22 results
Search Results
2. Infléchir la trajectoire d'un territoire et fabriquer la transition par les tiers-lieux : le cas de la ville de Digne-les-Bains.
- Author
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Richez-Battesti, Nadine, Maisonnasse, Julien, and Besson, Raphaël
- Abstract
Bending the trajectory of a territory and shaping the transition through Third places: The case of the city ofDigne-les-Bains. From a neo-institutionalist perspective focusing on the transformation of norms of collective action and the articulation between externalities and institutional entrepreneurship, this paper strives to understand the role of third places in the process of territorial regeneration. The purpose is to analyse the transition process from an administrative city to a productive city. We conduct a case study on the small town ofDigne-les-Bains in France by implementing a participatory methodological process and an evaluation process designed as a lever for the actors of the territory. We highlight the central role of interactions and cooperations on a territory, the effects of third places are less in their outputs (their direct and quantifiable effects) than in their externalities. These externalities are levers for the transition process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Attitude non-fan vis-à-vis d'une série télévisée. Cas d'un feuilleton tourné au Maroc dans le décor réaliste d'une ville rurale.
- Author
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CHAOUNI, Naoil
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Human Mediated Interactions / Revue des Interactions Humaines Médiatisées (RIHM) is the property of Europia Productions and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
4. EFFET DE LA QUALITE DES INSTITUTIONS SUR LA RELATION SPILLOVERS DE LA R&D-CROISSANCE : ANALYSE SUR LA COINTEGRATION EN DONNEES DE PANEL DANS LES PAYS EN VOIE DE DEVELOPPEMENT.
- Author
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GABSI, Sahbi and CHKIR, Ali
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL productivity ,ESTIMATION theory ,PANEL analysis ,COINTEGRATION ,EXTERNALITIES - Abstract
Using recent techniques for estimating cointegration panel data, this paper extends the analysis of Coe and Helpmen (1995) by including institutional variables such as the ease of doing business, legal origins, and religious majority to see if these variables have an impact on the R&D spillovers and affect the total factor productivity (TFP). However, it seems, as a result of these estimates, the variables of institutional quality are important factors that affect long-run the degree of externalities of R&D and, therefore, TFP countries developing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
5. Extemalités et distances: une spatialisation de l'approche hédonique en Bretagne.
- Author
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Osseni, Abdel Fawaz, Bareille, François, and Dupraz, Pierre
- Abstract
Copyright of Revue Economique is the property of Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Les principales solutions pour les externalités en droit de l'environnement au Brésil.
- Author
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Camelo, Bradson and Dutra de Barros, Juliana
- Subjects
ENVIRONMENTAL law ,LAW & economic development ,ECONOMIC development ,POLLUTION ,EXTERNALITIES ,COST effectiveness - Abstract
This paper aims to introduce some methodological tools used in economics to analyze the facts with environmental impact to society, because the law has to weight the benefit from the economic development and the cost of damage the environment. To achieve this goal, it starts presenting the concept of externality in Environmental Law as the effect of pollution to third part who do not produce this pollution, in this approach, it is to know that the market is not capable to be efficient (it is a market failure). In a second moment the paper shows how economy uses those methodological tools to induce agents to produce fewer externalities (pollution to third parts) with a focus on market mechanisms to internalize the externality and due real cost-benefit analysis by the society. At last, we analyse the solutions used in Brazilian Law to try to internalize the effects of the pollution and their problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2011
