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Este artigo aborda o futuro do trabalho como fenômeno comu-nicacional, por meio de sua análise como construção discursiva. Elegemos como objeto dois relatórios, dois documentos prospectivos: um assinado pelo World Economic Forum — talvez o maior porta-voz do capitalismo global — e outro da corporação Dell Technologies, expoente da economia digital mundial. Buscamos identificar de que forma esses discursos sobre o futuro do trabalho mobilizam códigos hegemônicos do neoliberalismo, compreendido como lógica social. Essa lógica pressupõe a produção de sujeitos, por meio de competências, perfis, como capital humano a ser gerido com eficácia. A metodologia é baseada na noção de discurso social de Angenot — que propõe a análise do espírito do tempo em sua disseminação nos discursos de dado contexto histórico e social.

As technology is increasingly used in many domains, the way it effects social sciences becomes of great interest. The aim of the paper is to offer a theoretical overview on the way Virtual Reality (VR) is used in the communication domain in the last decade and within the top-impactful journals. The sample consists of scientific articles from 25 high-status journals within the field. In the endeavor to offer a longitudinal perspective (2010-2020 timeframe), the overview intends to focus on the main thematic patterns, on the most used theories and models, on the methodological design features, and on the technical approaches that guide the VR research in communication. The relevance of the paper is twofold. On one hand, it offers a comprehensive summary on the state-of-the-art existing interests and tools used in VR in communication research. On the other hand, it sets future research perspectives and can serve as a guide for scholars aiming to initiate VR investigations in communication.

The present study is set out to determine the way in which video advertisements for pharmaceutical products, published online, depicted female, and male consumers, respectively. The paper offers an overview of the gender roles which have been used in Romanian pharmaceutical advertisements, this being the most promoted category of products on TV in the last years. We conducted a content analysis where we included the television commercials of the top ten pharmaceutical companies, as determined by ad ratings, aired on Romanian television during the year 2019. The findings show that more female gender roles than male gender roles have been used in the ads. However, the types of gender roles which have been mostly used are similar, the most common being the career woman/ career man, the mother/ father, the beautiful woman/ attractive man.

Crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly impacted individuals’ attitudes and behaviors worldwide. Romania suffered considerably during this health crisis due to low vaccination rates influenced by the media’s approach that shaped attitudes towards vaccination. The Media Dependency Theory is relevant in this context, emphasizing the dependent link between individuals, media, and society during high uncertainty periods. This research aimed to look into the media’s influence on Romanian vaccination choices and trust in media and government during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study employed a social survey and content analysis to investigate people’s attitudes as well as media approaches during the pandemic. The primary results of this study highlight the link between media preferences and attitudes toward media and vaccination during the pandemic, as well as generational differences that influence trust in media and government. This study reveals a mixed media approach, with informative and shocking news present in most analyzed articles. The pandemic context, as well as the study’s methods, which include two both traditional and new media and four generations (Z, Y, X, and Baby Boomers), make this research paper relevant for understanding communication as well as the media`s impact on attitude formation in crises.

A large volume of information from various sources constantly assaults the consumer. It impairs advertisers in reaching their target audience, involving more work and effort to create an effective strategy. Previous studies have shown their importance on consumer behaviors towards the product, but how source typologies affect young people’s consumption behavior on small brands has not yet been explored. This study aims to determine the impact of the sources of the review on the levels of the TPE, eWOM, and purchase intention. Two studies were conducted: an experimental study with three groups exposed to the same stimulus, a smartwatch review for a small brand, and a semi-structured interview. The results of the first study show no differences between the three groups regarding the Effect of the source of the review on the level of the TPE and eWOM. Still, it was found that the subjective and objective sources influence respondents’ purchase intention. The second study reveals that individuals rely on reviews when purchasing and are more likely to share information with friends when they are satisfied with the product. This paper highlights the importance of understanding source typologies in shaping consumer behavior online.

This paper explores the use of emotions by the top ten Public Relations agencies in Romania (according to BIZ Magazine) in the content they posted on their official Facebook pages in 2018. The research tries to identify what emotions are present in the social media (Facebook) discourse of the agencies, how emotions and topics connect, and what characteristics of the social media profile of a PR agency can be revealed through the investigation of the emotions it uses in its posts. This paper is anchored in Robert Plutchik’s theory of emotions. I used content analysis and social network analysis, connecting attributes of the 925 posts and generating undirectional networks. The comparative analysis was focused on the profile of the agencies and the diversity of practices and attitudes of the Romanian PR industry. The research confirmed expectations that the emotions selected by the agencies were primarily from the positive, constructive spectrum. The unexpected conclusions came from the connection with topics, as a focus on projects, people or industry changed the emotion the post is associated with. While a concern for content is visible, I cannot state that there is a strategic integration of content trends and emotion awareness. This research can be used by agencies to replicate the analysis for a multi-annual exploration of their Facebook activity in order to optimize their digital identity and strategy. The originality of the paper is represented by the scale of the analysis done on a topic that has benefited from little or no exploration.

