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The paper presents aspects of the scientific production of three 'ilustrados' who worked in South America: José Bonifácio de Andrada e Silva (1763-1838), José Hipólito Unanúe (1755-1833), and Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga (1771-1848). These naturalists, whose trajectories, territories and beliefs were different, built their particular version of Nature in America and contributed with their scientific work to the construction of American geohistory. They were chosen in this research by criteria of territorial dispersion and by different approaches about specific aspects of Earth Sciences – themes that up to now have not received full attention among Latin-American historians of sciences. This paper contends that these personalities built their own knowledge about 'temperament' (climate) and territories, and also used their scientific knowledge to implement political agenda for their respectives countries that were being conformed.

The objective of this paper is to know the image of the indigenous communities in the Venezuelan cinema (1998-2008), and the representation of these ethnics groups, through the definition of “national identity” in contemporary Venezuela, especially since the struggles of the indigenous people for their cultural and ethnic survival, their defense of their land, and their political and economic self-determination.It is important to remember that in 1968, during the first government of Rafael Caldera (1969-1974), the country began a “new indigenous policy”, in the midst of the economic desarrollista model implanted for this government, called the conquest of the South [la Conquista del Sur], which also allowed a new ethnographic and socio-anthropological approach to the indigenous communities, from different filmmakers formed in Venezuela and abroad. This paper presents a preliminary film inventory of this filmography, as a representative example of fictional films and documentaries, with indigenous theme, to know the representation of this population in the current Venezuelan “audiovisual imagery”, during this particular time.

The purpose of this paper is (i) to evaluate by using a model of standard regression, the potential effects of COVID-19 on tourism in countries of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS); (ii) to determine by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive model (TAR), the optimal size of tourism receipts that maximize the economic growth in this zone. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the GDP of OECS’s countries could be reduced of 11.8% in 2020. In the second model, our empirical results show strong evidence of a non-linear relation between economic growth and tourism in two regimes. The regime with the degree of tourism specialization less than or equal to 25.27% (regime 1) and the regime with the degree of tourism specialization between 12.97% and 25.27% (regime 2). The optimal threshold is 25.27%. Its marginal effect is 0.17 point, “all things being equal to the otherwise”.

The main purpose of this paper is twofold (i) to estimate by using a neoclassical model of growth proposed by IMF, the economic and financial impact of COVID-19 in Haïti; (ii) to analyse threshold effects of government size on economic growth in this country, by using Hansen’s Threshold Auto Regressive (TAR), 1999. It uses the time series data over the period 1980-2019. In the first model, the paper finds that on account of the pandemic, the Haïti’s GDP could be reduced of 14.1% in 2020. In the second model, our results provide strong evidence for the existence of a non-linear relationship between government expenditure and economic growth. Based on these results, the paper finds that the optimal level of government expenditure that maximizes economic growth for Haïti is 14.1% of GDP against a staff level of 11.1%. They show that the state spends well below its potential growth. On the other hand, if this threshold is exceeded, the increase of the percentage ratio of state budget expenditure/GDP will have a negative impact on the speed of GDP growth. Thus, our recommendations are in favor of increasing government investment to education, health, infrastructure, environmental sectors … that are neglected up to this day in Haïti. However, these expenditures have to be limited to a level that no excess the optimal size

The aim of this paper was to provide a demographic profile of Haitian women household heads and identify factors associated with this phenomenon in Haiti. Data used in this article came from demographic and health surveys carried out in Haiti in 1994 and 2017 by the Haitian Institute for Children (HIC). Data analysis was done at two levels: a descriptive level and a multivariate explanatory level through multilevel regression models. The results revealed that there have been changes in the profile of female heads of households between 1994 and 2017. In addition, results showed that place of residence, age, education level, household size and wealth index are factors significantly associated with the feminization of heads of households in Haiti.

The management of sea-level rise in Martinique, a French island in the Caribbean, is a great concern. Island vulnerability is proven. Human, economic and ecological issues are concentrated on the coast. Because of the uncontrolled coastal urbanization, the functioning of the territory can be challenged. Urban restructuring is necessary to ensure the urban resilience. This article looks at the history of the urbanization of the ‘50 pas géométriques’ zone to understand how this vulnerability arose, and at the policies implemented to try to control urbanization in this coastal zone, before tackling the new planning issues linked to the context of climate change and, more particularly, sea-level rise.This paper was produced for the presentation made at the Caribbean Urban Forum, 2021.