7. Les liens incertains entre RSE et création de valeur marchande: Interprétation par la théorie des effets externes.
- Author
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Daudigeos, Thibault and Valiorgue, Bertrand
- Subjects
SOCIAL responsibility of business ,MARKET value ,EXTERNALITIES ,BUSINESS enterprises & the environment ,INDUSTRIES & society ,SOCIAL values - Abstract
Copyright of Revue Française de Gestion is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
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8. Buchanan and Pro-Social Behaviors: Why Ethics is Necessary
- Author
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Alain Marciano
- Subjects
Buchanan (James M.) ,externalities ,social cost ,groups ,ethics ,self-interest ,Social Sciences - Abstract
In this paper, we analyze the role of ethics and self-interest in Buchanan's explanation for pro-social behaviors. Our main argument is that, to Buchanan, ethics matters and is even necessary to explain pro-social behaviors—narrowly self-interested individuals do not behave pro-socially. We show how Buchanan became progressively convinced by the importance of ethics. We also show that the size of groups—an important variable in his analysis of pro-social behaviors—is secondary. It is a necessary and not a sufficient condition: even in small groups, narrow self-interest leads individuals to behave anti-socially. This is new and this is a second important outcome of this paper.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. THE IMPACT OF THE EXTERNALITIES GENERATED BY COMPETITIVE INTELLIGENCE
- Author
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Moraru Adrian
- Subjects
competitiveness ,economic environment ,externalities ,intelligence ,Competitive Intelligence ,information analysis ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
The goal of the paper named “The impact of the externalities generated by Competitive Intelligence” is to describe and understand how this activity works and behaves in a competitive environment, and what are the real cost of obtaining durable competitive advantages through a process such as Competitive Intelligence. This activity creates high added value on the market and the proper use of it can have a strong influence on increasing the competitiveness on the global economic environment and, therefore, increasing the efficiency inside those environments. On the other hand, externalities play a significant part in the economic welfare and, currently, in a globalized world, must be taken into consideration in order to obtain sustainable growth of the economy. As any other economic activity, Competitive Intelligence is also causing both positive and negative externalities. A thorough analysis of those externalities effects has to be made in order to understand how this process really works, and this paper aims to be the starting point of that analysis. Of course, further studies have to deepen each impact and obtain relevant results that will add up and draw more specific conclusions. This study’s conclusions, however, will reveal if this activity can work properly in every type of economy, regardless of its state of development. Since it represents a way to improve global competitiveness and, therefore, the market’s performance, the impact Competitive Intelligence is making on the whole economic system is a main parameter for establishing its real use. All in one, by being one of the most innovative ways to obtain competitive advantages through qualitative methods of analysis, the implementation of this process into the organizational culture of firms might change the way competitors choose to respond to one another’s actions. This research has taken into consideration both the macroeconomic and the microeconomic environment, using both empirical and theoretical items. Also, it was conducted in a qualitative manner, since the Competitive Intelligence process is made exclusively through qualitative analysis methods.
- Published
- 2015
10. Les systèmes productifs urbains : des clusters aux « clusties ».
- Author
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Gaschet, Frédéric and Lacour, Claude
- Subjects
CLUSTER analysis (Statistics) ,AGGLOMERATION (Materials) ,EXTERNALITIES ,CENTRALITY ,URBAN economics ,METROPOLIS - Abstract
Copyright of Revue d'Économie Régionale & urbaine is the property of Librairie Armand Colin and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Marqueurs d’urbanisation en campagne : observations par une approche topologique de l’expérience des agriculteurs dans la France de l’Ouest
- Author