Recent decades have witnessed increased interest in the study of metaphor. New categories of metaphorical transfers have been singled out and studied in world linguistics. In recent times the two types of metaphorical extensions that have drawn the attention of those markedly interested in the process of metaphorisation – both synchronically and diachronically – are by now well-recognized categories of metaphorical transfers known as zoosemy and foodsemy. The former has been defined as metaphorical transfer onto the conceptual macrocategory HUMAN BEING of the lexical items primarily linked to the macrocategory ANIMALS, while the latter pertains to the transfer from the macrocategory FOODSTUFFS . This paper is intended to be a contribution to the study of foodstuffs-related metaphor. The term foodsemy was first used for the purpose of data-oriented study in Kleparski (2008). In the case of this type of metaphorical transfer, the food-related lexical items are a subject to metaphorical shifts where the source domain is identifiable as the category FOODSTUFFS, and the most frequent target domain is the macrocategory HUMAN BEING, but also other categories, such as BODY PARTS or MONEY. It turns out that there are certain well-definable paths and tendencies that may be captured in the semantic history of the relevant vocabulary, and this paper attempts to point to so some of the most obvious patterns of metaphorical shifts.

The article has been devoted to the phenomenon of anti-language and the focal point of the paper refers to the analysis of socio-cultural processes involved in the formation and reception of anti-laguage. The analysis has been aimed at defining the circumstances of the occurrence of anti-laguage as well as determining its role and functions at both individual and collective levels. My general approach to the study of anti-language outlines the social functions which govern the emergence of anti-languages with the explicit reference to language, context and text. Kenneth Burke (1966) defines man as a symbol-using animal. In his “Definition of Man”, Burke draws attention to the concept of negativity when he argues that negatives do not occur in nature and they are solely a product of human symbol systems. According to Burke, “(…) language and the negative ‘invented’ man (…)” (Burke 1966: 9). The study has begun with the premise that anti-language permanently depicts an antagonistic attitude towards the official language, whereas the negative attitude towards anti-language translates directly into stigmatisation of its users. The negativity of the affix anti- in anti-language has been culturally and socially structured as antithetical to language. Nevertheless, language and anti-language do not necessarily forge a typical antithesis in a polar sense. Victor Turner (/1969/ 1975) employs the affix anti- for his term anti-structure and explains that the affix has been used strategically and does not imply radical negation. This paper seeks to revise the one-dimensional attitude towards anti-language and fortify its social significance with a new quality. The basis for the study of anti-language has been its multi-functionality and multifaceted character. A modest corpus of anti-languages has been analysed in order to illustrate a complex and polysemic nature of this phenomenon.

Sacrifice, as a social phenomenon, is as old as mankind and is found in almost all cultures. Related to this, the main goal of this paper is to explore the social and historical relation of women’s sacrifice in the honour of morale code, then analyzing mediatisation of this phenomenon in the present days. Cultural heritage monuments are such not just because they preserve the object, but also because they are covered with legends and stories. This paper will present three cases of Kosovo's cultural heritage monuments, which are related only to women. The first one is about the Girls’ Fortress in Prizren. The fortress took this name because of two legends which were related to women. The second monument filled up in legend is the tomb and mosque of Xhylfatyn in Peja. It is a rare example of a woman's sacrifice for her husband who was an army officer, and whose metamorphosis is on the bridge. The third monument is also related to the act of sacrifice, it represents the sacrifice of a woman who made possible constructing the Holy Bridge which links Gjakova to Rahovec; it is similar to the legend of sacrifice for objects construction which may be encountered in many cultures. All these stories about these legends are also published in the Kosovo’s media and the paper analyses the ways they are presented in media. The qualitative research based on case studies, interviews and observation constitutes researching methods for this paper.

This paper, being a part of a bigger project , aims at identifying linguistic features of American political discourse on the basis of Hillary Clinton’s first debate speech from the 2016 presidential campaign in the United States . It begins by explaining the notion of discourse and depicting its relation to power. Then, the applied methodology is presented. It is made up of three components, namely a pragmatic analysis on the basis of deixis and presupposition, Critical Discourse Analysis according to the framework elaborated by Norman Fairclough, as well as quantitative research that aims at examining top phrases with the highest frequency. The paper finishes by presenting the results of the analysis and indicating possibilities for further research.

The aim of the paper is to analyse the stylistic methods Krzysztof Grzywocz uses in talking about values in his lectures published in the book W duchu i przyjaźni [In spirit and friendship]. It is the whole book, six hundred pages of his collected works, but in particular the one-hundred-page long chapter entitled “The Value of a Human Being”, which is the focus of this paper. The multilayer and interdisciplinary approach to values could be observed in those texts. The author was a theologian, psychotherapist, exorcist and aesthetician, a man who appreciated literature, art, and beauties of everyday life. He was both a theoretician and practitioner of axiology. He answers the questions what values are, what their functions are, what their role in human life is, what their lack means, and what to do in order to appreciate the value of our own life and that of others. The individual communication style of the lecturer is analysed as well as meaning of his message.

This paper proposes to think of another possible story told by photographs about the Revolt of 1924, understanding them as different narratives about the event in question. In this sense, it studies the transgression of the traditional concept of photography as a document of reality. It is observed that photography promotes another type of narrative that goes beyond the record as historical documentation. For this, the paper is based on concepts and reflections brought by various authors, such as Carlo Ginzburg on the concept of trail, François Dosse e Mauricio Lazzarato, about the concept of event, Joan Fontcuberta, Vilém Flusser and Walter Benjamin, who permeate the discussions about photography, Lucrécia D´Alessio Ferrara, on the issues related to communication, in addition to the bibliography on the Revolt of 1924.

