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Cadet de Vaux, in partnership with Louis Dussieux and Olivier de Carancez, was the creator of the first French daily news paper, on the 1st of January 1877. Cadet had the responsibility of the scientific section. Several lampoons were written against the three directors of the paper. The paper was momentarily suppressed two times, because of non convenient contributions, and it was stopped his activities in the paper.

Résumé: Avec la pandémie de SARS-CoV-2, dans notre établissement, les lits de salle de surveillance post-interventionnelle du bloc opératoire ont été transformés en lits de réanimation non-COVID. Le service de pharmacie a accompagné les équipes au cours des trois périodes, avec la mise en place d'un circuit du médicament adapté : création d'une armoire de dotation, fréquence d'approvisionnement, dispensation nominative et présence pharmaceutique. Objectifs : évaluer l'organisation pharmaceutique mise en place, la satisfaction des équipes infirmiers et recueillir des axes d'amélioration. Méthode : un questionnaire a été remis aux infirmiers ayant travaillé dans cette unité. Résultats : au total, 155 patients, soit une analyse de 111 prescriptions, ont été pris en charge sur 126 jours d'ouverture de cette unité. L'ensemble des infirmiers ayant participé aux trois périodes ainsi que le cadre de santé ont complété le questionnaire, soit 21 réponses. L'étape ressentie comme la plus difficile est la prescription (48 %) liée au support papier utilisé. La présence pharmaceutique a été appréciée à 90 %, notamment pour des demandes d'approvisionnement d'un médicament (95 %), ou d'information sur un médicament (58 %). Il est souhaité (90 %) que cette présence soit renouvelée en cas de réouverture de l'unité. Une amélioration de la satisfaction est constatée à chaque période. Conclusion : en cas de nouvelle vague, il a été décidé de poursuivre le détachement d'un pharmacien pour sécuriser le fonctionnement de ce type d'unité, notamment par l'analyse quotidienne des prescriptions avec les médecins et par l'interaction avec les infirmiers pour le bon usage du médicament. During the SARS CoV-2 pandemia and at three separate time period, our institution chose to turn the post interventional surveillance room of the operating room into a non-COVID intensive care unit. The chosen workflow included that the pharmacy team provided support to the medical team and was instrumental to implement an adapted drug circuit, including the creation of a supply cabinet, a specific frequency of its supply, a nominative dispensation and the presence of a pharmacist. Objectives : The study aims to evaluate the proposed pharmaceutical organization workflow, the satisfaction of the nursing team and to collect their expert feedback for improvement. Method : A satisfaction survey questionnaire was set up and given to the nurses who worked in this temporary unit. Results : A total of 155 patients, i.e. an analysis of 111 prescriptions, were treated during the 126 days during which the unit was running. All the nurses who participated to the three time periods and the health care manager completed the questionnaire, i.e. 21 responses. The step that was felt to be the most difficult was prescribing (48%) due to the paper medium used. The presence of a pharmacist in the medical unit was appreciated by 90% of the survey respondents, particularly for requests on the supply of a drug (95%), or on drug information (58%). 90% of the respondents were hoping that this experience would be renewed if the unit opens again. An increase of the satisfaction due to the pharmaceutical presence is reported in each successive period. Conclusion : In case of an eventual new epidemic wave, it was decided to continue to assign a pharmacist to the non-COVID intensive care unit, in order to protect the unit performance. The survey revealed that two key factor are instrumental to this success, a daily analysis of prescriptions with the physicians and the on-site interaction with the nurses for the promotion of the right use of medications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Après un premier article portant sur l'aspect théorique [1], place à la partie opérationnelle de la gestion de projet illustrée par deux solutions organisationnelles (SO) publiées en 2019 par l'Agence nationale d'appui à la performance des établissements de santé et médico-sociaux (ANAP). Du cadrage de projet jusqu'à sa clôture en passant par la mise en œuvre, cet article propose une méthodologie illustrée par un cas concret que les pharmaciens hospitaliers pourront appliquer pour mener leurs projets. Elle s'accompagne de nombreux outils tels qu'un tableau de Kanban, un plan de communication, une note de cadrage. Ces éléments primordiaux dans la pratique quotidienne du pharmacien hospitalier, pourraient à moyen terme être connus et acquis dès notre formation initiale pour répondre aux nouveaux enjeux du métier de pharmacien hospitalier. Following our first paper on theoretical issues of project management [1], we address in this one the practical part, illustrated by two organizational solutions (OS) published in 2019 by the Agence Nationale d'Appui à la Performance des établissements de santé et médico-sociaux (ANAP). From the definition of the project to its implementation and completion, this article provides a methodology illustrated by a concrete case that hospital pharmacists could apply to their own projects. It also provides many tools such as a Kanban board, a communication plan and a scoping note. These elements are already essential in the daily practice of the hospital pharmacist and we suggest that this should be acquired during our initial training to meet the new challenges of the hospital pharmacist's profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Le dernier congrès de l'ISPOR Europe (International society for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research) s'est tenu à Copenhague du 2 au 6 novembre 2019. Un groupe de pharmaciens, médecins et économistes en santé en synergie avec un groupe d'étudiants en master 2 de médico-économie présents à Copenhague, ont choisi de vous en restituer les messages forts. Cette synergie de groupe vise à développer « l'approche de la médico-économie sous toutes ses facettes ». Dans cet article, les auteurs évoquent les questions issues des différentes sessions et/ou posters, notamment l'évaluation des produits de santé : comment accélérer l'accès au marché des traitements tout en garantissant la pertinence clinique et la maîtrise des dépenses ? The last congress of ISPOR Europe (International society for pharmacoeconomics and outcomes research) was held in Copenhagen from 2 to 6 November 2019. A group of pharmacists, physicians and health economists in synergy with a group of students in Master 2 of medico-economics attending the conference have chosen to share some of the highlights. This group synergy aims to develop "the medico-economic approach in all its facets". In this paper, the authors discussed the following questions from the different sessions and/or posters, in particular the evaluation of health products: how to accelerate access to the treatment market while ensuring clinical relevance and control of spending? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Diversité Urbaine is the property of Chaire BMO en diversite et gouvernance and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Charles Ménière (1816-1887) was the young brother of the doctor Prosper Menière (1799-1862), who was the obstetrician of the Duchess of Berry, the doctor in chief of the deaf-mute Institution and an erudite ear specialist. Charles learned pharmacy in Paris. Coming back to Angers he bought a chemist’s shop. In 1871 he became the chief pharmacist of the Hôtel-Dieu. In 1857 he joined the Academic Society of Angers and presented many consequent papers between them one can find notes concerning the history of the Angers’s pharmacists. Its researches relate to pharmacology, mineralogy, hydrology and even philology.