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Le Caro, Yvon, Espaces et Sociétés (ESO), Le Mans Université (UM)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Université d'Angers (UA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN), Projet Dytefort du programme PSDR financé par l'INRA, l'IRSTEA et les Régions Bretagne, Pays-de-la-Loire, Poitou-Charentes et Basse-Normandie, Institut de Géographie et d'Aménagement Régional de l'Université de Nantes (IGARUN), Université de Nantes (UN)-Université de Nantes (UN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Rennes 2 (UR2), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Université d'Angers (UA)-Université de Caen Normandie (UNICAEN), Normandie Université (NU)-Normandie Université (NU)-Le Mans Université (UM), and Projet Dytefort du programme PSDR financé par l'INRA, l'IRSTEA et les Régions Bretagne, Pays-de-la-Loire, Basse-Normandie et Poitou-Charentes
- Subjects
agri-urban interactions ,urbanisation ,[SDV.SA.AGRO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agronomy ,externalities ,urbanization ,externalités ,voisinage ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,environnement ,topological analysis ,multifunctionality ,multifonctionnalité ,interactions agri-urbaines ,analyse topologique ,neighbourhood ,environment ,neighborhood ,agriculture - Abstract
A French version of this paper has been published, ref. Hal-SHS 01580760; International audience; The paper aims to show how farmers deal with urbanization at the farm scale. On the one hand, agriculture, farmed landscapes and the farmers are an essential part of the countryside, the basis for defining it and core of its social representations. On the other hand, under the urban-industrial hypothesis, following a period of modernization agriculture is now being challenged by urbanization. This is happening in a triple process: urban sprawl, not only in peri-urban areas but also in the villages; diversification of rural population (back-to-the-land movement); and diffusion of the urban models and values, even in farmers’ own minds. The question is therefore to find how urban influences are at work in places that, whether nearby or far away from cities, remain country landscapes. Agriculture is taking on more and more functions considered as urban because they were initiated by urban dwellers’ needs or aspirations, before being recognized as legitimate by the whole society. In some cases, opportunities opened up by urban desires are explicitly marketed by farm businesses as diversification projects, but the mainstream is made of rural-urban spatial designs that can be understood as agricultural or urban externalities. The former are produced by farmers (hedgerow landscapes, drinkable water, etc.), the second are tolerated or accepted as inclusions in the farmed countryside’s framework (windmills, hamlet dwellings, highways, etc.). Thirteen farmers (men and women) were surveyed in three local areas in Brittany, Normandy and Poitou-Charentes, by means of “wellington boot interviews”, over the farm landscapes. Spatial features of urbanity are numerous, diffuse and generally well integrated in the landscapes and farm systems surveyed. For these features the paper proposes a classification, a map made on a single farm and therefore a topological analysis of their inclusion in the spatial system of the farm, stressing the potential of geographical analysis for understanding agri-urban interactions at local scale. Most of the farmers questioned give evidence of their skillfulness in making their farm ready for inclusion of exogenous trends that have or will have a direct impact on the place where they work: that is how they generate a new countryside, hybridized with urbanity, which anyone can find at least partly familiar.; La communication interroge la manière dont l’agriculture, l’espace agricole et les agriculteurs et agricultrices perçoivent et intègrent les processus d’urbanisation. Au-delà du lien entre urbanisation et modernisation des campagnes, l’urbanisation s’y présente aujourd’hui comme un triple processus d’expansion spatiale (pas exclusivement dans l’espace périurbain), de renouvellement des populations (avec l’arrivée de nouveaux voisins) et d’urbanisation des esprits (y compris ceux des agriculteurs). Les agriculteurs intègrent ces évolutions dans le contexte de leurs filières mais aussi en terme d’externalités agricoles et d’externalités urbaines, et ce de manière très individualisée. Des entretiens « bottes aux pieds » conduits sur 13 exploitations en Normandie, Bretagne et Poitou-Charentes permettent de noter une variété d’interactions agri-urbaines, de les catégoriser, de localiser ces interactions dans le parcellaire d’une exploitation et de proposer l’analyse topologique d’une situation d’éleveur irrigant qui souligne les potentialités de l’analyse géographique des interactions agri-urbaines à l’échelle fine.
