivation, Rural Population
- Published
- 1987
107. Casati in Central Africa.
- Subjects
EXPLORERS ,VOYAGES & travels - Abstract
The article focuses on the book Ten Years in Equatoria and the Return With Emin Pasha, by Major Gaetano Casati. Major Casati owes his present distinction as an African traveler solely to his chance connection with traveler Emin Pasha. He evidently possessed some excellent qualifications for a successful explorer, courage, tact, kindliness of disposition, and a ready faculty for adapting himself to native life, as well as some scientific training. His travels being confined to regions already visited by other explorers, he adds little to the knowledge of Africa beyond names of streams, a few vocabularies, and accounts of trivial native wars.
- Published
- 1891
108. Bibliographie analytique des systemes africains d'ecriture (Annotated Bibliography of African Writing Systems).
- Author
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Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Ivry-sur-Seine (France). and Battestini, Simon P. X.
- Abstract
This bibliography contains over 500 citations of journal articles, research reports, essays, and papers on the writing systems of a variety of African languages. Items cited were published between 1900 and 1990, are in either English or French, and most are annotated in French. A postface discusses the social and historical context of written language in Africa. (MSE)
- Published
- 1990
109. [Development and establishment of population policies in the Sahel].
- Author
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Dabo K
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Western, Developing Countries, Family Planning Services, Organization and Administration, Conservation of Natural Resources, Economics, Health Planning, Policy Making, Public Policy
- Published
- 1999
110. [The Third African Conference on Population: an unequivocal success].
- Author
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Dabo K
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Southern, Developing Countries, South Africa, Congresses as Topic, Population
- Published
- 1999
111. [France and its African migrants].
- Author
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Courade G
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Southern, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Europe, France, Population, Population Dynamics, Social Change, South Africa, Transients and Migrants, Acculturation, Emigration and Immigration, Politics, Public Policy
- Published
- 1997
112. [Joint hazard models of causes and covariates of mortality in a cohort of Sub-Saharan children].
- Author
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Kuate Defo B
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Delivery of Health Care, Demography, Developing Countries, Health, Medicine, Mortality, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Cause of Death, Health Services, Infant Mortality, Models, Theoretical, Preventive Medicine
- Published
- 1997
113. [Crisis and demographic transition in Africa].
- Author
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Coussy J and Vallin J
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Demography, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, Europe, France, Economics, Population, Population Dynamics, Public Policy
- Published
- 1996
114. [Investigation and treatment of vitamin A deficiency in children suffering from malnutrition].
- Author
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Ayivi B
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Africa, Western, Age Factors, Benin, Biology, Demography, Developing Countries, Diagnosis, Disease, Health, Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Physiology, Population, Population Characteristics, Research, Research Design, Vitamins, Child, Clinical Laboratory Techniques, Deficiency Diseases, Diet, Eye, Health Surveys, Nutrition Disorders, Prevalence, Therapeutics, Vitamin A
- Published
- 1995
115. Croissance et developpment de l'enfant: 25 ans d'activities internationales coordonnees. Growth and Development of the Child: 25 Years of Internationally Coordinated Activities.
- Author
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International Children's Centre, Paris (France).
- Abstract
This special issue of the "Courrier," a journal for professionals concerned with issues related to the physical and psychological development of children, provides (1) an overview of 25 years of internationally coordinated research, (2) a selection of papers published by the research teams, and (3) a description of the teams and their present status. The origin and international expansion of the program for longitudinal studies is described in the first article. The subsequent 15 articles cover a wide range of topics. Studies concerned with physical development focus on the skeletal maturation of the hand and wrist; growth in the density of normal infants' subcutaneous cellular tissue; age of onset of menarche and associated factors among Parisian girls; clinical transformations of puberty in young girls; international comparisons of infants' physical growth; development and maturation of young children in Dakar; Gessell tests on African children; parent-child correlations for body measurements of children between the ages of 1 month and 7 years; the somatic development of urban, Swedish children; and analysis of the adolescent growth spurt using smoothing spline functions. The one study focused solely on psychological development discusses intellectual development from birth to 18 years of age. Studies covering both psychological and physiological development examine bowel and bladder control during the day and at night in the first 6 years of life; trends in the development of abilities related to somatic growth; individual differences as seen in developmental and intelligence quotient curves from 6 months to 17 years; and a comparison of infant development in five western countries. (Author/RH)
- Published
- 1980
116. [Agriculture, ecology and development].