The global threat of a new out-of-control pandemic, the daily growing number of coronavirus victims, stringent personal self-isolation regulations and fear of the future make people feel anxious, uncertain and miserable. In this situation social networks become highly valued communication channels through which one can obtain relevant information about the virus and exchange ideas about personal life and daily activities. Memes with their apt verbal messages and clear visual expression help people to see the humour of the situation and to maintain moderately positive outlooks. This article sets out to reveal the conceptualisation of COVID-19 in Lithuanian social networking. The analysis was employed to exhibit the dominant modes used to disclose the foremost aspects of the pathogen in the Lithuanian context. The theoretical framework provides an overview of modes and their multimodal nature. The subsequent sections are devoted to Lithuanian memes that are employed to communicate information about divergent aspects of coronavirus. Concepts, groupings and distinctive features of memes and their prevailing functions in social networking are included in the analysis as well. The empirical part of the paper puts an emphasis on the multimodal analysis of the COVID-19 virus as encoded in Lithuanian memes, drawing special attention to the multimodal expression in terms of its conceptualisation.

Local Action Groups (LAGs) play an important role in the development of rural territories, by engaging communities in the creation of local identity. The LAGs have the great advantage of being in direct contact with the population, of understanding the needs of the local communities through direct interaction and involvement. They have the freedom to collaborate with public institutions, private partners, and local actors, to identify ideas and solutions that lead to the development of the final beneficiary, the rural area. By their nature, the LAGs aim at building a tight community, by being open to efficient communication. Their strategies must consider the characteristics of the target audience and their needs. The development of various online communication tools allows efficient and fruitful interaction if the communicators have the know-how, resources, and motivation. This paper aims at analyzing how the LAGs organize their public communication, both through websites and social media. A content analysis was applied to 65 LAGs, covering the Center and North-West Romanian Development Regions, and to 27 Facebook pages, covering the 2017-2022 timeframe. The results show that LAGs need a significant enhancement in the way they communicate, in order to unite the community around them.

The title of this paper is a play on words re-working the word democracy into demos-crazy. This re-working however is not a joke as the election of authoritarian illiberal candidates in the United States, the Philippines, Hungary, Turkey and Brazil (to name but a few) has called into question the future shape of politics. Electoral politics is under siege by new parties as well as spontaneous movements. There are fundamental questions which need to be addressed. What are the reasons for the rise of right-wing populism? Is populism undemocratic? What has been the role of social media and ICTs in helping to create a new political spectrum? Politically and socially what does it mean if we have entered a post-truth age? The demos has not become crazy but democracy is certainly in retreat. This paper argues that liberalism needs to construct an honest counter-narrative in contrast to the fear-mongering and false nostalgia of the right. The rhetoric of the right is opportunistic, but it would be a fatal mistake to dismiss its appeals. After all, it has won elections. The demos is not crazy, but has been ignored and in many cases left behind. Positive populism is grounded in human dignity and fairness. This is the essence of democracy.

A lot of people decide to leave their homes in search of a job, more favourable living conditions or just safety. Most modern European societies are full of people who were born in other countries but change their place of living in the hope that they will improve their living conditions. Some of them are willing to accept the new culture and system of values but sometimes they find it very hard to assimilate into the host society. The paper intends to compare the attitude of Spanish and Polish students towards people of different ethnic origin. The introductory part of the paper provides a definition of the stranger based on Georg Simmel’s theory. The main part aims at showing young people’s attitude to strangers in the society based on the survey carried out in the group of the 3rd- and 4th-year students of English Philology at Krosno State College and Valladolid University.

This paper constitutes an attempt to define the communication style as a cluster of discursive elements, both formal or technical, such as turn taking patterns, overlap or backchannelling, and those based on pragmatic usage, such as emotionally loaded language, politeness patterns, gender differences, metaphors, neologisms, humour or laughter, as well as other elements of discourse culture such as culture-specific values. Following the discussion of relevant intercultural studies, the paper moves on to analyse two corpora of Polish face-to-face conversations and draws some tentative conclusions about Polish communication style, which is broadly cooperative, expressive, uses positive politeness, although it abounds in open disagreement as well as linguistic creativity.

This paper examines the way political responsibility is constructed through discourse by Romanian politicians in the Web 2.0 era. Drawing on an analytical framework proposed by Augoustinos, Hastie and Wright (2011), based on discursive psychology, and critical discourse analysis, this paper analyses the Facebook messages released by the main political actors in Romania, after the Colectiv nightclub fire. The empirical endeavour is guided by two research objectives: to analyse the discursive strategies used to create discursive identities, to assign political responsibility and to express solidarity with the victims; and to analyse a specific kind of rhetoric, the political apology, focusing on its pragmatic and linguistic features and on the emotion categories (empathy, sympathy, anger, guilt, sadness) deployed to deliver the apology. The results of the study show that when faced with a situation where the offender is hard to define, political actors prefer the use of another speech act: the expression of solidarity and compassion. While the political apology is offered only after and explicit demand, the expression of solidarity is offered promptly and willingly.