- Published
- 2016
12. External Economies in Trade and Development: Contrasting Arguments for Industry Promotion Under Alternative Analytical Frameworks
- Author
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P. Sai-wing Ho
- Subjects
externalities ,trade and development ,industry promotion ,domestic divergences ,linkage model ,Hirschman (Albert O.) ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This paper contrasts the treatment of external economies in the neoclassical framework with that in Hirschman’s linkage model. It traces the doctrinal historical roots of both to the two types of division of labor in Smith’s Wealth of Nations, with the neoclassical one based on production (of final products) and exchange, while Hirschman’s model is related to the woolen coat example. Especially through the theory of domestic divergences, the former is predisposed to defend free trade. Uneven development from free trade can arise in the latter. To catch up, lagging countries might employ both non-trade and trade interventions to overcome technological strangeness and activate linkages. Some connections with the Cambridge welfare economics literature are made, including a brief consideration of the issue of rent-seeking. The discussion underscores the importance of critically appraising the role of concepts like external economies, or market failures in general, against the analytical frameworks in which they are situated.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. On the Relevance of Wrongfulness to the Concept of Externalities
- Author
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Mark D. White
- Subjects
externalities ,rights ,wrongfulness ,corrective justice ,tort law ,Social Sciences - Abstract
This paper examines the concept of externalities using the concepts of rights and corrective justice as an alternative to utilitarianism and efficiency. Specifically, standard treatments of externalities in welfare economics do not consider the role of wrongfulness in the harms that economists and policymakers aim to optimize. I argue that if a harm is wrongful, involving the violation of a valid legal right, then it can be addressed through the existing system of tort law without necessarily involving mechanisms of policy or regulation. If a harm is not wrongful, however, then it should be considered an incidental and ordinary effect of interactions within a world of scarcity, which does not justify any government intervention, especially if the activity that led to the nonwrongful harm involved an exercise of the injurer’s valid rights.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Formalizing 'external economies': Viner, Chipman, and Krugman
- Author
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Christian Gehrke
- Subjects
economies of scale ,externalities ,parametric external economies ,Viner ,Chipman ,Krugman ,Social Sciences - Abstract
The paper traces the developments in the formal treatment of “external economies” from the seminal contribution of Jacob Viner via John Chipman’s introduction of the concept of “parametric external economies” through to Paul Krugman’s modelling of external economies in his contributions to development, geography, and trade. The main focus is on clarifying the existing relationships between the different conceptualizations. It is first shown that Viner’s formalization of Marshall’s concept was originally conducted in a “Ricardo-Marshall framework” with perfectly elastic factor supplies, and that Viner derived a negatively inclined long-run industry supply curve by invoking primarily pecuniary net external economies, because he considered the concept of technological external economies as empirically vacuous. Chipman’s concept of “parametric external economies” concentrates instead on the formalization of technological external economies. Moreover, in order to rehabilitate the Marshallian tax/subsidy analysis, Chipman adopted a specific general equilibrium model, with a single primary factor in inelastic supply and no inter-industry linkages, in which pecuniary external economies in Viner’s sense cannot possibly occur. Finally, it is shown that Krugman’s conceptualization of external economies is—from an analytical point of view—closely related to Viner’s graphical representation. In Krugman’s models, pecuniary external economies arise from introducing either inter-industry linkages or, alternatively, labour migration (or, more generally, international or interregional factor mobility) into a simplified general equilibrium model of monopolistic competition with firm-internal increasing returns.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Exploring Eco-Costs and Externalities Absorption Policies and Procedures in the Context of Global Warming
- Author
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Gina Raluca Guse, Cornelia Dascalu, Chirata Caraiani, Camelia Iuliana Lungu, and Florian Colceag
- Subjects
Sustainable Cost Accounting ,Eco-costs ,Externalities ,Sustainability ,Eco-costs and Externalities Absorption ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 - Abstract
A set of recent international studies reveal the scarcity of coherent entity-level estimation systems able to lead to an adequate identification and valuation of social and environmental performance, despite the large number of entities claiming their concern for the environmental impact of their business activities.The status quo is mainly caused by the lack of domain-specific accounting regulation, along with a general "information gap" in the field of the potential benefits eco-costs and externalities absorption may generate. Eco-costs and externalities absorption technologies for the costing model are still going through their experimental stages, aiming to reflect both the historicalpolitical context and the philosophical motivations of an organization's management and stakeholders. We held as appropriate (and the paper at hand will speak for) the intent to promote this class of technologies for the Romanianbusiness environment, mainly by reviewing the relevant literature in the field and developing an eco-costing model able to provide cost levels consistent with the sustainable development goals.
- Published
- 2011
16. Les clusters régionaux comme forme de gouvernance territoriale : l'étude du « cercle vertueux » IDE -- spillovers technologiques -- pouvoirs publics en Pologne.
- Author
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ROTH, FABRICE and AVIOUTSKII, VIATCHESLAV
- Subjects
PUBLIC administration research ,INDUSTRIAL clusters ,FOREIGN investments ,EXTERNALITIES ,POLISH economy, 1990- - Abstract
Copyright of Management international / International Management / Gestiòn Internacional is the property of Management International and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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17. Comment (ne pas) perdre une décennie.