The earthquake that occurred January 12, 2010 in Haiti has changed demographic situation of the country. These demographic changes also have negative impacts on adolescent’s fertility, particularly on those living in accommodation camps. According to DHS (2012), adolescent fertility rate has very increased (66‰ in 2012; 44,35‰ in 2009). In comparison with other cities or areas of the country, adolescents living in the camps have the higher fertility’s rate (107‰). The aim of this paper is to identify social, cultural, demographic factors explaining adolescent fertility living in the camps.Data that we used in this paper come from Demographic and Health’s survey (Haiti, 2012). Moreover data analysis has been performed at two different levels: descriptive analysis and multivariate analysis and we have found that the “presence children 5 and under in household”, the “age at first sex”, the “marital status” and the “education level” are key factors in explaining adolescent fertility in accommodation camps.

This paper analyses relations among FEDEDAM, Eureka Comitee and AFADEM during the 80s as a training space for memories of enforced disappearances. We examine from primary sources, some written some oral, the organisations’ trajectories and spots of memories’ production and circulation. We assert that within the common work concerning denunciation and search for justice, narrarives were made up as well as transnational memorial practices shared by parents’ organizations in Mexico and through the Latin American network issued by the federation.

This paper aims to study the historical experience of evil in Venezuela. From the history of the present time and the regimes of historicity, we inquire about the pernicious nature of the political and ideological mechanisms that, instituted by Chavismo, seek the subordination of the other, especially of those who oppose and resist it. Memory, testimonies and documentation thus allow us to show the institutionalization of violence and the use of evil as a political instrument.

This paper examines the history of Mexico’s native memory concept. To achieve this, three memorial phases are rebuilt : first, the emergence of the colonial past’s review as a historical trauma ; next, how the native Latin-American and Mexican movements have taken ownership of this past’s meaning in order to define their identity as “ancestral victims” ; and finally, the phase of such recognition within the new cultural plurality’s rhetoric.

This paper will present preliminary reflections of an ethnographic investigation of the judicial process called “The Cause of the Judges” (9002/03 and 300029/12), included in “Megacausa III”, by the Oral Federal Criminal Court of Santiago del Estero, Argentina. This process, which took fourteen years to complete, reached trial in 2016/17 with the indictment, for the first time in the province, of two judicial officials for crimes against humanity committed during the last dictatorship in the country (1976/1983). For this purpose we explore the concept of "technical impunity" from Wlasic (2010), that means, the implementation of measures and actions aimed at delaying, limiting or preventing the prosecution of those responsible for genocidal practices. We take as a corpus of analysis the documents of the process of this case: initial complaints, investigations, resolutions, appeals filed at various levels. In this paper, we therefore attempt to reconstruct the battery of practices that implemented the political decision to (non)judge some of the leaders of the last Argentine dictatorship in “The Cause of the Judges” and the context, or that provincial political-politico-judicial plot into which this case is inserted and which acts as a limitation on the possibility of counter-justice: of being able to exercise a judicial type of act with respect to a defendant who generally escapes justice (Foucault, 1979: 73).

Jacques Stephen Alexis is one of the most influential novelists and intellectuals of the 20th-century Francophone literary panorama. In the last century, not only his fictional works have contributed to the aesthetic renewal of Haitian prose, but also his critical texts have marked a turning point in the literary history of the country. In his theorisation on the novel, Alexis had the great merit, among other things, of recognising the role played by the first Haitian novelists in the evolution of the national novelistic production. Although he – like most critics – is very negative about certain authors, Alexis nevertheless manages to overcome the stubborn prejudice of their alleged lack of Haitianness and pays tribute to their works, whose literary value has long been overlooked. One example among many others: when speaking of the origins of Haitian literature, one must cite for historical reasons Stella, the first novel written by a Haitian; yet, specialists have often underestimated its literary value. Alexis, on the other hand, has gone so far as to assert that it is ‘the audacious beginning of marvellous realism’. This paper will attempt to highlight the exceptional dimension of this reading, which once again proves the critical acuity of one of Haiti’s greatest novelists.

Recently, the EU and the Latin America and Caribbean relations have undergone new trends. These relations now particularly focus on reducing poverty, integrating the Latin American and Caribbean states in the world economy, strengthening diplomacy and the role of non-states actors in governance, and on promoting political dialogue with an interest in democracy, the rule of law and human rights. That being said, the political and legal culture, and the state of the governance in the Caribbean region raise interests in understanding how national human rights institutions (NHRIs) and the institution of the ombudsman could contribute to changing in the spirit of the UN focus on the importance of strong institutions in realizing sustainable government. While the ombudsman is vested with the mission for combatting mal administration and promoting legality, national human rights institutions are created by states to promote and protect human rights. Both are nonetheless human rights defenders, using soft strategies and actions to foster living together. Thus, how and to what extent can national human rights institutions and the institution of ombudsman contribute to a culture facilitating the rule of law and building individual capabilities within a governance focusing on the human dignity for development in the Caribbean region?The paper analyses the foundation of the political dialogue, the roles, limitations and potentiality of NHRIs and the ombudsman in strategies aiming at promoting development in the Latin American and Caribbean region. I argue that given their responsibilities and characteristics, and their natural proximity to people, those institutions can be an overwhelming resource to consider in any partnership focusing on the rule of law in promoting development, while globalization has increased inequalities and prevented the emancipation of vulnerable peoples. Consequently, those institutions are of relevance not only in political governance but also in economic governance to take into account the indivisibility and interdependence of human rights. By informing and educating people and raising awareness on human rights challenges, encouraging pluralism and consultation and fostering access to justice and other public services, those institutions involved in human rights diplomacy can contribute to a better appropriation of the complexity in realizing the rule of law. Mobilizing an interdisciplinary approach and methodology dealing with comparative public law, human rights international law, international economic law, socio-legal studies and political philosophy, and desk research and field reports, the paper sets out a couple of recommendations to foster NHRIs and ombudsman in law, diplomacy, and cooperation for development in the quest for change in the Caribbean region.