Henri Schmidt was, with his fellow the senator Paul Cazeneuve, the main defender of the mention of pharmacists and pharmacy students in the articles of the law voted in 1913 for the recruitment of the army. After the description of their interventions to attain this end, and a short biography of these two politicians, the paper explains the activities of the pharmaceutical parliamentary group, during the early years of the war, in view to obtain the admittance in the medical corps of the pharmacists and students unprovided of rank, for the new creation of «auxiliary pharmacists», for the appointment as soon as possible of the maximum number of colleagues at this rank, and then for their promotion to the rank of «aide-major», resolution that appeared more difficult to obtain.

Unlabelled: For public health reasons, some drugs are only available in hospital drugs sales service. This activity takes place in a specific risk context of organization, patients and/or drugs. A systematic prescription analysis by pharmacist contributes to securise treatment dispensed. The aim of this paper is to present the main drugs problems in the analysis of outpatient prescriptions and pharmaceutical interventions in three units of hospital drugs sales service belong to university hospital., Methods: Throughout the year 2013, drug problems detected were recorded prospectively and systematically., Results: Of the 22,279 prescriptions analyzed, 247 pharmaceutical interventions (1.1%) were detected including 27.6% of problems concerning the dosages, 15.4% the unconformity, 6.9% contraindications. Regarding ATC drugs classes, we found 43.7% for anti-infectives and 17.4% for antineoplatics. The overall acceptance rate is 81.8%., Conclusion: These results show the importance of the analysis of outpatient prescriptions before dispensing and the need to have all prescriptions, clinical and biological elements and to develop interprofessionality. The implementation of a platform for dematerialized data exchanges between professionals, including data from the pharmaceutical patient record should contribute to improving drug management of the patient., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Paul Gillot came in Nancy to study pharmacy. Having obtained his diploma in 1913, one year before First World War, he was enlisted as a soldier then an officer, for five years. During these years, he was wounded and severely ill and he never recovered. In 1919, coming back at the school of pharmacy in Nancy, he began his thesis and his universitary career and became simultaneously hospital pharmacist and inspector of community pharmacies. In 1929 he had the luck of beeing nominated as the professor of materia medica, and in 1935 he was choosed as the dean of the faculty. Unfortunately he died some weeks after his election. The paper describes successively the activities of professor Paul Gillot during all his short life, and closes by some reflections about universitary practices of this period.