- Author
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Frieden, Jeffiy
- Subjects
DEBT ,EXTERNALITIES ,RECESSIONS ,BUSINESS cycles ,FINANCE - Abstract
Copyright of Études Internationales is the property of Ecole Superieure d'Etudes Internationales de l'Universite Laval and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Objets connectés, assistant vocal, plateforme digitale : les apports de la théorie des effets de réseau à l’analyse de l’expérience-client et de la création de valeur
- Author
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Valérie Rabassa, Jean-Philippe Galan, Institut de Recherche en Gestion des Organisations (IRGO), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut d'Administration des Entreprises (IAE) - Bordeaux, and J.-F. Lemoine (coord.), Université Paris I Panthéon-Sorbonne
- Subjects
consumer experience ,création de valeur ,marché biface ,externalities ,externalités ,effets de réseau ,marketing digital ,connected objects ,creation of value ,digital marketing ,objets connectés ,[SHS.GESTION]Humanities and Social Sciences/Business administration ,expérience-client ,two-sided markets ,network effects - Abstract
International audience; The purpose of our paper is to understand how the use of intelligent connected objects and voice assistants, through a digital platform and two-sided markets, leads to a significant change in the interactions between firms and consumers. The theory of the network effects is particularly adapted in this context. Our research confirms that network externalities change the perceived value chain as well as the customer experience that becomes fluid, instantaneous and personalized. The exploitation and the analysis of the data are the source of this creation of value. These network externalities are also confirmed by a qualitative study.; L’objet de notre communication est de comprendre comment l’usage des objets connectés intelligents et des assistants vocaux, à travers une logique de plateforme digitale et des marchés bifaces, conduit à un changement significatif dans les interactions entre entreprises et consommateurs. La théorie des effets de réseau s’avère particulièrement adaptée dans ce cadre. Notre recherche confirme que les externalités de réseau modifient la chaîne de valeur perçue ainsi que l’expérience-client qui devient fluide, instantanée et personnalisée. L’exploitation et l’analyse des données sont à la source de cette création de valeur. Ces externalités de réseau sont également confirmées par une étude qualitative.
- Published
- 2018
19. Pastoralism 'externalities' in Pyrenean mountain: the story of a shifting discourse and its concrete effects
- Author
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Lazaro, Lucie, Barnaud, Cécile, Eychenne, Corinne, Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire Solidarités, Sociétés, Territoires (LISST), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dynamiques Forestières dans l'Espace Rural (DYNAFOR), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École nationale supérieure agronomique de Toulouse [ENSAT]-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École Nationale Supérieure de Formation de l'Enseignement Agricole de Toulouse-Auzeville (ENSFEA)
- Subjects
Externalités ,Services environnementaux ,Pyrenees ,Environmental services ,Externalities ,Agriculture ,[SDV.SA.AEP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Agricultural sciences/Agriculture, economy and politics ,[SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography ,pastoralism ,pastoralisme ,[SHS]Humanities and Social Sciences - Abstract
During the 2000’s, social and political interests for pastoralism were reaffirmed in a context of bears reintroductions and rising social expectations oriented to multifunctional agriculture. Since then, the political discourse about defense and legitimization of pastoralism has contained economical terms. In Pyrenees, some agriculture representatives and development agents qualify pastoralism as an “externalities producer”. This paper aims at analyzing the appearance of this new approach. The use of economical terms to qualify pastoralism comes from two processes : on one hand a French traditional legitimization of specific public support dedicated to pastoralism, on the other hand an international requalification process of the links between agriculture and society. We bring to light the strategical interests and the analytical limits of this change of discourse. Finally, we show that commoditization of pastoralism multiple effects didn’t really happen. Practical and political impacts of economical terms seem limited by the inertia of agricultural public policies. At the same time, notions cycle and shift of discourse continue. New terms - as “agroecology” - appear to qualify pastoralism in compliance with economic and environmental performance highlighted by the last French agricultural law.; Depuis le milieu des années 2000, le champ lexical du discours public de défense et de légitimation du pastoralisme s’est enrichit de qualificatifs empruntés aux sciences économiques. Dans les Pyrénées, la profession agricole et l’ingénierie pastorale mobilisent ainsi la notion « d’externalités positives » pour désigner cette forme singulière d’agriculture et ses effets positifs pour la société. Nous retraçons ici l’apparition de cette conception du pastoralisme par le prisme de l’économie dans le débat pyrénéen. Nous montrons également l’intérêt stratégique et les limites de ce changement de discours pour les défenseurs de la spécificité collective du pastoralisme. In fine, les conséquences pratiques et politiques du recours au vocabulaire économique semblent limitées par l’inertie des grands dispositifs de soutien de l’agriculture tandis que le cycle de vie des notions se poursuit.