- Author
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Dufumier M
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Economics, Environment, Social Planning, Socioeconomic Factors, Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Developing Countries, Ecology, Environmental Pollution, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Philosophy, Poverty
- Published
- 1993
117. [A summary of family planning activities during the last three economic and social development plans (1974-1986)].
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa, Northern, Demography, Developing Countries, Fertility, Middle East, Organization and Administration, Population, Population Dynamics, Tunisia, Abortion, Induced, Contraception, Contraception Behavior, Economics, Family Planning Services, Goals, Government Programs, Health Planning, Public Policy, Sexual Behavior, Social Planning, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1987
118. [Publications of the International Statistical Institute on national fertility surveys in Africa].
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Developing Countries, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Bibliographies as Topic, Birth Rate, Data Collection, Demography, Fertility, Population Characteristics, Statistics as Topic
- Published
- 1986
119. [Toward an explanation of migration patterns in Upper Volta].
- Author
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Piche V, Gregory J, and Coulibaly S
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Africa, Western, Burkina Faso, Developing Countries, Population, Social Sciences, Demography, Economics, Emigration and Immigration, Population Dynamics
- Published
- 1980
120. [Measuring infertility and low fertility and sterility among African population].
- Author
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Conde J
- Subjects
- Africa, Demography, Fertility, Population, Population Dynamics, Reproduction, Sexual Behavior, Birth Rate, Infertility
- Published
- 1976
121. [Some practical problems arising from the use of the PGE/ERAD method in Morocco].
- Author
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Rachidi M
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa, Northern, Demography, Developing Countries, Fertility, Middle East, Morocco, Population, Population Dynamics, Birth Rate, Congresses as Topic, Data Collection, Population Characteristics, Research, Research Design, Sampling Studies, Statistics as Topic
- Published
- 1976
122. [Fertility in black Africa].
- Author
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Locoh T
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Behavior, Demography, Developing Countries, Economics, Educational Status, Health Services, Health Services Accessibility, Infant Mortality, Medicine, Mortality, Population, Population Characteristics, Population Dynamics, Reproduction, Rural Health Services, Sanitation, Women's Rights, Age Factors, Birth Intervals, Family Characteristics, Family Planning Services, Fertility, Infertility, Marriage, Pregnancy, Psychology, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors
- Published
- 1985
123. [The end of the decade on women and its impact on development in Rwanda].
- Author
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Karwera S
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Eastern, Africa, Northern, Agriculture, Behavior, Decision Making, Delivery of Health Care, Developing Countries, Educational Status, Employment, Health Planning, Health Services Administration, Health Services Research, Maternal-Child Health Centers, Occupations, Program Evaluation, Rwanda, Social Behavior, Students, Achievement, Economics, Gender Identity, Program Development, Social Change, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Women's Rights
- Published
- 1985
124. [Notes on family planning and political power in the Maghreb].
- Author
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Boukraa R
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa, Northern, Algeria, Behavior, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Culture, Demography, Middle East, Morocco, Organization and Administration, Population Dynamics, Psychology, Religion, Tunisia, Attitude, Developing Countries, Family Planning Services, Government Programs, Health Planning, Philosophy, Politics, Public Policy, Social Change
- Published
- 1976
125. [Coming from Afar and Rediscovering Oneself: Group Intervention for Immigrant and Refugee Women Having Experienced Violence].