This paper aims at investigating the imaginary of the sea and its marine creatures in Vilém Flusser’s thought, especially in his most peculiar book, Vampyroteuthis Infernalis. This essay uses the ocean as a poetic metaphor to express the universe of digital technologies and its contemporary technical flows. The paper’s goal is not only to show the radical originality of Flusser’s book but also to demonstrate its actuality and almost prophetic dimension by means of a dialogue with other contemporary themes and authors in the field of cultural theory. According to the reading suggested here, Vampyroteuthis Infernalis represents a fundamental philosophical reflection on the theme of identity in connection with technological devices and digital culture.

Health concerns are the main reason for healthy product purchasing. Likewise, the packaging plays an important role in the decision-making process. The present paper investigates the health halo effect and the Mandela effect produced by the nutrient content claims on the packaging of food products (chocolate). The main objectives are: to determine if the respondents remember ingredients and claims that are not actually listed on the packaging, to investigate if the existence of nutrient content claims on the packaging determines a more positive perception on the healthfulness of the product and a higher purchase intention, and to explore if risk-avoidance claims (Low sugar and Cholesterol free), in comparison with benefit related claims (Vitamin A and High in fibers) are more likely to determine a more positive healthfulness perception of the product and a higher purchase intention. A 1x3 survey-based experiment has been conducted on 160 young adults in Romania. The results show that, regardless of the situation, subjects tend to remember a high number of ingredients and claims that are not actually written on the packaging. The nutrient claims, in comparison with the lack of them, play an important role in shaping a positive healthfulness perception and a higher purchase intention. Finally, the risk-avoidance claims seem to have a more positive effect.

Feminism, motherhood and the media - historically close relations in review – We start from the premise that motherhood is a social construct increasingly linked to communication processes, especially in the voluptuous offer of advice and guidelines of what is to be a mother. Taking on from this idea, this paper seeks to situate such debate. Based on the main approaches about motherhood in feminist studies, the paper presents a state-focused approach of this research in Brazil, bringing attention to three thematic-theoretical axes and to potential topics yet to be explored in media and motherhood studies.

(What can) curatorial work create? - Considering the consolidation traces of the curator’s profession in the last decades, as well as the dissemination of its modus operandi for beyond the traditional field of art, this paper aims to identify the causes that lead us to speculate about the emergence of a possible curatorial language, which would consolidate whether as a reaction to internal transformations of art making, or due the influence of new media’s operational logic. By approaching different aspects of curatorial practices, this paper intends to outline some elements that allow to think critically about the curator’s symbolic autonomy.

This paper discusses the concepts in the work of the Czech-Brazilian philosopher Vilém Flusser (1920-1991), regarding the terms dialogue and discourse in the communication processes and it questions how these notions could be a resource for the study and the practice of comprehension. Based on the author’s autobiography (FLUSSER, 2007), published with the German title Bodenlos (with no ground or no foundation), this work investigates Flusser’s autodidactic background, which took a major influence in his life and in his work when in dialogue with a group of interlocutors, being eleven of them mentioned in the aforementioned book. This paper also includes the notions behind the (tense and comprehensive) dialogue with the world one lives in, the essay as a means to express ideas and speaking and writing as options for engagement. As well as Flusser’s goal was to provoke new thoughts and to amplify conversations; this text presents how his concepts could collaborate to a comprehensive epistemology of the Communication’s universe.

The paper analyzes the creative process of David Perlov’s cinematographic diaries and focuses mainly on his Brazilian experience. The paper analyzes how the lmmaker’s script makes a double- sided surface of the images of memory - such as the Moebius band - that goes from the inside to the outside, from the subjective experience to the social and historical experience.

Semiotics in music streaming environments: mind, learning and continuity – Based on the notions of agency (Deleuze and Guattari) and semiosis (Peirce), this paper discusses a study of the hybrid forms of interaction between interfaces and human agents in the music streaming environments LastFM, Grooveshark, and Deezer. The Peircean model of semiosis is taken as the conceptual framework to explain how the hybrid forms of agency interact at the interface between humans and machines. This paper proposes the notion of “semiotic agency” as a conceptual tool in the study of the learning processes whereby machines acquire knowledge about human preferences and decisions and are able to transform them into recommendations. The relationship of continuity between human minds and interface agents is discussed from the Peircean perspective of synechism and semiosis as a continuous process.

This paper aims at drawing a picture, as complete as possible, of an anthropocentric reality hidden in the synonyms of prostitute which have been incorporated into the English lexico-semantic system from other languages since the beginning of the 19th century. The body of Present-day English synonyms of prostitute to be analysed includes horizontal, geisha, shawl and poule de luxe. Apart from providing the source languages from which English borrowed the afore-mentioned synonyms of prostitute, an attempt will be made at discovering the plausible cultural and sociological justification for the lexical borrowings to have taken place. In order to make the onomasiological picture of the sense ‘prostitute’ as complete as it can be within the limits of this paper, a mention will be made of the lexical heritage within the range of the synonyms of prostitute which were incorporated into the English language in the course of Middle English, Early Modern English and Late Modern English.