- Published
- 2017
20. Aides d'état aux aéroports regionaux : une analyse biface
- Author
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Malavolti, Estelle, Marty, Frédéric, Toulouse School of Economics (TSE), École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), ENAC - Laboratoire d'Economie et d'Econométrie de l'Aérien (LEEA), Ecole Nationale de l'Aviation Civile (ENAC), Groupe de Recherche en Droit, Economie et Gestion (GREDEG), Université Nice Sophia Antipolis (... - 2019) (UNS), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), SRM, Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-École des hautes études en sciences sociales (EHESS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-COMUE Université Côte d'Azur (2015-2019) (COMUE UCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA), and Porte, Laurence
- Subjects
State Aids ,aides d'état ,JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L1 - Market Structure, Firm Strategy, and Market Performance/L.L1.L13 - Oligopoly and Other Imperfect Markets ,aides d'état,Air Transportation,Externalities,Two-Sided Markets,State Aids,transport aérien,externalités,marché biface ,JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L4 - Antitrust Issues and Policies/L.L4.L43 - Legal Monopolies and Regulation or Deregulation ,[QFIN.TR] Quantitative Finance [q-fin]/Trading and Market Microstructure [q-fin.TR] ,externalités ,JEL: K - Law and Economics/K.K2 - Regulation and Business Law/K.K2.K23 - Regulated Industries and Administrative Law ,jel:D43 ,transport aérien ,jel:L93 ,JEL: D - Microeconomics/D.D4 - Market Structure, Pricing, and Design/D.D4.D43 - Oligopoly and Other Forms of Market Imperfection ,jel:K23 ,JEL: L - Industrial Organization/L.L9 - Industry Studies: Transportation and Utilities/L.L9.L93 - Air Transportation ,jel:L43 ,jel:L13 ,Air Transportation ,Externalities ,Two-Sided Markets ,marché biface ,[QFIN.TR]Quantitative Finance [q-fin]/Trading and Market Microstructure [q-fin.TR] - Abstract
A lot of cases had arouse in the past decade about agreements between regional airports and low-cost carriers. These agreement are challenged on the basis of the State Aids European control as they rise concerns not only about competition distortions between airlines but also about fiscal competition risks among Member States or local governments. Such phenomena could be expected as regional airports are characterized by significant overcapacities and overlapping inducing a substitutability for airlines. Surprisingly, the new 2014 guidelines on State Aids granted to airlines open the way to transitory operating aid schemes, an option apparently at odds with the European longstanding principles. Our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate that such agreements can make sense from the economic point of view provided that the relationship between the carrier and the airport is no longer analysed as a vertical chain, inducing an assessment in terms of economic dependence, but as a two-sided market. The favourable usage terms granted to low cost carriers generate additional flows on the other side, with commercial revenues from shops or parking. Consequently, subsidizing operating costs might be rational, even for a private investor in a market economy, and might be a perennial device., Un abondant contentieux concurrentiel a été suscité par des conventions liant des aéroports secondaires et des compagnies aériennes à bas coût. Ces dernières ont en effet été passées au crible de l’encadrement européen des aides publiques car elles risquaient de donner lieu tant à des distorsions de concurrence entre opérateurs qu’à des phénomènes de concurrence fiscales entre des infrastructures souvent en situation de surcapacités et entretenant des rapports de substituabilité. La Commission a modifié les lignes directrices en 2014 en ouvrant la possibilité d’aides à l’exploitation mais pour une durée limitée. Cette avancée semble s’inscrire en contradiction avec les principes de base de l’encadrement des aides publiques. Notre contribution montre néanmoins, à l’aide d’un modèle économique, que de tels dispositifs peuvent faire sens dès lors que la relation n’est pas conçue comme une chaîne verticale, induisant une dépendance économique de l’aéroport secondaire vis-à-vis de la compagnie aérienne mais comme s’intégrant dans un marché biface dans lequel il fait sens économiquement de subventionner des flux de passager sur l’une des faces pour maximiser d’autres revenus commerciaux (boutiques, parkings) sur l’autre face. Ce faisant, une aide publique à l’exploitation peut être justifiée économiquement et n’a pas obligatoirement à être transitoire. Ainsi, un soutien à une desserte (par exemple sous forme de réduction des redevances aéroportuaires) pourrait s’intégrer dans une logique d’investisseur privé en économie de marché.