This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector in order to analyze the reactivity of the sector to the biggest events that have affected it. This retrospective analysis provides answers to questions about the country’s behavior in the face of challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to address it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination.This paper addresses the issue of the resilience of the Tunisian tourism sector by analyzing its responsiveness to the biggest events that have impacted it. This retrospective analysis highlights the country’s behavior in the face of the challenges threatening its tourism sector, the potential mobilized to cope with it and the limits of the resilience of a tourist destination. By distinguishing the origin of crises (internal or external), we show that crises related to internal factors are more difficult to overcome. To solve the difficulties of the destination Tunisia, it appears necessary to work on the change of the classic touristic image of the country.

This paper analyzes the origin, development and decline of Mixteca Alta’s agroecological and food system from the end of pre-Hispanic period till capitalism’s introduction, in the context of the Great acceleration which appeared indirectly in this region during the middle of the 20th century, when new roads were opened allowing local populations’emigration towards towns and industrial centers, that lead to the almost complete disapperance of sustainable “solares” (vegetable gardens) and the rapid expansion of food practices different from local diets.

This research paper aims to provide the first overview of the potential for developing artificial reefs (AR) in Haiti. The overall objective is to improve food security through projects promoting the increase and management of coastal resources. After a brief historical approach to the use of AR since the 1980s, we will present a perspective on the development of sites adapted to current needs and management potential. Based on a field survey, we were able to identify the key issues for a pilot program. Food dependency on fish production remains extremely high, particularly in the South and South-East departments, where sandy coastal bottoms are ideal for the deployment of AR, and where demand from fishermen to manage new fishing sites is high. The study provides a clearer picture of how these installations are perceived by Haitian fishermen, in particular by identifying the fears and images attached to the installation of AR on the seabed, which could limit their development. The results identify two candidate sites with strong socio-ecological potential, and propose to distinguish several types of AR specifically adapted to the fishing objectives and technical possibilities in Haiti, as well as a realistic management approach.

This contribution to the Caribbean Maritimisation issue of the journal Études caribéennes is the summary of a paper produced in March 2023 on the occasion of the first seminar of the 2023 cycle Climates and Conflicts, with the theme "Maritime Security Issues in Latin America", jointly organized by the Institute of the Americas (IDA) and the Institute for Strategic Research of the French Military School (IRSEM).After having introduced the various relationships to the sea of this region, several maritime threats, often little known, to which these spaces are confronted (piracy, armed robbery, illegal fishing, illegal trafficking but also climate change and damage to the marine environment) are exposed in order to determine their potential destabilizing effects. The communication concludes on the strong link between, on the one hand, the acceleration of the maritimisation of economies, notably around the idea of a blue economy, and, on the other hand, the parallel growth of maritime crime characterized by hybridization.

The 10th of March 1952 military coup d’Etat lead by Colonel Fulgencio Batista put an end to the democratic period that started up when the Cuban Constitution of 1940 was ratified. From that moment on, the opposition to the Batista’s government evolved from pacific demonstration to urban terrorism and guerrilla warfare until the insurrectional movement managed to oust him in January 1959. Aside from the studies published by Sergio López and Francisco Pividal, or the testimonies given by Luis Buch, many aspects of the activities that were carried out by those clubs supporting the Cuban insurrection between 1955 and 1959 are still mainly unknown. This paper is based on Latin-American and American papers, as well as personal archives from Havana and Miami. By following the aforementioned researches, this article tries to define the role that Cuban women performed in this external groups and sections. Concretely, It will be examined the clubs and women activists in México, United States, Chile and Argentina.