- Author
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Benoit M, Rondeau L, and Aubin E
- Subjects
- Adult, Afghanistan ethnology, Africa ethnology, Colombia ethnology, Congo ethnology, Culturally Competent Care ethnology, Female, Humans, Iraq ethnology, Middle Aged, Qualitative Research, Safety, Yugoslavia ethnology, Emigrants and Immigrants psychology, Gender-Based Violence psychology, Refugees psychology, Self Concept
- Abstract
Objectives This paper has a clinical perspective and presents an innovative intervention that could be offered in different institutions and practice environments. The object here is a group intervention addressed specifically to immigrant and refugee women having experienced different forms of violence. The consequences of being exposed to intentional and dehumanizing violence, paired with the challenges associated with migration and forced exile, can fragilize the individuals and challenge their capacity to adapt. Even though psychological and psychosocial support in the years following their arrival could be beneficial, immigrants and refugees rarely use institutional services, and experts point out that the services are not tailored to them. In that respect stems the importance of promoting the development of more meaningful interventions for immigrants and refugees, in accordance with the principle of equity and equality of chances to have access to appropriate services, but also to better equip the specialists by giving them access to safe and culturally sensitive interventions. Following that perspective, a group intervention for immigrants and refugees having experienced violence was created in 2010 with the collaboration of researchers from l'IUPLSSS and social workers from CIUSSS de l'Estrie-Chus. Method Firstly, this article aims to present this group intervention. Innovative features of the proposed program will be highlighted, followed by an overview of the clinical and empirical supports that recommend the use of groups and art to intervene with immigrants and refugees. A more detailed description of the intervention will follow, describing the objectives of the intervention as well as the intervention framework, including some necessary components to assure the therapeutic reach of the groups and the establishment of a safe space. Secondly, the article presents a brief summary of the preliminary results of a current study aiming to evaluate the impacts of the intervention. During this study, qualitative and quantitative data was collected from 3 groups (n = 17) and analyzed with content analysis and non-parametric analyses to measure the changes between pre and post intervention. Results The results of the qualitative and quantitative analyses show that women report positive changes at the end of the group, namely in regard to post-traumatic stress symptoms and different dimensions of their well-being. Conclusion To conclude, the advantages and limits of this intervention will be discussed, but also its relevance for the practice environments. Even if it isn't the only answer for the intervention in a post-violence context, it consists of a good option for providing adapted services to the reality and needs of immigrants and refugees.
- Published
- 2020
126. [An evolutionist approach of mood disorders from a transcultural perspective].
- Author
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Carta MG, Said M, Piras M, and Moro MF
- Subjects
- Adaptation, Psychological physiology, Affect, Africa ethnology, Bipolar Disorder epidemiology, Bipolar Disorder ethnology, Bipolar Disorder psychology, Culture, Depression epidemiology, Depression etiology, Depression psychology, Emigrants and Immigrants psychology, Emigrants and Immigrants statistics & numerical data, Female, Humans, Italy epidemiology, Male, Mood Disorders epidemiology, Mood Disorders ethnology, Mood Disorders psychology, Phenotype, Social Behavior, Bipolar Disorder diagnosis, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Mood Disorders diagnosis, Psychology trends
- Abstract
Introduction: The objective of this paper is to verify if traits and symptoms defined as pathological and maladjusted in certain contexts may produce adaptive effects in other contexts, especially if they occur in sub-threshold forms., Methods: A historical examination of how the symptoms of depression have changed in front of great social changes and an analysis of Sardinian migrants' thymic profiles toward several metropolises., Results and Conclusions: Mood disorders have been increasing since the "English malady" in the 17th century, and we suppose that some forms of mood disorders might have an adaptive advantage. Otherwise, the increase of such an epidemic would have been self-limited. From a sociobiological point of view, it is highly probable that the environment of a rapidly evolving society can select people who are explorers and able to support accelerated biorhythms and that the condition of social change stimulates psychological and psychopathologic changes. It is also possible that hyperthymic persons modulate and create the new environment. If this model can explain the epidemic of mood disorders, its verification should guide future research., (Copyright © 2019 L'Encéphale, Paris. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
127. [Strategies of health workforce retention in rural areas of seven countries of francophone Africa.]