- Published
- 2015
21. L'évaluation des effets externes du transport sur l'environnement
- Author
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Landrieu, Guy, COUSSY, PAULA, Furlan, Sandro, Jourdain, Estelle, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), and Scuola ENI E. Mattei
- Subjects
IMPACTS ,FONCTION EXPOSITION REPONSE ,EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTION ,EXTERNALITIES ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,EVALUATION MONETAIRE---IMPACTS ,MONETARY VALUATION - Abstract
International audience; The use of energy in the transport sector is the cause of many pollutions. The resulting environmental effects are various and often complex. However it seems possible for some effects to quantify the relationship between an increase in the pollutant concentration in the environment and the effect induced on receptors. The paper give examples of such exposure-response functions relating to impacts on the built environment, atmospheric visibility, vegetation, human health. The monetary value of these impacts can be estimated as an economic cost or by contingent valuation method. Evaluation of the external costs associated with the transport energy use raises methodological questions and involves large uncertainties. Such studies could nevertheless enlighten decisionmakers on the magnitude of some external effects. They are in any case interesting by the underlying system analysis; La consommation d'énergie par les transports est source de nombreuses pollutions. Les effets sur l'environnement qui en résultent sont très divers et souvent complexes. Pour certains d'entre eux, (impacts sur le cadre bâti, sur la visibilité, sur la végétation, sur la santé) il apparaît cependant possible de donner des éléments de quantification en termes physiques. La valorisation monétaire de ces effets peut se référer à leur coût économique ou bien à une "évaluation contingente" ; elle soulève certaines difficultés méthodologiques.
- Published
- 1997
22. The evaluation of external effects of transport on the environment
- Author
-
Landrieu, Guy, COUSSY, PAULA, Furlan, Sandro, Jourdain, Estelle, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), IFP Energies nouvelles (IFPEN), and Scuola ENI E. Mattei
- Subjects
IMPACTS ,FONCTION EXPOSITION REPONSE ,EXPOSURE-RESPONSE FUNCTION ,EXTERNALITIES ,[SDE]Environmental Sciences ,EVALUATION MONETAIRE---IMPACTS ,MONETARY VALUATION - Abstract
International audience; The use of energy in the transport sector is the cause of many pollutions. The resulting environmental effects are various and often complex. However it seems possible for some effects to quantify the relationship between an increase in the pollutant concentration in the environment and the effect induced on receptors. The paper give examples of such exposure-response functions relating to impacts on the built environment, atmospheric visibility, vegetation, human health. The monetary value of these impacts can be estimated as an economic cost or by contingent valuation method. Evaluation of the external costs associated with the transport energy use raises methodological questions and involves large uncertainties. Such studies could nevertheless enlighten decisionmakers on the magnitude of some external effects. They are in any case interesting by the underlying system analysis; La consommation d'énergie par les transports est source de nombreuses pollutions. Les effets sur l'environnement qui en résultent sont très divers et souvent complexes. Pour certains d'entre eux, (impacts sur le cadre bâti, sur la visibilité, sur la végétation, sur la santé) il apparaît cependant possible de donner des éléments de quantification en termes physiques. La valorisation monétaire de ces effets peut se référer à leur coût économique ou bien à une "évaluation contingente" ; elle soulève certaines difficultés méthodologiques.
- Published
- 1997
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