Global financial conditions have tightened notably and downside risks to the economic outlook have increased as a result to the covid-19, the war in Ukraine, also the climate change. These three events have created an important human crisis, stagflation in the world, also food crisis. The small development islands have been negatively impacted by these events. The small open countries of the CARICOM provide a fertile testing ground for examining the international transmission of real shocks. By virtue of theit size, plausible identifying assumptions can be made about the sources of these shocks, propagation mechanisms, and ultimate impact on the domestic economy. The goal of this paper is to investigate the extent to which external conditions affect macroeconomic performance of caribbean communauty (CARICOM) for the period 1995-2022. Relevant external factors that might impinge on macroeconomic fluctuations in the CARICOM comprise three sets of factors: crude oil prices, food prices, and real GDP growth of the United States. We propose to address these issues using a SVAR model in a block recursive formulation. More precisely, the model contains two blocks- a foreign block and a domestic block-. Standard VAR tools, such as variance decompositions and impulse response analysis, are utilised to assess both the quantitative relevance of foreign shocks and dynamic adjustment path of the caribbean economy in response to such shocks. This study reveals that real US PIB shock exert the greatest influence on macroeconomic fluctuations in CARICOM countries, that the external environment has a sizable impact on the macroeconmic performance of the small open economy of CARICOM countries, in particular the covid-19 and Ukraine war related shocks lead to substantial contractions in output in all CARICOM countries and deterioration of the current account balance. The model also shows that increase in US real GDP growth, and a fall in crude oil and food prices are all things being equal to otherwise expansionary in the CARICOM countries.Finally, to obtain small inflation, monetary stability and faster growth, we recommand to political leaders of these countries, not to diminish the households consumption but to increase the production.

This paper considers the physical, verbal, and visual aspects of how LGBTQ protest and rebellion are and have been staged in the United States. It examines whether “staging” should be taken literally or figuratively, and explores the interactions between performers and audiences, whether the performance is explicit or subtle, possibly involuntary. A heuristic angle is that of audiences and stages: just as staging should be addressed differently depending on whether the audience is internal or external to the LGBTQ community, audiences are not inherently internal or external, but the boundary may fluctuate. Likewise, the stages on which LGBTQ protest is performed are not given or fixed, but contingent on larger social, political, cultural, and economic factors. The article examines examples that are illustrative and telling of the ways in which LGBTQ protest and rebellion may take on a theatrical form, or the staging itself may endow some practices with a degree of politicity.

Abstract This paper addresses one of the open issues in the reconstruction of Proto-Tupi-Guarani (PTG) segmental phonology: The status of the *k -*kʲ opposition. We argue that the contrast is artifactual and that the presumed evidence in favor of PTG *kʲ can be considered as secondary developments of PTG *k in Kayabí, Guarayu, Kagwahiva, Tenetehára, Kamayurá, and Ka’apor. We establish additional facts regarding the structure of PTG and the historical phonology of TG languages, also showing that this finding eliminates the need for an unmotivated split in Pre-PTG history, a problematic feature of current reconstructions of the Proto-Tupian consonant system.

This paper deals with memory’s sense and memorial politics that have arisen in Mexico during the Andrés Manuel López Obrador's administration since 2018. Based on the concept of memorial regime, we shall see that one of the actual politics’s singularities is the foundation of a public culture of repentance and the establishing of memory institutions which concern Colonial Era’s memory as well as Mexican national history.

This paper deals with semantic variations and monumental representations of San Martín among Argentinian state’s liturgies between the 19th century and today in order to analyze the relationship between changing institutional contexts and political as well as intellectual operations revolving around a fixed radication in national imagination and public uses of his image established by state elites and social groups which strengthened the political and cultural fight in contemporary Argentina.

In 2021 the activities and speeches which celebrated the bicentenaries of Latin American independences were complemented in certain countries by a strong radicalisation. This paper explains why this process took place in 2021 and proposes what should be done to prevent historiographical accounts from promoting exclusion nationalism favouring instead the creation of plural and inclusive societies.

With its opening on the world market, the city of Algiers, or El-Djezaïr, (capital of Algeria) has become an attractive destination for business tourism. Although, its coast, rich in beaches and seaside resorts, often undergoes a massive tourism that endangers its environment identity. Hence, it would be of first interest to set-up a touristic development strategy aiming the littoral safeguard. The main scope of this paper is the littoral tourism requalification in Algiers by reinterpreting the leisure and recreation facilities that existed there before 1830. Moreover, it focus on the valuation of its territorial heritage: fountains, summer residences, and mostly the natural paths that used to connect the city port to the hinterland since the earliest times.Indeed, before 1830, El-Djezaïr had its "Fahs”, a territory famous by its "djenanes": a kind of summer residences within fabulous gardens facing the sea. Often seemed like deserted museums, the "djenanes" could constitute a key opportunity coastal tourism requalification. One of the alternatives would be their reconversion into touristic structures for scientific, business, leisure and recreational tourism. The paper presents the case of “La Villa du Traité”, a commemorative place related to the capitulation of the city of Algiers in 1830. The place is proposed to become a center of ethics where national and international scientific events in Medicine could be held.