- Author
-
Bertone MP
- Subjects
- Africa, Humans, Personnel Turnover, Health Workforce organization & administration, Policy Making, Rural Health Services organization & administration
- Abstract
Objectives: Many countries face challenges in terms of number, skill mix, quality and distribution of the health workforce. This paper provides an overview of interventions focusing on retention adopted over the last decade in seven countries of francophone Africa. We assessed these interventions with respect to WHO guidelines and evaluated the extent of application of these recommended policies., Methods: This study was conducted according to a comparative multiple case-study design and comprised two phases. First, seven country reports were consulted to provide a mapping and preliminary analysis of the interventions. Secondly, an analytic synthesis was prepared by systematically and deliberately comparing and contrasting country cases in order to draw higher-level conclusions., Results: This comparative analysis indicated that some WHO guidelines are introduced less often than others and HRH retention policies are rarely envisaged within coherent ?bundles' of interventions. This analysis identifies the efforts to develop local (informal) strategies tailored to the context, while official policy-making often remains a standardized exercise, which does not take context-specific features into account. Moreover, little information is available on the implementation and effectiveness of existing policies., Discussion and Conclusions: The study stresses the importance of two key issues for the design of effective policies: the availability of sound data, as well as monitoring and evaluation structures, and the creation of a supportive and coherent political environment, focused on country-driven, realistic policy-making based on contextual problem identification and actual needs. This paper also suggests that good practices are often the result of local adaptations, rather than the close adoption of standardized guidelines. Therefore, in order to be effective, international guidelines must be complemented by locally acquired and fully appropriated knowledge.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
128. [The Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, TB and Malaria 5-y: evaluation policy issues].
- Author
-
Kerouedan D
- Subjects
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome epidemiology, Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome prevention & control, Africa epidemiology, Budgets, Developing Countries, Efficiency, Organizational, HIV Infections epidemiology, Humans, Malaria epidemiology, Program Evaluation, Tuberculosis epidemiology, United Nations economics, Financing, Organized organization & administration, Global Health, HIV Infections prevention & control, Malaria prevention & control, Organizational Policy, Tuberculosis prevention & control
- Abstract
The Global Fund to fight HIV/AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM) was founded in 2002 in the context of increased political and financial commitments towards health and development, in the aftermath of the Millennium Declaration, and on track to implement the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). As of today, the institution has mobilized over 16 billion US dollars through its partnership, and spent over 8 billion dollars through 620 contracts in 140 countries for these three diseases. Principles at inception were to accelerate and expand HIV, TB, and Malaria prevention and awareness, care, and treatment related activities, in the poorest and the most affected countries worldwide, with a special emphasis on Africa, being the continent with the highest disease burden, especially with respect to HIV/AIDS and its dreadful social and economic consequences. In 2006, a Technical and Evaluation Reference Group was set up. This group responding to the GFATM Board in relation to the 5-year evaluation, defined the Terms of reference for the 5-year evaluation. Macro International, a firm based in Washington DC, was given the contract to conduct three studies over the period 2006-2009, looking at: (i) GFATM organizational effectiveness, (ii) partnerships at international and global levels, as well as systems effects, (iii) collective impact of the GFATM, the World Bank and (PEPFAR) funds on HIV, TB, and Malaria control. Twenty-five countries participated all together in the evaluation, out of which 18 in study area 3. Total budget for the evaluation amounted almost 17 million US dollars. This paper outlines: (i) the results of study areas 2 and 3 as well as the 5-year Evaluation Synthesis report, contents, and (ii) comments on the results and potential policy implications of the GFATM 5-year evaluation findings, as well as first responses prepared by the GF Secretariat shared at the GFATM Board meeting held in Ethiopia in November 2009. The evaluators raised the weaknesses of national health information systems, which limit the availability of reliable data and indicators that could be useful in assessing disease control impact as well as in monitoring the progress through management for result initiatives. Nevertheless, it can be shown that increased funding is linked to expansion of preventive interventions (including Voluntary Counseling and Testing (VCT) and preventing mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT)) as well as treatment (ARV) activities, the quality of which could be improved and better monitored. Especially in Eastern Africa, malaria control has improved significantly, benefiting from additional funding. Health systems' weaknesses at district level, such as human resources, laboratory commodities, and medicine shortages, are major constraints to further expansion of services and impact of funds. Issues at stake are the following: (i) soundness of the GFATM assumptions at inception with respect to national disease control strategies, especially in relation to HIV prevention, (ii) whether it belongs to the GFATM to finance health systems strengthening to start with, (iii) GFATM systems effects, (iv) misfinancing in relation to disease burden, marginalized and vulnerable groups, (v) technical expertise identification, mobilization and financing, (vi) equity of access of funding, expertise and guidance, to francophone countries in Africa. Recommendations are made to bring the attention of the GFATM Board members prior to the Replenishment Conference to be prepared in March 2010 and held in October 2010.