Purpose: In France, the analysis of the prescriptions by a pharmacist in hospital is mandatory since 1991. However, for various reasons, this activity remained poorly developed and little research has been performed. Consequently, this activity suffers of a lack of visibility to hospital decision-makers and others health care professionals. The aim of this paper is to describe drugs related problems identified by pharmacist prescriptions analysis on a large number of orders in a large teaching hospital. This was done in order to highlight recurrent and preventable problems., Methods: During 1 year period, drug related problems detected by pharmacists when performing prescription analysis were registered prospectively., Results: Among 70,849 orders, 7073 drug related problems were registered. Most frequently detected drug related problems were: over dosages, especially with three drugs (zopiclone, zolpidem and acetaminophen) representing more than 10% of the pharmacist's interventions; optimization of drug administration especially with tablets that should not be crushed and intravenous to oral step-down therapy (7.5%); lack of conformity with consensus recommendations and contra-indications (12.8%); drug-drug interactions (11.6%) with a high proportion of absorption inhibition of one drug by another along the digestive tract; problems related to computerized physicians order entry (5.1%) appeared as an emerging phenomenon., Conclusion: These results should be used to reexamine hospital drug prescription policy. They prompt health care professionals to be aware about new medications errors potentially related to computerized prescription order entry. Finally, they invite to modify initial and continuous education programs of health care professionals., (Copyright © 2010 Société nationale française de médecine interne (SNFMI). Published by Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.)

Jean-Nicolas Trusson is well known in the history of Parisian pharmacy. Born in 1744 in Euville, in the vicinity of Commercy, in Lorraine, he was in near relations by his mother with Joseph Bataille, also well known and whose half-length portrait is exhibited in the "Salle des Actes" of the Faculty of Pharmacy in Paris. It seems that the extraction of Bataille is unknown. Our work indicates that he was born in october 1816 in Pagny-sur-Meuse, some kilometres from Euville towards Toul. Trusson was the successor of Bataille and he remained in his pharmacy until 1809 where his own successor was Nicolas Denis Moutillard. Moutillard's father was Joseph Moutillard, an apothecary of Commercy, whose mother was Jeanne Trusson, who was the first cousin of Jean-Nicolas Trusson's father. Then, Théodore Huraut, Moutillard's successor in Paris, was also born in Commercy, in year 1813. He studied pharmacy in Bar-le-Duc, then in Paris with Moutillard and at the school of pharmacy. Taking his place between 1840 and 1844, he became a member of the "Société d'émulation pour les sciences pharmaceutiques" and of the "Société de pharmacie de Paris". Beeing the author of more than twenty papers devoted to practical community pharmacy, Huraut died in Paris in 1855.

The custom to print a "synthesis", for the last part of the mastership examination, the "chef d'oeuvre" was established in most of French towns. Kind of printed programme, the "synthesis" was a sheet of paper, of poster size. It listed the practicals to perform and the members of the jury, etc. The listing of the apothecaries participating in the jury used to be accompanied by elogious formulations i.e. "celeberrimo coet-cui pharmacoporum". The physicians immeditely reacted. How was it possible? Such elogious terms should be used for medicine doctors only! Not for apothecaries! Various printed arguments were exchanged and a tumultuous process took place. A judgement occured on December 14 1656: Such terms of Honour should be avoided in the future. During this judiciary episode, Latin citations from "Ecclesistics, 38" were exchanged. This ridiculous quarell rised nevertheless some serious questions. Didn't the translation of the Bible in modern languages contain some indaquancies concerning the people in charge of preparing and dispensing the medicines? A study of original Greek texts showed that it was the case.

G.-E. Strohl, born in Bouxwiller, near Strasbourg, was first preparator at the college of sciences and pharmacy student in Strasbourg. After his diploma, he wished to become a fellow at the school of pharmacy but he renounced and became military pharmacist. During his first years of activity, he wrote some scientific papers, particularly one on thermal waters of Allevard which he choosed as the subject of his philosophical thesis in 1865. He was then in function in Strasbourg and had the possibility to become fellow. Admitted in 1866 and chief pharmacist of the military hospital, he remained in the town during the war, but, when the university was transfered in Nancy in 1872, his name was not on the list of professors and fellows. Reinstated in april 1873, he could never join Nancy, its school of pharmacy and the french University. Carrying on his military career in Algeria (Constantine and Algiers), he died in april 1882, after having published some other papers and translated four books devoted to biochemistry, toxicology, hydrology and pharmacy. He was worthy of becoming university professor.