This paper is an inquiry into some parts of the project of deconstruction by Jacques Derrida, who deconstructs but also and before all demystifies the traditional metaphysical language, language that is “larded with” dualistic concepts. The most spectacular dualisms in philosophy, which are taken into consideration by Derrida, are for instance: Plato’s theory of Ideas or Kantian Thing-In-Itself and its phenomena. All they belong to the tradition of logocentrism, which, with its consequences in the form of metaphysics of presence, appears in the writings by Derrida as the systematic desire for the transcendental signified; the final ground, the foundation of all signs. Derrida proposes something contrary to the dualisms of logocentrism: he treats the presentation of the thing itself as the re – presentation, as the image, as the double and in result he endorses the substitution of the presence and the simplicity of the intuitive evidence with the multiplication of meaning. In paper is examined also the line of argumentation where Derrida contradicts the main assumptions about the character of the sign made by Ferdinand de Saussure. The objective is to show how is it in Derrida’s writings that “the manifestation of the thing does not reveal a presence of this thing, but [that] it makes it another sign.”

Death as a phenomenon was in Germanic culture both feared, celebrated and respected. Personalized, it was supposed to take the deceased to the afterlife world. That is why the way somebody lost his life or the circumstances of his death were very significant. After the introduction of Christianity, death was treated as the end of the worldly life and the beginning of the eternal life in haven or eternal damnation. Church’s teachings were reflected in the mediaeval legal codes, which tried to keep a tight rein on the society and regulate the earlier dominating tribal laws. The main task of the study constitutes the linguistic analysis of the notion of death on the basis of the Old Frisian texts. The first part of the paper focuses on the cultural treatment of death by Frisians in the past. Here, the death as an ultimate and natural end of life is counterpoised to the death that is conceived as a consequence of punishment or murder. The second part of the paper provides the analysis of the vocabulary taken from the texts included in two manuscripts, the Rüstring and Brokmer Manuscript (both edited by Buma (1949 – 1963)), connected with the account of death. Here, the preference for the choice of lexical means which are present in these texts is detected and estimated. Expressions referring to death as a punishment are compared with those connected the natural decease of family members or nobilities.

Language as a mark of ethnic identity and carrier of culture is very important in human life and therefore needs loyalty of the owners. It is on this note that this paper aims to discuss the language attitudes of the Igbo people which serve as threat to the Igbo language. The primary data for this study are gathered using research instruments like participant observation and interview while the secondary data are from secondary sources like textbooks, signposts and music album. The researcher uses a descriptive model of analysis to show that attitudes of the Igbo constitute a threat to their language. Other findings of this study are as follows: the negative attitudes of the Igbo toward their indigenous language manifest in such forms as spoken, reading, writting and in such area as transfer of the Igbo language to their younger generation. In terms of spoken form, there is preference of English to Igbo as evident in the use of English numeral system and code alternation. In the area of reading textbooks and other materials written in Igbo lack readers as many Igbo people prefer to read textbooks and materials written in English. In terms of writing, many Igbo people go contrary to the Igbo phonotactics. Many Igbo people do not care to transfer the Igbo language to their younger generation. Nigeria government policy on language use, bilingualism, lack of personal interest of the Igbo and incentives are the factors responsible for the negative attitudes. The study also reveals that attitudes of the Igbo have not only led to language shift, but to inconsistency in the writing of some utterances in Igbo as well as low publications in the Igbo language. The rese archer recommends that in order to maintain their ethnic identity, world view, language as well as their culture, Igbo people need to be loyal to their language.

In this paper we intend to identify an emergent discursive phenomenon in the city of São Paulo: the bike activism. It rises from a medley of disconnected voices towards an “articulated speech”, in the discursive eld about the meanings of the urban mobility. The bike activism constitutes a new subject position insofar as it defies, as an antagonism, the stabilized discourse related to the hegemony of the individual motorized transportation. The paper is divided into four sections: a) a description of the automobile city as a semantically normalized horizon; b) the conceptualization of politics as an articulation of speech, in Rancière terms; c) the discursive analysis of texts published in bike-mobility specialized websites; d) considerations about the partial re-absorption of the cycling into the symbolical equivalence chains of liberal-capitalism.

This paper departs from the argumentation that it is possible to conclude about the evolutionary stages of languages, including the emergence of protolanguage(s), not only by making use of linguistic facts but also by paying attention to the linguistic abilities of their producers, i.e., respectively, language doers, language speakers and language knowers. In reality, the understanding of the human faculty of speech, realized in cognition and communication, can serve as a valuable clue for the explanation of the rise of various individual languages, which have contributed to the growth of multilingualism in the world. Emphasizing the importance of the reflexive nature of human selves as a prerequisite to the appearance of language, the paper discusses selected hypotheses put forward by three Polish scientists Włodzimierz Sedlak, Jan Trąbka, and Bernard Korzeniewski, who deal with physical aspects or correlates of verbal means of communication. On the basis of empirical data provided by them as well as their hypothetical reasoning, it is argued that language and other systems of social symbols, which people use for communicating and understanding each other, could emerge just then when the physical and physiological processes occurring in the human brain/body had led to the growth of subjective consciousness. In that case only, as asserted by representatives of natural sciences in question, the development of thinking and speaking activities, which had proceeded with the involvement of language, must have taken place along with some psychological processes at the individual level.