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
129. [Impact of climatic change on the epidemiology of diseases].
- Author
-
de La Rocque S and Rioux JA
- Subjects
- Africa epidemiology, Animals, Disease Vectors, Ecosystem, Humans, Leishmaniasis epidemiology, Leishmaniasis transmission, Seasons, Climate, Communicable Diseases epidemiology, Communicable Diseases transmission
- Abstract
Potential climate driven changes in the epidemiology of human and animal disease are widely discussed and complex to assess. Recent spreads of exotic pathogens or vectors feed speculations; although most of these introductions are mainly linked to the increased worldwide traffic, trade of goods and transportation of animal and human, abiotic factors are known to impact on vectors and pathogens bionomics and their ability to establish in new ecosystems; altogether changes in climatic patterns and in seasonal conditions may affect disease behaviour in term of spread pattern, diffusion range, amplification and persistence in novel habitats. Invasion may result in the emergence of novel disease processes, presenting major challenges for the epidemiologists. In this paper, some of the ecological mechanisms underlying the impact of climatic change on disease transmission and disease spread are further described. Potential effects of different climatic variables on pathogens and hosts population dynamics and distributions are complex to assess and different approaches are used to describe the dynamics in ecological range and the availability of ecological niches for pathogens and vectors. However even when linkage between disease dynamics and climate change are relatively strong, there are always other factors also changing disease behaviour and these should be accounted for as well.
- Published
- 2008
130. [The economic impact of tobacco consumption in Africa].
- Author
-
de Beyer J
- Subjects
- Africa epidemiology, Environment, Health Care Costs, Humans, Poverty, Tobacco Use Disorder epidemiology, Tobacco Industry economics, Tobacco Use Disorder economics
- Abstract
The economic contributions from tobacco cultivation and sales of products are often noted - jobs and incomes for farmers and employees, tax revenues for governments and enormous profits for cigarette companies, and for some countries, foreign exchange from net exports and foreign investment These are of course important. But set against these economic gains, there are also large economic losses that are less visible and less talked about, but also need to be counted. Many of these economic losses arise from the adverse health effects of tobacco use, but there are others too that affect a much wider group of citizens, and in particular, may exacerbate poverty among smokers and their families. This paper looks at the economic impact of tobacco use from the perspective of families, and at national level, for developing countries, providing a framework for considering the specific situations in Francophone African countries. Set against the economic benefits from tobacco, there are substantial economic costs. Annual health care costs are higher for smokers, and the burden of these costs falls on families, the public purse and employers/insurers. Earnings and productivity losses because of tobacco-related illness and premature death can be huge, and are borne by employers and employees. Illness is a major precipitating cause of poverty. Lit cigarettes cause thousands of fires and lost lives. Environmental damage to the soil from tobacco growing, pesticides and fertilizer, and deforestation resulting from firewood use to cure tobacco, can impose high economic losses. And there is the insidious, often overlooked cost of harm to the well-being of poor families whose scarce resources are used for cigarettes and other tobacco products instead of food and other necessities. We conclude that reducing tobacco use is good for health, good economics, and good for development
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
131. [Monitoring and evaluation of health care programs in Subsaharian Africa].
- Author
-
Fall IS, Seck I, Wone I, Ba-Fall KM, Faye A, Ndiaye P, and Tal-Dia A
- Subjects
- Africa, Humans, Program Evaluation, Delivery of Health Care organization & administration, Delivery of Health Care standards, Outcome Assessment, Health Care, Public Health
- Abstract
The monitoring and evaluation is usually the weakest component of health programs in sub-Saharan Africa, what is undermining the sustainability of funding. The problems are complex and the weaknesses of the health systems are reflected on the monitoring and evaluation of specific programs. This paper gives an insight of the problems faced during field missions for monitoring and evaluation. The steps for building the M&E system have been reviewed and keys points for implementation have been provided.
