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According to its creator Michel Juillard, Dynare is a “pre-processor and a collection of routines” aimed at solving and estimating non-linear rational expectation models. This article focuses on the role of Dynare in the dissemination of dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models in academia and policymaking institutions. The case of Dynare highlights how the dissemination across the profession of theoretical principles and modelling practices cannot be considered independently from (at least) two general issues that involve designing computer tools for macroeconomics: tractability (i.e. the existence of a computer algorithm that can solve a mathematical problem using “reasonable” resources) and portability (i.e. the material ability of circulating and transferring a computer algorithm across models, people, and institutions). In this article, we document how the origins and the development of Dynare over three decades were guided by these two issues.

La práctica artística contemporánea tuvo un espacio de reflexión y creación de opinión en las páginas de Papers d’Art. De la mano de un conjunto de voces propias e independientes se visibilizaron formas de producción artística multidisciplinarias, desde la perspectiva divulgadora de una crítica que conectaba dinámicamente los significados artísticos con los sociales y culturales. Conviene resaltar el desplazamiento del significado de la concepción del arte contemporáneo en calidad de pieza clave en la cultura intelectual, incluyendo política, filosofía, ciencia u otros formatos de creación como la música y la literatura. Partiendo del análisis de la conciencia crítica de los diferentes colaboradores y la investigación historiográfica en torno a cuestionamientos estéticos y simbólicos, se despliega una revisión del conjunto de los discursos incluidos en la sección Estudios e Investigación. Palabras clave: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; crítica de arte catalana; investigación universitaria sobre arte contemporáneo; perspectiva divulgadora del arte. Papers d’Art. Contents of the Study and Research section Abstract: Contemporary artistic practices were provided with a space for reflection and the creation of opinion in the galleries of the Fundació Espais and in the pages of its art magazine, Papers d’Art. A group of independent voices of multidisciplinary artistic production was made audible thanks to this publication that provided a critique which forged dynamic connections between artistic meaning and social and cultural contexts. This paper highlights a shift in meaning of the conception of contemporary art as a key element in intellectual culture, including politics, philosophy, science and other creative formats such as music and literature. Based on an analysis of the critical awareness of the various contributors to the magazine and on the historiographic study of certain aesthetic and symbolic questions, a review of the articles published in the Studies and Research section is detailed. Keywords: Fundació Espais; Papers d’Art; Catalan art Criticism; University Research on Contemporary art; Popularizing Issues of Art. Artículo recibido: 29/09/2021. Revisado: 08/10/2021. Aceptado: 11/10/2021

The development of the young swimmer determines the scientific approch of the training process organization. Thus the design of training programs for young swimmers requires to know the biological age, whose determination remains an invasive method. However, there are easy methods for determining biological age, such as that of Wutscherk (1988), whose formula is based on a few anthropometric parameters. But before the Peak Height Velocity (PVH) the trainers refer rather to the chronological age and do not make a difference between the training programs of the two sexes (Bayli, 2004). High-level sport requires 10 years of preparation, i.e. an average of 3 hours training per day (Bloom, 1985; Bloom et al., 1990; Ericsson, et al., 1993; Ericsson and Charness, 1994, Salmela et al., 1998). Experience has shown that the age of best swimming performances is 22 years for women and 24 years for men, and that they occur in middle distance swimmers on average two years earlier than in sprinters (Allen et al., 2014 ; Buhl et al., 2013 ; Kollarz et al., 2013 ; Wolfrum et al., 2013 ; Knechtle et al., 2016 ; König et al., 2014), by preparing the technical, physical and psychological aspects for 8 to 10 years for women and 8 to 12 years for men, in order to reach the international level, without reducing the aforementioned deadlines. In this article, we wanted to emphasize the importance of growth and maturation in planning and periodizing a swimmer's long-term training process.

The paper presents the results of the next stage of a comprehensive study concerning Russian state-legal doctrines in the 19th and early 20th centuries, taken in the triune of the external form of their expression: in dissertations, in monographs and in scientific papers of the periodical legal press. The authors analyzed the content and results of publication of monographs and the most famous papers published by pre-revolutionary Russian political scientists on key aspects of the state (constitutional) law science. Data are presented on the main priority areas of research, poorly developed fields of public law science, the laws of genesis and evolution, respectively, of monographic and periodical state-legal doctrines. The methodology proposed for the identification, analysis and general theoretical evaluation of state-legal doctrines has every reason to be applied for obtaining comprehensive knowledge of other branch pre-revolutionary legal doctrines.

This paper aims to report the investigation of the effect of online news items on students’ writing outcome of English as foreign language context. This research used quantitative methods with quasiexperimental research designs with non-equivalent groups’ pretest-posttest design. Two groups which 46 students were the experimental and control groups and both groups were given with some different treatments. Those treatments were given in a balanced and intensive manner without intervention from factors beyond the researcher’s control. The tests were then employed as the instrument to gain data with ANCOVA as design of analysis technique and SPSS as media to compute. The findings showed that online news items have strengthened students’ writing abilities and motivated students to write related problems. The results obtained from this study proven that the P-value (0.016)

This article examines the most consequential Constitutional case in American history regarding the right of the press to expose the origins of a war – while it was still being fought. The crisis of the early summer of 1971 was unprecedented. In the past, for the sake of national security, limitations had sometimes been imposed on newspapers and magazines condemning the war that was being fought – most notoriously, in the twentieth century, during the First World War. But the case of the Pentagon Papers was peculiar, because the New York Times, and soon the Washington Post, and then about two dozen other daily newspapers reprinted top secret documents that the press was not authorized to possess. The Supreme Court therefore had to resolve the conflict between the claims of the press under the seemingly unambiguous First Amendment (“Congress shall make no law . . .”) and the warning of the executive branch that the lives of American servicemen in Indochina were at stake because of the most enormous leak of secret government documents ever. The Pentagon Papers represent a revealing episode in the history of journalism, the history of governance and the history of jurisprudence.

La regió més oriental d’Ucraïna, el Donbass, viu des de fa vuit anys una sagnant guerra en què Rússia s’ha vist directament involucrada. A més, la regió ha estat objecte de la propaganda russa, que l’ha utilitzat com un dels principals motius per justificar la seva intervenció militar sobre Ucraïna, el febrer de 2022. Tots els bàndols implicats en aquest conflicte argumenten que estan protegint els interessos i els desitjos dels seus habitants. Però aquests interessos i desitjos, a més de ser sovint manipulats, han sofert moltes modificacions i pressions després d’una guerra tan llarga, que entre altres coses ha fet que prop de la meitat dels habitants hagin abandonat la regió, i la resta es vegi sota una pressió militar, política i mediàtica constant. Aquest article intenta ser una anàlisi i una reflexió sobre l’autèntica voluntat dels habitants del Donbass, com també de la manipulació que estan sofrint.

Mario Rotondi was an Italian professor of law and a “travelling jurist”. He ventured into the contiguous areas of private and commercial law, engaged with the areas of industrial law and comparative law. His distinguishing feature was his academic cooperation with foreign scholars in the field of comparative law. The issue of travel is a common thread throughout his various initiatives, both academic, and of legal reform. This paper aims to cast some light on his missions to South American universities, on the goals that inspired him and on the projects that animated these goals.

At present, there is not any MTI graduation test system in China, although the enrollment of MTI students witnesses an increase. This paper presents MTI graduation written test construct and design of syllabus. It then elaborates on the test construct, modules, which is intended to clarify the purpose, significance and contents of MTI graduation test and shed new light on future large-scale test development and improvement of cultivation quality of MTI graduates.