Objectives: This paper examines the collaboration between general practitioners (GPs) and pharmacists in the outpatient management of patients on high-dosage buprenorphine (HDB) treatment., Methods: A telephone survey of a sample of HDB prescribers in southeastern France questioned them about their knowledge, practices, and opinions about HDB treatment in October 2002; data from the national health insurance fund and the national statistics institute completed the study. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with collaboration with pharmacists. GPs' practices were compared to assess their correlation, if any, with this collaboration., Results: 345 GPs participated in the study. Only 54% reported collaborating with dispensing pharmacists in managing patients on HDB, despite official guidelines encouraging it. Collaboration was independently related to training in addiction treatment, a favorable opinion of maintenance treatment by GPs, long experience in HDB prescription, and participation in a specialized medical network., Conclusion: Implementation of recommendations on physician-pharmacist collaboration requires additional training in addiction medicine for GPs and the encouragement of their participation in medical networks. On the other hand, increasing the constraints on GPs may negatively affect patients' access to care.

At the beginning of the XXth century, professor Brunotte, of the school of pharmacy of Nancy, and the section vosgienne de Nancy du Club alpin français, undertook the creation of an alpine garden, in the Vosges, near the col de la Schlucht and le Hohneck, near also with the frontier with Germany. After the death of professor Brunotte, in 1910, the garden was given to the University of Nancy and completed until 1914, but the 1st World War destroyed it completely and it was impossible to recreate it. 1966 was the year of the creation of a new garden, not far from Monthabey, along the route des Crêtes, with a monument devoted to Monthabey garden and its promoter. The paper describes the creation of the first garden, the personality and career of professor Brunotte, its garden after his death and after the war, the precursors in botany of the Vosges Kirschleger and Bleicher, the new garden at Haut-Chietlet, finally the memories of professor Brunotte.

Marcel Petitmengin was born in Nancy in January 1881. Student at the school of pharmacy and preparator in its laboratory for natural history, he received his diploma in 1904. He had already published some papers on botany and belonged to the International Academy for Geographical botany. He choose the flora of Mount Viso, in Italy, for his philosophical thesis. In the same time, he worked on greek flora with Maire, then on Primulaceae from Asia. Having published about fifty papers on botany, he died from tuberculosis in October 1908, being twenty-seven years old. Very faithful, he took part actively in protestantism in Nancy.

Proust's first formulation of the law of definite proportions was published in a paper on iron oxides (1794). He spent the major part of his professional life in Spain, where he contracted to take a teaching and searching position. He was apprenticed to his father to study pharmacy, and he studied chemistry with Hilaire-Marin Rouelle. His early interrupted education is shown through his abilities as an analyst, the persons with whom he was in communication, his share in manufacturers' assays and his researches towards health and food chemistry. More fundamental was his belief in natural principles of order as representative of the thought of the ideologues.

After the discovery of X rays, the first radiographies were obtained in France in January 1896. In Nancy, Guilloz obtained some of them on March 11. Pharmacist and physician, assistant professor and fellow at the Faculty of medicine, all his professional life was devoted to electrotherapy and radiology. This paper reports successively his studies in Besançon and his coming to Nancy, his career in hospital and university, his researchs and honours, his relations with the College of pharmacy, his illness consecutive to repeated irradiations, his activity during world War I and finally his death on March 26 1916.

Nicolas Husson (1814-1890) was chemist in Toul from 1843-1844 to 1875-1876. He was also a member of the town council and deputy of the mayor, in charge of questions interesting education and attendance. Collector, author of some 40 papers, he was very interested in archeology, geology and hygiene in the neighbourhood of Toul. He explored there holes such "Les Trous de Sainte-Reine" and "Le Trou des Celtes". His son Camille (1843-1886) was first a military chemist but he joined soon his father. He was essentially an independant researcher in chemical and alimentary analysis, toxicology and hygiene. Also the author of numerous papers and archeologist, he became national correspondent of the Academy of medicine and chairman of the "Société de pharmacie de Lorraine".

This paper include the followings topics: 1. Recapitulation of the structure of national defence in France enabling to establish the degree of intervention of the defence advisor to the Prefet. 2. Recruitment and assignment of the defence adviser: principles and legal statues. 3. The chemist and the defence adviser: an interesting link in order to undertake a responsible citizenship.