Felieton and column are very difficult to characterize, inasmuch as one of their most prominent feature is the lack of consistency in form and structure. However, among the abundance of features, certain similarities may be found. This paper presents a juxtaposition of various scientific opinions about Polish felieton and English column and briefly describes their history. The goal of the paper is to highlight the similarities between felieton and column discovered on the basis of the existing sources in order to support the thesis about the family resemblance of the two phenomena. By making references to findings of other scholars, the paper points at the necessity of conducting further research concentrated on generic features of felieton and column supplemented by the pragmatic-functional aspect. As for its composition, the article consists of two main parts. The first part presents the existing state of research devoted to the two types of texts including their history, dictionary entries and other scientific sources. The second part presents a brief description highlighting the similarities between felieton and column.

With its vision of how the possibility of enhancing the human brain by means of intelligent microbes would change the nature of humanity, Slonczewski’s Brain Plague (2000) provides a fertile ground for multiple interpretations. Deploying the theme of intelligence and the brain, it belongs to the literature linked to the life sciences. In terms of its generic aspect, the novel should be classified as hard science fiction, because it is predicated on scientific underpinnings. In this paper, however, Brain Plague is, in the first place, viewed as a double parabolic projection serving as a social critique of the actual world and as an educational tool. Employing the notions of parabolic projection and conceptual metaphor, both formulated under the cognitive poetics paradigm, the paper seeks to demonstrate how Slonczewski, a scientist holding a PhD in biology and a popular writer, elicits in the reader the aesthetic effect called cognitive engagement.

The paper discusses the notion of Frisian presence in both the Roman Britain and the Roman army. It investigates the available Latin sources, which provide us with certain amount of information concerning Frisians’ role, significance and distribution during the period of the Roman ruling. Finally, the author tries, on the basis of the available resources, to draw some conclusions regarding the perception of Frisians by both Romans and Brits. All the analyzed materials are taken from the extensive database of the Roman Inscriptions that are to be found in Britain, which is an invaluable source of knowledge of the military tradition of the Roman Empire and the units serving on the Isles. The paper aims at showing the importance of Frisian participation in both Roman invasion and the Adventus Saxonum. It tries to shed a new light on the perception of not only Frisians but all the Germanic tribes.

This paper analyzes the ways the photography (as a remembering device) is put into play in three recent movies of Brazilian cinema, understanding it as a trace of the presence of something that has already become absent. The aim is to discuss how images taken from family albums can support the narrative construction that unfolds the life of ordinary men and women, either realistic or imagined by the documentary. Moreover, based on different methodologies, this paper examines the political and aesthetical exercise of a lm-making. This analysis exposes the weaknesses and possible frustrations in the reconstruction of the remote (the character's point of view) and the unknown (the authors' point of view), even if the image in the act of remembrance is materially present.

Together with vellerisms, agricultural sayings, weather prognostics, dialogic proverbs, and the so-called antiproverbs, priamels belong to the vast and diversified family of proverbs. In paremiological research priamels have been in the state of neglect. What is more, they hardly ever become the subject of comparative research. The following paper is a pioneering attempt at comparing a selected group of contemporary German and Dutch priamels, both of which belong to West Germanic languages and are closely related to one another. The current research is based on two proverb dictionaries: Huizinga’s spreekwoorden en gezegden (Baarn 1994) which was edited by Agava Kuijssen, Carl van den Bergen, Patricie de Groot, Veronique Leenden and Ellen van Slijpen, and which contains 12027 entries; and the five-volume Deutsches Sprichwörter-Lexikon (Leipzig 1867–1880) which was edited by Karl Friedrich Wilhelm Wander, and which contains about 250 000 entries. The present paper aims at providing German equivalents of Dutch priamels. The applied method hinges on an unilateral Dutch–German comparative analysis. 74 priamels have been extracted from the first abovementioned dictionary, then their German equivalents have been sought in Wander’s dictionary. The equivalents have been divided into the following three levels of equivalence: full, partial and zero equivalence. It has been shown that only 20 Dutch priamels have their full equivalence in German, 10 have partial equivalence, and 44 have no equivalence at all.

In monolingual countries where English is the native language of the majority of population, it is used across all domains and registers, and by all members of society. In post-colonial, multilingual countries it comes to be used as a lingua franca in more restricted contexts. Because there is a significant difference between the role and use of English in a native and monolingual environment and a non-native, multilingual environment (Trudgill 1999) the following paper concentrates on differences in the formality level of English in postcolonial Kenya and Great Britain on the basis of parameters set up for this study. The data for this paper come from the International Corpus of English for East Africa and for Great Britain. The conclusions concerning the formality of English were drawn basing on a quantitative study employing the chi square test for evaluating significance of the features discussed and revealed a higher level of formality of English in the ICE-K. This study is an introduction to further qualitative research of characteristic morpho-syntactic features of English in Kenya.

Starting from the assumption that media is tightly related to the political system of the respective country, we will focus on the aspects that define democracy and determine the profile of the journalist’s role in a democratic system. A good political system has the duty to accomplish two things: to create governments that ensure the well being of the citizens, through a civil society based on legislation and free changes in the market and to protect the citizens against corruption. We will provide a comparative analysis of the roles that journalists play in a democratic society. Our paper deals with the way in which the relation between the media and the political class is perceived in a democracy. This role is often defined by syntagms that focus on the journalists’ rights and not on their responsibilities. Without a clear establishment of the obligations assumed by press professionals, these syntagms allow abuses. This paper will deal with the following aspects: the relation between the media and the political class, the transition of the Romanian media from totalitarianism to democracy, the free market of ideas, and the influence of journalists’ professional culture.