This paper studies the consequences of urban governance renewal in City of Las Vegas (Nevada) under the influence of businessman Tony Hsieh and the independent structure he founded, the Downtown Project. We argue that those actors can be considered as innovators because they depart from the traditional practices of urban planning in terms of entrepreneurial career-path, discourses as well as methods. Through the example of City of Las Vegas, we intend to highlight the urbanistic and social consequences of a renewed urban governance, which is a political process. Thus this paper questions the capacity for innovation included in Tony Hsieh’s and the Downtown Project’s urban planning project. It concludes on its mixed results: if the urban vision can be called an urbanistic innovation, it fails to produce social innovation in the field.

Uruguay is a small country in southern Latin America with a population just above three million people. Uruguay has recently been in the international spotlight for its advanced legislation. This paper analyzes three laws that took the regional and international community by surprise: a law that allowed women to terminate their pregnancy, another law that approved equal (same sex) marriage, and a law that introduced the state regulation of marijuana use. These three laws were passed in a relatively short period of time (2012-2013) and they represent what has been called “the new rights agenda.” This article describes each of these laws. It focuses mainly on the processes behind each initiative and identifies the social and political actors involved in them, as well as the arguments the latter put forward and the debates that ensued. Finally, this paper explores how these debates embody and express new demands, needs, and rights.

This paper addresses critical elements regarding contemporary art museums located in the city of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, in which the practices of curation of plastic and non-object works are applied in virtual media, which are evidencing the need to generate curatorial works carried out with greater professional and intellectual quality of a digital nature. The foregoing will be directly visible on the various virtual platforms currently offered, since this event marks a turning point in the Mexican artistic field. This problem calls into question the seriousness of carrying out curatorial practices within Mexican museums, since, at the time of publicizing emerging expressive currents and national artists with potential, they cause a certain critical impact or impression on the viewing public, the which does not come to have a broad opinion of this curatorial practice, but at the same time affects the artistic quality. The foregoing will be observed from the new curatorial practices that mark the reactivation of the museums of the capital of Potosí after the 2020-2021 health contingency, resuming the autumn celebration of Xantolo or Day of the Dead, one of the festivals with the greatest impact in the region and an event that marks a before and after in the new curatorial practices in that city.

Since 2004 and especially 2010, Haiti like all the islands of the Caribbean has increased the number of Marine Protected Areas. During the same period, the multiplication of economic, political, social and environmental crises makes it difficult to monitor projects which too often remain paper MPAs. While the state imposes protection perimeters often decided by large international NGOs without consultation with socio-professional actors, some local dynamics are emerging with fishing communities and Haitian universities. New governance models need to be able to build on these dynamics and grassroots communities.

Small islands of Caribbean are facing important marine, environmental, and terrestrial challenges. The biodiversities in this region are considered as the most threated of the world. Simultaneously, the tourism sector plays a key role in these economies. The objective of this paper is to analyze and evaluate economically the relationship among marine biodiversity and tourism, on the one hand, and inversely between tourism and marine biodiversity, on the other hand. As the result, a panel data is used, also Hausman-Taylor estimator (HT) to investigate a tourism demand function, applied to six small islands of Caribbean, members of Organization of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS): Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and St Vincent and Grenadines. In this function, marine biodiversity plays a key role, in addition to the traditional economic and price variables. Levels of biodiversity are found to have a significant influence on tourism. This justifies their inclusion in a tourism demand function, and points to the importance of national policy in protecting the biodiversity of the Caribbean islands. Finally, the results show an urgent need to impose an optimal carrying capacity for these destinations in order to reach tourism sustainable development. panel data, Hausman-Taylor estimator (HP), marine biodiversity, OECS, economic impact

With Carlos Leppe’s work, performance emerged in Chile in the middle of the 1970s in response to the representational crisis generated by the dictatorship (1973-1989). This crisis not only caused a general reorganization of Arts in Chile but it also reshaped its means of reception. In a moment where the relationship between body and violence is crucial, body art gets a notoriously contextual role and representative of this experience. At the same time that it keeps a hermetic language trying to stay away from the mimetic function of art. Trough this paradox this paper analyzes how Carlos Leppe’s work calls for the visualization of a « body in conflict » generating a particular corporal aesthetic within performative arts in Chile. Finally, trough the current reception of the performance’s images, this paper examines the intrinsic relation between body, image and memory

In this article we analyze the historical and sociopolitical context under which the First Universal Races Congress (1911) took place, and also address the main issues debated in the conference by anthropologists, sociologists and social activists from different countries. We highlight the contributions of the physicians and anthropologists João Baptista de Lacerda (1846-1915) and Edgard Roquette-Pinto (1884-1954), who traveled to London as official representatives of the Brazilian government, and discuss some of the papers presented by leading authorities in the field of anthropology and the race studies. The papers presented at the conference were published in a volume edited by the English sociologist Gustav Spiller.