- Published
- 2005
132. Introduction: The provision of animal health services in a changing world.
- Author
-
de Haan C
- Subjects
- Africa, Agriculture trends, Animals, Animals, Domestic, Developing Countries, Forecasting, Humans, Poverty, Urbanization, Animal Welfare, Commerce, Consumer Product Safety, Public Health, Veterinary Medicine trends
- Abstract
In the future, animal health services in developing countries will need to operate in a continuously changing policy, institutional and commercial environment. Firstly, the changing policies and priorities of national policy-makers regarding public and private sector roles, reinforced in Africa by the donors, have reduced funding and support for the large number of tasks that animal health services have traditionally performed, and there is continuing pressure from policy-makers to focus on what the public sector can do best. Secondly, poverty reduction has become one of the main criteria guiding the allocation of official development assistance, which has major implications for the main target clientele of veterinary services. Thirdly, population growth, increasing income and urbanisation are causing a marked increase in demand for livestock products in the developing world. As a result, the entire livestock commodity chain is undergoing major structural changes, which has significant implications for the definition and control of food safety standards. Fourthly, globalisation, and increasing trade and travel have greatly increased the risk of disease transmission between different countries and continents. Veterinary institutions in the developing world need to adapt to these challenges. They will have to be able to focus on the essential public sector roles. At the same time they must deliver those essential services to the poor, and provide the policy framework to ensure that the inevitable structural changes in the commodity chain take place in an equitable and sustainable fashion, with an acceptable level of health risk for the consumer. According to the weight given to these different objectives, changes in the institutional set-up need to be considered. This issue of the Scientific and Technical Review addresses these challenges. It begins by reviewing the basic economic characteristics underlying the provision of animal health services, and then examines the alternative delivery systems that are emerging in the developing world and their strengths and weaknesses. The implications for food safety and trade are specifically highlighted. Also included are the practical experiences of countries, from all along the development continuum, that have introduced alternative systems. This paper deals with implications for the future, and while the growing importance of veterinary care for companion animals is acknowledged, the focus is on veterinary services for food animals.
- Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
133. [Culture, environment and fecal hazards: anthropological observations].
- Author
-
Epelboin A
- Subjects
- Africa, Anthropology, Cultural, Cultural Characteristics, Defecation, Epidemiology, Ethnology, Hand Disinfection, Humans, Hygiene, Sanitation, Toilet Facilities, Communicable Diseases transmission, Culture, Environment, Feces microbiology
- Abstract
This paper was presented as a tribute to André Dodin, formerly director of the Paris Pasteur Institute's cholera department. It was intended to: - recall representations of what is seen as pure, impure, sullied, dirty ... medical and social interventions depend not only on scientific theories but also on unconscious presuppositions linked to their particular history and culture; - to stress the necessity of reexamining epidemiological chains in fecal peril bearing in mind bodily techniques and the material and symbolic behaviour of the populations concerned; - to insist upon the fact that traditional sanitation techniques do exist and should not be neglected, whether it be to make use of them, avoid or combat them. It is not a question of idealizing local culture, but of becoming acquainted with it so as better to appreciate its role.
- Published
- 1998
134. [Migration as a way to spread risk within a family. The example of the Ivory Coast].
- Author
-
Lambert S
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Africa, Western, Behavior, Biology, Cote d'Ivoire, Demography, Developing Countries, Evaluation Studies as Topic, Population, Population Dynamics, Psychology, Research, Decision Making, Emigration and Immigration, Family Characteristics, Models, Theoretical, Motivation, Risk Assessment, Risk Factors
- Abstract
"In this paper we look at migration as a family decision of risk-sharing. The theoretical model is based on the maximisation of a joint utility function under a budget constraint which depends on the decision taken. To assess its relevance, an empirical version of this dichotomous model is estimated. Evidence from [an Ivory Coast case study] confirms some traditionally looked-at motives for migration and supports the idea of risk-sharing behaviour." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1994
135. [Growth hormone, a potential way to improve livestock productivity in Africa].