The central focus of attention in the present research paper is constituted by humourous discourse as a valid source of ethnicity markers. What follows is that the analysis at hand is grounded in the ethnolinguistic findings on language, predominantly in that of language’s and culture’s bidirectional dependence and influence (Duranti 1997). It also remains in strict connection with the theory of discourse, understood as a combination of a particular text and its situational, social and cultural contexts (Chruszczewski 2009). The analysis of humorous discourse has been here narrowed down to the ethnic variety of verbal humour, since it most immediately links with both ethnicity and linguistics. Nonetheless, the preliminary assumption on which the research is based is that in all its instances (not only the ethnic or verbal ones) humour reveals the specific features of a given speech community’s culture. In the present paper, the introduced analysis constitutes just a working version of an ethnolinguistic methodology for humour analysis which I aim to develop in the future. For its main tools, it is to employ both certain elements from the socio-cultural perspectives of language study (Wierzbicka’s [1999] cultural scripts, Tabakowska’s [2001] ethnocentrism, or Davies’ [1990] script oppositions) and more linguistically oriented deliberations (such as Raskin’s [1985] semantic scripts and humour competence, or Kreitler, Drechler and Kreitler’s [1988] meaning dimensions).

Considering the consolidation traces of the curator’s profession in the last decades, as well as the dissemination of its modus operandi for beyond the traditional field of art, this paper aims to identify the causes that lead us to speculate about the emergence of a possible curatorial language, which would consolidate whether as a reaction to internal transformations of art making, or due the influence of new media’s operational logic. By approaching different aspects of curatorial practices, this paper intends to outline some elements that allow to think critically about the curator’s symbolic autonomy.

This paper seeks to explore and explain some of the distant causes of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89. It argues that without the fundamental change in English public opinion at the beginning of the 1670s, the Glorious Revolution – which was an Anglo-Dutch achievement – would have been impossible. It discusses the foreign policy of Charles II, the consequences of the third Anglo-Dutch War and some domestic developments, which all combined to change the way well-informed people in England perceived continental affairs. The article also touches upon the role of coffeehouses in the development of a public sphere in later Stuart England.

Many theoretical discussions on speaking have unanimously pointed to the underlying role of information exchange in every day oral communication. Even though such a tendency to stress the communicative aspect of speech production processes associated with the works of, for instance, Caroll (1953), Byrne (1976), Levelt (1959) or Whorf (1940) could be identified, the objective of the present paper is to focus on the society- and culture-oriented investigations of speaking. On having considered the selected socio-cultural constructs, among others, Hofstede’s (1991) typology of cultural dimensions, Lakoff’s (1975) description of gender-based linguistic differences or Vygotskian (1934/2012) Socio-Cultural Theory, we intend to argue for the adoption of the interdisciplinary approach to the discussion of speaking, whose final product, speech, is a highly socially- and culturally-determined linguistic phenomenon.

In August 2017, a health crisis has spread all over Europe due to the contamination of eggs with Fipronil, which according to the World Health Organization, is “slightly toxic” when ingested in large quantities. Purpose: This paper aims to examine how the Romanian media and the Romanian media online users framed the egg recall and to determine the level of crisis responsibility attributed by the media and the Romanian media online users, as stakeholders, to the organizations involved in this crisis. Methodology: Using Semetko & Valkenburg’s typology of frames (2000), I employed a content analysis of the news articles issued from August 1 to December 8, 2017 by the Romanian mass-media and of the comments related to these articles. I used the QDA miner 5 software to determine the frequency of the frames and a correspondence analysis was employed to identify the relationship between the keywords (phrases) and the frames. Results: The findings showed the salience of attribution of responsibility, followed by human interest and economic frames within the news coverage. The qualitative analysis of the attribution of responsibility frame in the news articles showed that the European Union is the institution usually made responsible for the spread of contaminated eggs, being the institution that regulates the usage of unsafe substances (such as Fipronil). The findings showed that the Romanian media online users mainly focused on the economic consequences frame of the crisis, talking about the price increases that the crisis has produced.

The main objective of this paper is to investigate language contact and phonetic adaptation with reference to Nigerian English variety. It focuses on the segmental aspect of phonetic adaptation. The data for this study comprises both primary and secondary data which are obtained through observation, interview and secondary sources like textbooks, journals, internet etc. Using the descriptive method of data analysis, the following findings are evident. English and Nigerian indigenous languages came into contact as a result of slave trade and missionary activities. Nigerians engage in phonetic adaptation in order to suit Nigerian situation, environment, purpose and users. In the Nigerian English, such forms of segmental phonetic adaptation like vowel and consonant phonetic adaptations abound. Segmental phonetic adaptation processes in the Nigerian English include substitution, adjunction, insertion, elision and monophthongization. Factors responsible for the phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English comprise linguistic and sociological factors. Linguistic factors include absence of some phonemes in their indigenous language, phonetic environment of speech sounds, linguistic and communicative incompetence and bilingualism while the sociological factors include for convenience sake and for the sake of local intelligibility. Some distinctive features which distinguish one class of sound from the other like consonant and vowel features are maintained during phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English. Phonetic adaptation in Nigerian English is equally allophonic.