This paper analyzes the images of Mexican photojournalist Héctor García. It is built around two of his most significant editorial proposals, both issued in 1958: Ojo! Una revista que ve, and photojournalistic column "F 2.8. La vida en el instante,"―two attempts at understanding the meanings and characteristics of his professional work. This paper describes the usefulness of his press photography in shedding light on specific aspects of large and complex historical events. It also reflects on his ability as a photojournalist to document a transitional society like Mexico in the mid-twentieth century and the many ways it can find echoes in other countries of Latin America.

This paper analyses hiring practices in Chile in relation to the scarcity of women in leadership positions in Chile. It problematizes the discourse about hiring and selection practices in contrast with the current employment law. The paper shows how gender discrimination operates both directly and indirectly in various productive sectors. Despite the standardization of professional entry requirements in many labour domains, discrimination exists in most steps of the selection process. This discrimination not only limits women’s careers and their likelihood of reaching top positions, but also unveils how economic and social modernization in its neoliberal phase clashes with certain ethic ruling principles in contemporary Chilean society. The study is based on 43 interviews with employers, recruiters and professional candidates.

In Mexico, over the last decades, water-related conflicts have become more frequent and have led to strong social movements. Studying such conflicts is interesting as they are either the symptom or the cause of vulnerabilities: knowing them can help reduce these vulnerabilities. This paper will analyze two Mexican provinces (Puebla and Chihuaha), which were deemed relevant because of their natural conditions (availability, accessibility, natural resources) and their dynamic growth (demographic evolution, numerous types of water consumption). It is based on a qualitative analysis of articles published in local newspapers from January 2011 to April 2013 and devoted to such conflicts, their causes, their protagonists, or the way they illustrate an opposition between agricultural, industrial, and urban interests. This will provide a sample of local water-related conflicts which will reveal the interactions between environmental dynamics, local practices, and public policies at the provincial level. The paper will also highlight some local initiatives or institutional interventions which have facilitated conflict-resolution and reduced vulnerabilities, while others have, by opposition, worsened gridlock and vulnerabilities.

This paper deals with the social process through which flooding in Buenos Aires is understood as a question of public policy. By focusing on institutional vulnerabilities, it will show how public policies contribute to risk perception, and how decisions regarding institutional intervention are made when flooding becomes a political event. Through the case study of the catastrophic April 2013 precipitations, this paper will contextualize the problem by looking at the actions and the mistakes of local authorities. It will also offer a critical reading of the statements coming from government workers, experts, and local residents during that period: what their arguments are, the facts they stress, how they assess risks and how they relate them to public institutions. Secondary sources will be used to describe the historical context; a qualitative approach (interviews, participant observation, print and digital sources) will highlight how events and risks are interpreted by social actors.

This paper assesses the origins of water-related vulnerabilities among the Andean populations of the Rio Mocoties valley in Venezuela, which was struck by deadly floods and mudslides (la vaguada) in February 2005. The paper stresses the role played in this social disaster by changes in agricultural practices and in land uses (deforestation, the conversion of agricultural surfaces, urban growth). Its methodology is based on the cross-referencing of cartographic data―obtained thanks to satellite images (ISIS SPOT 2012 Program) or aerial pictures―and sociological surveys in order to show the parallel perception of the evolution of land uses between instrumental and human points of view. Beyond the social situation and the extent of the changes which can be observed on the slopes of this watershed, this paper will show how the discourse on vulnerability factors may vary according to the actors at play (village dwellers, farmers, elected officials)―thus proving the fundamental link between social representations and the perception of water-related risks.

The search for the place from which the poem in mother tongue can be pronounced, blends with the search for the country not yet found. Poems by several authors between 2013 and 2019 protest against this absence. This paper raises questions about this place and the language traits observed during its poetical enunciation. Through their writings, poets propose a historical experience of revolt. I shall examine Vinagre: uma antología de poetas neobarrocos (2013), poems by Lu Menezes (2016) and Tatiana Pequeno (2019), texts that have managed to give an answer through their own poetical language to the street’s social protest shoutings.

Throughout the second half of the twentieth century, Central American poetry was characterised by accompanying and promoting social movements that sought to transform repressive and exclusion political systems. At the end of the armed conflicts in the region (Peace Accords in El Salvador, 1994 and Guatemala, 1996) and the beginning of what critics call the “post-war” period, poetry seems to have lost its breath of social protest. In this paper, we intend to study the current poetic discourses (1990-2020) in Guatemala and El Salvador which, through different options from those expressed in the 1960s-1990s, are inscribed in the ideological struggles to prevent the expression of local and global political and economic power.