In this paper the author proposes a few tracks in order to reinvent the profession as a dispensing chemist and in order to regain a social credibility. This credibility, once based on the preparation of drugs with the know-how of the mortar-pestle, must be redefined in a society which is evolving which is organising so as to encourage all professionals towards a search for the quality of products and services. The author would like the university to evolve in a parallel direction and to contribute to the professional evolution by being party involved.

The study discusses the potential of e-Pharmacies and the new digital skills of pharmacists in the aftermath of the Sars-Cov2 pandemic. From this perspective, a sociological analysis of the digital role-set of pharmacists isdeveloped, in order to highlight the opportunities and risks of the spreading of online pharmacies and their potential contribution to the delivery of new digitalservices for addressin Covid-19.The paper ends with some considerations on the importance of the sociological studies of “e-pharmacy encounters” in the current phase of Covid Age in Italy.

Copyright of Acta Universitatis Lodziensis: Folia Litteraria Romanica is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Lodzkiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Purpose: In France, the analysis of the prescriptions by a pharmacist in hospital is mandatory since 1991. However, for various reasons, this activity remained poorly developed and little research has been performed. Consequently, this activity suffers of a lack of visibility to hospital decision-makers and others health care professionals. The aim of this paper is to describe drugs related problems identified by pharmacist prescriptions analysis on a large number of orders in a large teaching hospital. This was done in order to highlight recurrent and preventable problems. Methods: During 1 year period, drug related problems detected by pharmacists when performing prescription analysis were registered prospectively. Results: Among 70,849 orders, 7073 drug related problems were registered. Most frequently detected drug related problems were: over dosages, especially with three drugs (zopiclone, zolpidem and acetaminophen) representing more than 10% of the pharmacist''s interventions; optimization of drug administration especially with tablets that should not be crushed and intravenous to oral step-down therapy (7.5%); lack of conformity with consensus recommendations and contra-indications (12.8%); drug–drug interactions (11.6%) with a high proportion of absorption inhibition of one drug by another along the digestive tract; problems related to computerized physicians order entry (5.1%) appeared as an emerging phenomenon. Conclusion: These results should be used to reexamine hospital drug prescription policy. They prompt health care professionals to be aware about new medications errors potentially related to computerized prescription order entry. Finally, they invite to modify initial and continuous education programs of health care professionals. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The administration act, as each step of the drugs circuit, can lead to an adverse drug event potentially harmful for the patient. The aim of this study was to highlight the adverse drug events outcoming at the administration stage and to suggest improvement elements. Errors were identified in a retrospective manner. We compared the written prescriptions (“Prescription forms”) with the administration registration (“Administration forms”). The differences observed between these two paper media were classified according to the errors types defined by the American Society of Hospital Pharmacists and by the American Society of Consultant Pharmacists. This study settled in the pediatric intensive care unit of a teaching hospital. We checked 1035 administrations lines: 180 errors (17,4%) were detected, including 63 omissions, 44 infusion rate errors, 42 administrations without prescription, 20 administration time errors, 7 dose errors, 2 drug form errors, 2 errors of other types, but no route of administration error. This method choice is debatable because without direct observation we could only compare what was noted to be administrated and not what was really administrated. We did not try to identify neither the causes nor the consequences of these errors on the patients. Following this study, several improvements have been set up: a new “Prescription form” (expecting the computerized prescription order entry) and reconstitution and dilution protocols for the most prescribed drugs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Journal de Pharmacie Clinique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Objectifs. Résumer la littérature relative aux rôles du pharmacien en dermatologie-allergologie, présenter un profil succinct de ces deux secteurs et développer une offre de soins pharmaceutiques cohérente en dermatologie-allergologie au Centre hospitalier universitaire (CHU) Sainte-Justine. Méthodes. Il s'agit d'une étude descriptive constituée d'une revue de littérature des articles portant sur le rôle du pharmacien en dermatologie-allergologie, d'une description sommaire des secteurs de la dermatologie et de l'allergologie, ainsi que de la mise à jour de l'offre de soins pharmaceutiques dans ces secteurs. Résultats. Un total de 35 articles (16 en dermatologie et 19 en allergologie) ont été inclus dans la revue de littérature. La majorité de ces articles était de faible qualité et décrivait les activités pharmaceutiques sans en mesurer l'impact. Les