The present paper aims to theoretically assess the link between the visual stimuli used for promoting an audio material and the way that certain songs are perceived. This study is part of a broader project that intends to empirically investigate the role of visual communication incentives on the way music is evaluated by the public. Considering the role of branding and brand communication in the artistic life, the concepts of halo effect and emotional attachment are emphasized. While the way an artist is evaluated can modify the way his/her song is perceived, visual factors, including positive elements, can enhance the way music is internalized. Since there is scarce literature that correlates visual stimuli with aural perception in branding and brand communication, the present literature overview is equally relevant both for academia, from a scientific point of view, and for the industry, from a more practical perspective.

In the history of English various word formation processes have contributed to the development of medical vocabulary. The primary aim of the paper is to present the influence of selected word formation mechanisms on slang lexical items in the English lexical field MEDICINE. In particular, we shall mention several lexical items that can be found in medical slang. Also, we shall analyse such lexical items as roach, Bordeaux, FORD, and 45C which at first glance do not seem to be medicine-oriented. While analysing these lexical items, we shall observe what makes them creative, unique, insulting and/or unpleasant as well as puzzling and misleading for those who are unfamiliar with them. In addition, we shall try to determine plausible connections between their origin, history, and medical senses.

O livro reúne oito artigos e resumos de trabalhos desenvolvidos por jornalistas e professores do Brasil e de Portugal que compõem a Rede de Pesquisadores em Telejornalismo. Os trabalhos avaliam as rotinas de produção e a linguagem utilizada no jornalismo televisivo, buscando relações dessas práticas com suas implicações políticas, sociais e econômicas no contexto da mídia como um espaço privilegiado de construção social da realidade. Palavras-chave: telejornalismo; televisão; edição Abstract: The routines of journalism — This book contains eight articles and abstracts of papers written by journalists and professors in Brazil and Portugal, who make up the Telejournalism Research Network. The papers evaluate the routines of production and language used in television journalism, seeking relations between these practices and their political, social and economic implications within the context of the media as a privileged space for the social construction of reality. Keywords: telejournalism; television; edition

Este artigo discute o modo pelo qual a televisão brasileira construiu Elis Regina como ator televisivo. Parte da idéia proposta por Augusto de Campos e Caetano Veloso de que Elis foi a primeira cantora efetivamente produzida pela televisão brasileira para investigar semioticamente o que aqui se denomina mundo televisivo. Este estudo aborda, ainda, as articulações entre gêneros, subgêneros e formatos como níveis que tecem as malhas do propriamente televisivo. Palavras-chave: mundos televisivos; audiovisualidades; imagem-música; semiótica; Elis Regina Abstract Elis Regina and Brazilian televised music - This paper discusses how Brazilian television built singer Elis Regina into a television actress. Starting from the idea proposed by Augusto de Campos and Caetano Veloso that Elis was the first singer effectively produced by Brazilian television, this paper makes a semiotic investigation into what is known as the world of television. This study also discusses the articulations between genres, subgenres and formats as levels that weave the mesh of television itself. Keywords: world of television; audiovisualities; image-music; semiotics; Elis Regina

O livro reúne oito artigos e resumos de trabalhos desenvolvidos por jornalistas e professores do Brasil e de Portugal que compõem a Rede de Pesquisadores em Telejornalismo. Os trabalhos avaliam as rotinas de produção e a linguagem utilizada no jornalismo televisivo, buscando relações dessas práticas com suas implicações políticas, sociais e econômicas no contexto da mídia como um espaço privilegiado de construção social da realidade. Palavras-chave: telejornalismo; televisão; edição Abstract: The routines of journalism — This book contains eight articles and abstracts of papers written by journalists and professors in Brazil and Portugal, who make up the Telejournalism Research Network. The papers evaluate the routines of production and language used in television journalism, seeking relations between these practices and their political, social and economic implications within the context of the media as a privileged space for the social construction of reality. Keywords: telejournalism; television; edition

Este artigo discute o modo pelo qual a televisão brasileira construiu Elis Regina como ator televisivo. Parte da idéia proposta por Augusto de Campos e Caetano Veloso de que Elis foi a primeira cantora efetivamente produzida pela televisão brasileira para investigar semioticamente o que aqui se denomina mundo televisivo. Este estudo aborda, ainda, as articulações entre gêneros, subgêneros e formatos como níveis que tecem as malhas do propriamente televisivo. Palavras-chave: mundos televisivos; audiovisualidades; imagem-música; semiótica; Elis Regina Abstract Elis Regina and Brazilian televised music - This paper discusses how Brazilian television built singer Elis Regina into a television actress. Starting from the idea proposed by Augusto de Campos and Caetano Veloso that Elis was the first singer effectively produced by Brazilian television, this paper makes a semiotic investigation into what is known as the world of television. This study also discusses the articulations between genres, subgenres and formats as levels that weave the mesh of television itself. Keywords: world of television; audiovisualities; image-music; semiotics; Elis Regina