- Author
-
Missohou A
- Subjects
- Africa, Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Animals, Body Composition drug effects, Growth Hormone administration & dosage, Health Status, Humans, Swine growth & development, Growth Hormone pharmacology, Swine physiology
- Abstract
This paper reviews experimental data on exogenous pST administration effects on growth and carcass performances in pigs to show the importance pST could have for pigs breeding in Africa. In Europe and USA pST breeding conditions induced growth rate increase (+18.7%) and a decrease of the feed intake (-14.6%) and the feed/gain ratio (-26.5%). The carcass muscle percentage was increased (+17.8%) and the fat rib was decreased (-25.6%) in treated animals compared to controls. pST induced a generalised thoracic and abdominal organs hypertrophy which can partly explain the slight decrease of dressing percentage. On the meat quality pST didn't have any pronounced detrimental effect. According to these interesting results, pST effects must be tested in Africa breeding conditions.
- Published
- 1994
136. [The urbanization phenomenon in Sub-Saharan countries: the case of Gabon].
- Author
-
Ossa AO
- Subjects
- Africa, Africa South of the Sahara, Africa, Northern, Demography, Developing Countries, Gabon, Geography, Population, Economics, Urban Population, Urbanization
- Abstract
"This paper aims at outlining the impact of urbanisation on the process of development of the Gabon, a country where the last general census of the population (July 1993) showed that close [to two-thirds] of the Gabonese are city-dwellers. Therefore, the problems resulting from this situation must be identified, and appropriate policies and programs must be established...." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1994
137. [Infant mortality surveys in the Sahel. Some problems of technical evaluation].
- Author
-
Mbacke C
- Subjects
- Africa, Demography, Developing Countries, Population, Population Dynamics, Research, Sampling Studies, Data Collection, Infant Mortality, Mortality, Statistics as Topic
- Abstract
"The purpose of this paper is to investigate the main problems encountered with the various surveys on child mortality in the [African] Sahel countries.... After reviewing the methodological problems, the author discusses how to estimate the level of child mortality. Potentialities and traps in the study of mortality differentials, as well as the use of retrospective data, are also examined." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND SPA), (excerpt)
- Published
- 1989
138. Levels, trends, differentials and causes of child mortality-a survey.
- Author
-
Dyson T
- Subjects
- Accidents, Africa, Asia, Australia, Child, Preschool, Congenital Abnormalities mortality, Deficiency Diseases mortality, Developing Countries, Educational Status, Europe, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant Nutrition Disorders mortality, Influenza, Human mortality, Jamaica, Latin America, Male, New Zealand, North America, Pneumonia mortality, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, South America, Urban Population, Infant Mortality
- Abstract
This paper attempts to give an overview of current levels of child mortality prevailing in the world. It also examines trends and socioeconomic differentials in child mortality for selected countries and regions of the world. Lastly it reviews data on causes of child death and related environmental factors. The paper concludes that despite the fact that child deaths are frequently avoidable, mortality differentials between the developed and developing regions of the world are more pronounced in childhood (ages one to under five years) than at any other time of life. While some developing countries have substantially reduced the level of mortality in childhood, in others it remains very high. In contrast, in most developed countries child death rates are now so low, that they no longer serve as useful measures of public health.
- Published
- 1977
139. Aging and the family.
- Author
-
Myers GC and Nathanson CA
- Subjects
- Adult, Africa, Americas, Asia, Europe, Female, Humans, Male, Marriage, Middle Aged, United States, Aged, Family Characteristics
- Abstract
Characteristics of family and household structure are examined in this paper to shed light on an important aspect of the life conditions of older persons in countries at different levels of development. Using various measures, both direct and indirect, the analysis showed the existence of a nuclear household as a predominant family form. Extended household families are more common in Asian countries, especially India, than in other regions for which data are available. While available cross-national data do not enable us to assess the extent to which older persons reside in households with their children, headship rates indicate that the majority of male older persons continue to maintain their position as heads of households in later life and that female headship increases with age. This is confirmed by analysis of data on marital status, which show higher proportions of males currently married than for females and sharply higher widowhood levels for females. Marriage at older ages seems to be relatively low. A general trend within most developed countries is toward increasing independent living, especially for females, and a sharp decline in both males and females living in a household with relatives.
- Published
- 1982
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