activités pharmaceutiques principalement rapportées par la littérature étaient la réalisation de conseils aux patients (articles de dermatologie) et la documentation des interventions effectuées (articles d'allergologie). En 2017-2018, les secteurs de la dermatologie et de l'allergologie ont effectué environ 14 000 et 5 000 consultations médicales de façon respective. L'offre de soins pharmaceutiques a été mise à jour en fonction de 21 activités pharmaceutiques, permettant d'identifier la pertinence d'un pharmacien répondant en dermatologie-allergologie. Conclusion. Il existe peu de données sur les rôles et les retombées de l'activité pharmaceutique en dermatologie-allergologie. Cet article présente une démarche originale incluant une revue de littérature (35 articles), un profil succinct des secteurs et une réflexion entourant les activités pharmaceutiques d'un pharmacien répondant en dermatologie-allergologie au sein d'un centre hospitalier universitaire mère-enfant. Objectives. Summarize the literature on the pharmacist's role in dermatology-allergology, present a brief description of these two sectors and develop a pharmaceutical care offer in dermatology-allergology in a mother-child teaching hospital center. Methods. This article is a descriptive study consisting of a literature review on the pharmacist's role in dermatology-allergology, a brief description of the dermatology and allergology sectors and an optimization of the pharmaceutical care in these sectors. Results. A total of 35 articles (16 in dermatology and 19 in allergology) were included in the literature review. The majority of these articles were of poor quality and described the pharmaceutical activities without measuring their impact. The pharmaceutical activities mainly reported in the literature were the advices to patients (dermatology articles) and the documentation of the pharmaceutical interventions (allergy articles). In 2017-2018, the dermatology and allergology sectors performed approximately 14,000 and 5,000 medical consultations respectively. The pharmaceutical care offer has been updated, allowing us to identify the relevance of a responding pharmacist in dermatology-allergology. Conclusion. There is few data on the roles and outcomes of the dermatology-allergology pharmaceutical activities. This article presents an original approach including a literature review (35 articles), a brief profile of the sectors and a reflection on the pharmaceutical activities of a dermatology-allergology pharmacist in a mother-child teaching hospital center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En este trabajo se estudia el rol que representaron los farmacéuticos y veterinarios españoles durante la epidemia de gripe de 1918-19 y se evalúa en qué medida dicha crisis sanitaria se constituyó en un elemento dinamizador del proceso de renovación y reorganización profesional de dichos sanitarios en EspañaEl estudio muestra cómo a tal fin una parte de los farmacéuticos y, en menor medida, de los veterinarios tomaron como referente el proceder de los médicos de mostrarse como expertos mediante el recurso al laboratorio para gestionar la situación de crisis y aprovecharla para exponer sus viejas demandas profesionalesFrente a esta actitud hubo otra, en la que el papel central lo ocuparon las reivindicaciones de mejoras profesionales sin renunciar a mantener sus funciones tradicionalesDesde esta posición los farmacéuticos responsabilizaron a la epidemia y a las medidas adoptadas de su situación de deterioro y reclamaron de los poderes públicos ayudas para mejorar su posición, mientras que los veterinarios mantuvieron una enérgica labor reivindicativa.Neste trabalho se estuda o papel que os farmacêuticos e veterinários espanhóis representaram durante a epidemia de gripe de 1918-1919, e se avalia em que medida esta crise sanitária se constituiu em um elemento dinamizador do processo de renovação e reorganização profissional dos sanitaristas na EspanhaO estudo mostra como uma parte dos farmacêuticos e, em menor escala, dos veterinários utilizaram um procedimento comum entre médicos: fizeram uso do laboratório para administrar a situação de crise, aproveitando a mesma crise para expor antigas demandas profissionaisAlém desses, outros reivindicaram melhorias profissionais, sem renunciar a manutenção de suas funções tradicionaisTomada essa posição, os farmacêuticos colocaram a culpa de sua situação de deterioro na epidemia e nas medidas adotadas, e pediram aos poderes públicos ajuda para melhorar sua situação, enquanto os veterinários mantiveram um trabalho reivindicativo enérgico.This paper studies the role that pharmacists and veterinarians played during the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919 in Spain, and assesses how this health crisis became an element of the dynamic process of renewal and reorganization of the health professional in SpainThe study shows how a part of the pharmacists and, to a lesser extent, the veterinarians followed the example of the physicians, presenting themselves as "experts" by turning to the laboratory to manage the crisis, and taking advantage of the situation to press long-standing professional demandsThere was another contrasting attitude, where the claims for professional improvement occupied centre stage without implying abandonment of their traditional rolesFrom this position, pharmacists blamed the epidemic and the measures taken against it for the deterioration of their situation, and called for government assistance to improve their position, while veterinarians maintained a lively campaign in favour of their demands.