In this paper we present a detailed reading of the poetic exercice submitted by the Mexican writer Fernando del Paso in his novel Noticias del Imperio (1987). This exercice is set in chapter XVI.1 called “Adiós Mamá Carlota” and based upon the account of the gardener Sedano, a peripheral character. We shall only study the functions and scopes of the gardener’s discourse whose allegation, according to us, implicitly reveals two sorts of readings which we have categorized as: performative and historical.

In this paper, I examine Chapter VII of "The Origin of Species" (Instinct), in which Charles Darwin applies evolutionary theory by natural selection to the instinct domain and lays the foundations of a biological analysis of behavior. Darwin intended to show the possibility of gradual evolution in the case of complex behaviors such as brood parasitism in cuckoos, slave-making habits in ants and geometrical cell building in honey bees. Darwin attributed functional value to behavioral characters, used the comparision of related species' behavior as a way to infer evolutionary stages, gave cost-and-benefit and optimization processes a role as selection criteria, took into account aspects of behavioral competition and manipulation and gave a group selection approach to the question of sterile castes of eusocial insects. More than results and solutions, Darwin offered, in his chapter about Instinct, a paradigm for the analysis of species typical behaviors, a true starting point for modern approaches such as ethology and behavioral ecology.In this paper, I examine Chapter VII of "The Origin of Species" (Instinct), in which Charles Darwin applies evolutionary theory by natural selection to the instinct domain and lays the foundations of a biological analysis of behavior. Darwin intended to show the possibility of gradual evolution in the case of complex behaviors such as brood parasitism in cuckoos, slave-making habits in ants and geometrical cell building in honey bees. Darwin attributed functional value to behavioral characters, used the comparision of related species' behavior as a way to infer evolutionary stages, gave cost-and-benefit and optimization processes a role as selection criteria, took into account aspects of behavioral competition and manipulation and gave a group selection approach to the question of sterile castes of eusocial insects. More than results and solutions, Darwin offered, in his chapter about Instinct, a paradigm for the analysis of species typical behaviors, a true starting point for modern approaches such as ethology and behavioral ecology.

The paper studies the bankruptcy of the Alternative Producers Association (APA) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, State of Rondônia, Brazil, by identifying the relations between the territory actors and analyzing their own interpretive frame. After a brief history of the Integrated Colonization Project (PIC) in Ouro Preto do Oeste, we describe the social origin of the settlers, their political culture and social capital as well as the logic of the institutions engaged in the projects' management. The relations between the different institutional actors are presented as a connection of multilevel social-ecological systems (local, regional, national and international). The paper intends to show the discrepancy between the mere economic logic of the supporting institutions and the APA producers' aspirations. Our conclusion is that the bankruptcy may have been caused by two interconnected factors: the lack of trust of APA's farmers towards agricultural support agencies (Comissão Executiva do Plano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Agência de Defesa Sanitária Agrosilvopastoril do Estado de Rondônia, Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural) and the failure of the State and the Municipality to act in the multi-level network above mentioned, which could have been a mediator amongst the different aspirations. Finally, our paper discusses the notion of 'failure' associated to bankruptcy.

Este trabajo aporta una mirada alterna sobre la modificación cefálica artificial entre los mayas, concretamente utilizando las observaciones de los cronistas que aún la vieron en la época Colonial. Sin querer, ellas nos comunican motivaciones íntimamente vinculadas con el rol que una vez tuvo la costumbre cefálica dentro de la cosmovisión y la ritualidad cotidiana de los mayas prehispánicos; así, estos testimonios constituyen puntos de partida invaluables para comprender los motivos culturales profundos que el modelado cefálico satisfacía originalmente. Por último, contrastamos y discutimos la información de las fuentes conjuntamente con el registro craneológico en siete series coloniales del territorio cultural maya. Los resultados confirman que el modelado cefálico pronto pierde vigencia en los centros urbanos con mayor presencia europea al mismo tiempo que se observa su pervivencia en los espacios rurales y selváticos más aislados, como los paraderos remotos de la selva lacandona.This paper contributes an alternative view on artificial head shaping practices among the Maya, which we examine through the lens of those European chroniclers who still witnessed it as a living practice during the colonial era. Unwillingly, these sources testify longstanding cultural motivations for the ancient tradition of modifying infants' vaults, which appear intimately tied to prehispanic Maya worldviews and daily ritual practices. The recognition of these motives provides a valuable point of departure for understanding the deeply embedded cultural roles this head practice once played. The last part of the paper compares and discusses the information provided by the colonial sources jointly with the results obtained from a study of seven colonial skeletal series from the Maya area. Our results confirm that Maya head modeling quickly dwindled within the urban spheres, where the European dominion was most immediate, while surviving over the centuries in the rural hinterlands and the forest refuges, like those of the historical Lacandons.

This paper investigates the meanings given by the racial classification in several Brazilian census. It proposes a convergent analysis of the social-political conventions established for the research (1872, 1890, 1940) or omission (1920) of the racial item of the surveys in different historical moments and the emergency of the technical community of statisticians in the midst of changing in paradigm census. As a method, it assumes a circularity between the social system of racial classification, the interpretations chapters on national identity hired to introduce the census – “O povo brasileiro e sua evolução” by Oliveira Vianna (1920), and “A cultura brasileira” by Fernando de Azevedo (1940) – and the role played by the technical requirements in the taken positions of the statisticians. The article analyzes the reports written by the census committees and organizers at the verbal level, in order to compare the arguments presented to the informations and crossings obtained in the matrix level. It takes the 1940 census as a turning point in the statistical activity because it reveals the structural conflict between the policy function primarily reserved for statistics and the consecration of the technical competence. Accordingly, this paper addresses the gradual release of statistical ideology from the political propaganda on the color.

This paper tries to demonstrate that the documentary Montaña de luz (Guillermo Centeno, 2005), which praises the great achievements of the Cuban program of international medical aid, is representative of the ICAIC's tradition of propaganda cinema. The paper also tries to demonstrate that this movie, which insists on solidarity with developing countries, is paradoxically pervaded by a colonial imaginary.

The paper presents three contributions of the Swiss zoologist Emil August Goeldi (1859-1917) to Amazonian archaeology and ethnology published between 1900 and 1906, in German, when Goeldi was the director of Paraense Museum, in Belém, Brazil. The first paper is a scientific divulgation article about the Cunani pottery, discovered in 1895 in the north of the Amapá state, Brazil. The second paper deals with archaeological artifacts found in the mouth of Amazon River, an important area for this kind of research, including the pottery found in Maracá, in the Amapá state, and in the Marajó Island, in Pará State, plus the lithic statues from the Lower Amazon. The third paper describes the use of lithic axes by the Baikiri Indians. These contributions show Goeldi’s interest in the study of material culture and data compilation for the improvement of the knowledge about the Amazonian ethnolinguistics stems, proposing an ingenious union of intellectual resources provided by ethnology, archaeology and linguistics at that time.

This paper uses an unobserved component model to analyse the feasibility of economic and monetary union (EMU) between Haiti and Dominican Republic, two countries sharing the same island but whose history is one conflict and divergent economic prospects. In spite of these historical obstacles, is it possible to plan an economic and monetary union among these economies? The objective of this paper is to provide a framework to identify and evaluate the asymmetry degree of macroeconomic shocks within these economies in order to appreciate the viability of this project, also the nature of these potential benefits and costs. The results show the fragility of this process because of the weak economic policy convergence among these countries. The shocks disintegration stemming from our model confirm these results and suggests that at this stage, several economic criteria are not satisfied for the two countries to fully benefit from an economic and monetary union. However, the endogeneity of most of these criteria militates in favour of an agenda for progressive integration between them.

This paper is part of a larger project on the impact of global ideas and practices related to “being young” on the construction of local political identities, particularly regarding the leftist groups and parties that took part in the student movement of 1968 in Uruguay. In a moment when these groups were searching for political answers before unprecedented levels of popular mobilization and labor organizing amidst an economic crisis and a repressive attitude by the government also withougt precedent in national history, thousands of young men and women with no political experience tested the limits of previous structures and ways of struggle. It was a time of extreme fluidity within the political left, with new and old organizations trying to attract these youngsters and integrate their interests and habits. Based on the analysis of a motto used by the youth branch of the Communist Party, this paper deals with the ways in which the debates on the demands of revolutionary commitment impacted on the roles demanded from the men and women who were becoming members of the different leftist organizations.

The present paper seeks to provide an assessment of the likely implications of the CARIFORUM-EU Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on economy of Caribbean states and French Caribbean Outermost Regions (FCORs). Two models are used for that a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP model), applied to CARIFORUM countries, and a gravity model framework applied to French Caribbean Outermost Regions. The main findings from application of the computable general equilibrium model can be outlined as follows in case of full reciprocity between the partners in merchandise trade, the results show that impacts are contrasted among the economies. The effects appear positive for some countries, sectors and negative for the others. Tariff reductions will translate into a decline in government revenue and a degradation of their balance of payments. The well-being of CARIFORUM households has improved very lightly (0.04%). On the other hands, the application of the gravity model framework reveals several barriers to regional trade between French Caribbean Outermost Regions and their neighbours, particularly their strong institutional and economic links with continental France, responsible for a high labour cost and a lack of autonomy with regard to international trade. The study also highlights that French language is an obstacle to trade across the Caribbean, due to the fact it is a minority in this region, as well as absence of FCORs in main economic and trade agreements of Caribbean. Finally the paper finds that there is high degree of similarity of exports among the countries and territories in the Caribbean.