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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The article discusses the interplay between language, cognition and culture from a cognitive diachronic perspective, focusing on the relation between religion and metaphorical thought. It investigates the role of the conceptual metaphor UNDERSTANDING IS LIGHT in religious discourse, using the example of The Revelations of Divine Love, written by Julian of Norwich, a late medieval anchoress. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METODS: The paper draws on the Extended Conceptual Metaphor approach, Zoltán Kövecses’s elaboration of the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT). The universalist bias of CMT means that the theory tends to ignore the sociocultural context of historical data, prioritising the influence of universal human embodiment on metaphorical thought. Using Kövecses’s approach, the paper shows how the gap in CMT methodology may be bridged to yield more reliable results. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The present study connects Kövecses’s approach to Cognitive Linguistic research into sociocultural situatedness. To exemplify the problem, the analysis examines the cognitive‑cultural underpinnings of Julian’s use of the metaphor UNDERSTAND‑ ING IS LIGHT. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis shows that the metaphorical conceptualisation pattern may well derive from Julian’s sociocultural situatedness. The paper indicates that the anchoress’s metaphorical thought should be seen as embedded in the late medieval sociocultural context, rather than being considered solely in terms of universal aspects of embodiment. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND THE APPLICATIVE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The study concludes that the idea of sociocultural situatedness may be pivotal in the analyses of historical texts. It seems important to incorporate this idea into Kövecses’s approach, which may inform the methodology of cognitive diachronic research into metaphorical conceptualisations. Furthermore, the results may be applied to teaching students how to approach historical texts, helping them gain a better understanding of the relation between metaphorical thought and culture.

As Canada works towards developing a national school food program, it is timely to examine the lessons learned from the programs of other countries. Analyzing these insights can help Canada avoid key pitfalls and replicate promising practices in program design and implementation. The Government of Canada has the advantage of learning from one of the longest standing national school food programs and our southern neighbour: the United States (U.S.). This paper distills vital lessons from the U.S. school food programs, with a focus on addressing four critical aspects: access, emphasis on health and education, funding, and program implementation. First, the U.S. experience demonstrates the significance of universal free school meals. The historical inadequacies of means-tested programs result in inefficiencies, stigma, and exclusion of students in need. Second, the paper argues for an emphasis on health and education benefits. Third, it underscores the necessity of adequate funding. Inadequate reimbursements in the U.S. have compromised meal quality and led to the food industry’s capitalization on school meals, with negative implications for children’s health. Lastly, harnessing the power of procurement and employment can stimulate local economies, create good jobs, and foster a healthier food environment. As Canada tailors its national school food program to its diverse regions and communities, it has an extraordinary opportunity to avoid the policy and program implementation errors revealed by the U.S. experience.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The research investigates how young boys progress in life after the loss of their fathers. It explores the adjustments they make, the coping mechanisms they develop to navigate life, and the male roles they assume in the family. Additionally, it examines how family can aid and support their coping and adjustment process. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: This study utilises a case study methodology focused on gaining an understanding of the lives of two adolescent boys who experienced the death of their fathers in the early formative years of their lives. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper focuses on five themes- family dynamics, life transitions with and without their fathers, post-loss reassignment of family roles, present circumstances, and future goals. RESEARCH RESULTS: A qualitative analysis of the data revealed that participants’ belief systems, family support, and striving toward future goals helped them to be resilient in this event. CONCLUSIONS RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: While most research typically emphasises the negative impacts of death on people, this study demonstrates how individuals’ can be resilient, dependent on both person-related factors and environmental factors. To help adolescents who are grieving become resilient, the paper offers intervention and coping strategies through counselling, the availability of support networks, and combined efforts by the state and educational institutions.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Governments across the world were forced to impose social distancing and lockdown measures to prevent the spread of COVID-19, caused by coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that emerged in December 2019. Following the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, the disruptions, including restrictive measures such as school closures had severe impacts on the physical, emotional and mental health of all people, especially children with special needs. There was also scant data, particularly in low-to-middle-income countries. Existing literature stems mostly from western countries, thus the need to perform a comprehensive review on this topic. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The primary objective of the systematic review is to understand the impact of COVID-19 and restrictive measures such as school closures on the educational outcomes and physical and mental health of school-going children with special needs. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: This systematic review used the PRISMA 2020 checklist where four databases and grey literature were searched for full text articles, peer reviewed publications in the English language that were published during January 2019–December 2021. RESEARCH RESULTS: The literature search identified 1294 publications, of which 25 key papers were selected. These studies investigate the impact on children with special needs across the globe, with a majority of papers from Europe. We found that COVID-19 and the digitalization of schooling had severe impacts on the physical and mental health of children with special needs and their parents/caregivers. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: These studies highlight the need for an inclusive school environment to ensure that the learning outcomes for children everywhere are achieved. Further, a hybrid model that includes classroom learning with novel inventive methods would be beneficial for children with special needs.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper was to discuss a function of passion in professional personal lives of eminent Cracow musicians. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper raises the problem of the role of passion in the process of shaping musical eminence, answers the question of the scope of experiencing it as well as it manifesting in activities of outstanding individuals. In conducted research and interpretations, the qualitative perspective and biographical method were applied. The leading technique was problem-concentrated qualitative interview, partially structured, carried out with ten eminent instrumentalists. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The theoretical basis for this reading of the experience of educational biographies was provided by the Model of Authentic Vocation of J. Weller and the Dualistic Model of Passion of A. Bonneville-Roussy, G. Lavigne and R. Vallerand. The interpretations of the research material described the topography of experiencing passion. RESEARCH RESULTS: The article describes autonomous passion associated with musical mastery, instrumental motivation to practice, as well as distinguishes important factors that determine the experience of passion, persistence or burnout (tenacity, ambition, community transfer, conflict of motives, work overload), and concretizes the qualities of musical passion of outstanding musicians: professionalization, love of music, integrity, creativity, strength and determination in pursuit of goals, as well as humility in the face of challenges. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Deciphering the senses and meanings that prominent Cracow musicians attributed to passion suggests that it was autonomous, harmonious and instrumental, motivated by the pursuit of mastery, and that the trajectories of the musicians’ professional biographies were a manifestation of a “professionalization of passion,” which formed the core of their educational experience and constituted and defined their life creed.

This paper examines the link between public investment in human capital and economic growth in Algeria over the period 1990 - 2017. To do so, public expenditures on education and health have been used to investigate their impact on economic growth. The study employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach. The main finding of this paper is that there is no cointegrating relationship between these two variables in the long run. This evidence suggests rethinking the way the public funds are devoted to the education and health sectors. This becomes today a chief priority for policy makers in order to strengthen the impact of public investment in human capital on economic growth in the future.

From the position of axiological and systemic approaches the paper attempted to reflect the phenomenon of scientific and pedagogical knowledge, which genesis, evolution and formation was carried out in the process of historical development of society, bifurcational socio-cultural changes, and intensive deployment of knowledge in technological paradigms. The consideration of the essence and stages of the formation of knowledge, the main trends in its production and formation through the prism of changing, expanding and improving the terminological apparatus reflects the meanings in the philosophical ego-text of scientists, the development of emerging educational practices, new didactic samples. The authors conducted a typological analysis of the concept of “knowledge”, which makes it possible to state its indisputable philosophical significance, unconditional semantic content, undoubted phylogenetic essence, in accordance with which the paper appeals to cultural and historical paradigms; to education as the most important means of teaching and educating the subject; to the architectonics of the experience of becoming a subject in education by building knowledge potential and developing a thesaurus in a historical aspect, which contributed to the expansion of the sacred landscape of the individual by unfolding his practice of social design. Through the study of analytical differentiation and the identification of the orientation vector of scientific and pedagogical knowledge in the historical aspect, in the modeling of the cognitive picture of knowledge, the paper considers the development of the knowledge paradigm in technological paradigms through the problematic field of their main resource, basic factors, fundamental achievements and sources of narratives, which contributes to the establishment of the social nature of knowledge through the discovery of its main types, character, generation paths, markers of maturity.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper is an attempt to articulate the defining features of Ignatian Leadership and to clarify what might distinguish it from other brands of leadership without lapsing into motherhood statements and worn-out clichés. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The Ignatian leadership style that is presented is grounded in Ignatian spirituality, which is a source of the Spiritual Exercises of Ignatius Loyola. Hence, the research problem was formulated: how can Ignatian leadership be implemented in everyday practice? The method of critical analysis of sources was applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper argues that Ignatian Leadership is, in fact, a radical form of servant leadership, since the Ignatian Leader is at the service not only of the Community, but also–and for Ignatius of Loyola, even more fundamentally–of the Mission entrusted to that Community. RESEARCH RESULTS: Concretely, it proposes a conception of Ignatian Leadership as a threeway relationship among the Leader, the Community, and the Mission, in the process, illustrating what magis and cura personalis might mean in one’s exercise of leadership, but also, spelling out, in light of these relationships, the key functions of the Ignatian Leader. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Ignatian leadership is a form of servant leadership insofar as Ignatian Leaders ought to prioritize serving the Community that they lead over their own interests. However, what distinguishes Ignatian Leadership from servant leadership is its explicit and non-negotiable prioritization of service of the Mission as well.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The predominant goal of this article is to put emphasis on issues only children face in the modern world. The theoretical scope of the paper incorporates the specificity of the only child phenomenon, the familial situation of only children, as well as the possibility of maintaining social contacts and developing in the current pandemic-driven situation. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Research problems have the form of the following questions: What is the familial situation of children not having any siblings? How does the pandemic affect the upbringing of only children? What conditions for development and opportunities for establishing social contacts does the age of pandemic create for only children? The analytical and synthetic method of the literature approach to the subject has been applied. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Basing on scientific studies, the specificity of the only child phenomenon has been identified, most important features of the family-oriented educational environment have been distinguished, as well as the nature of functioning of a family having a single child only has been elaborated on. RESEARCH RESULTS: Consideration on the issues raised within the scope of this paper has indicated that the only child’s interactions with adults should have an appropriate form and nature. It is necessary to keep a healthy balance between the world of children and the world of adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: It has been noticed that the modern perception of only children is changing, which is the result of expanding interpersonal relations and the development of technology. Contemporary only children do not remain in absolute isolation from the environment.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The main aim is to show the narrative of a woman who experienced critical events in her personal life. THE RESEARCH PROBLEMS AND METHODS: 1. How does the narrator describe critical events based on her family experience? 2. What meaning does she ascribe to the events experienced in retrospect? The presented research is situated in the interpretative research tradition. A descriptive‑theoretical type of case study was used. Empirical data was collected using Fritz Schütze’s narrative interview technique. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The interview began by presenting the narrator’s life story from her childhood to the present day. Attention was paid to her understanding of herself and her life, her relationship with her parents, and critical events that occurred in her family. The empirical material was then interpreted based on Schütze’s process structures, which revealed her current life course, critical events in the family and landmark events in the narrator’s individual biography. RESEARCH RESULTS: The interpretation of the empirical material showed the narrator in the process of change, internal metamorphoses. It revealed poor intra‑family relations, which became the cause of illness, lack of self‑acceptance, and depressive and anxious states. The therapy that she underwent, satisfying professional work and mutual feelings of love allowed the narrator to overcome her limitations, weaknesses and take a critical look at the family relationships that were the cause of her pain and suffering. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The narrative presented in the paper can become a stimulus for change in people who are currently struggling with family problems, illness or suffering: all those people who experience anxiety and loneliness in the space of family life.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to evaluate usefulness of distance learning courses as a form of learning from participants’ perspective. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: To achieve the purpose, two research methods have been employed: literature review, including rules and regulations concerning distance learning courses, and analysis of the results of a survey conducted among students participating in distance learning course as well as own observations and experiences. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the paper it is analysed, how students perceive elearning courses comparing to traditional ones. First, selected Polish Minister of Higher Education and the Senate of Cracow University of Economics (CUE) regulations under which CUE teachers may conduct distance learning courses are presented. Second, the procedure for the preparation of elearning courses at CUE is described. The roles played by individual actors during the preparation of the course are discussed. Next, selected results of the survey conducted among course participants are presented. Finally, conclusions and observations are discussed. Results of the survey confirm that e-learning is a promising type of teaching supporting traditional lessons. RESEARCH RESULTS: Aconsiderable number of participants found this kind of didactic proces useful and attractive. However, an unexpectedly large number stated that they expected more traditional lessons. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The analysis allows to draw interesting conclusions concerning the necessity of selection of participants, problem of systematic work, methods of evaluation, personal contact with a teacher, preparation of teaching materials. All of them will be taken under consideration to improve the course for future participants.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the presented paper, which has empirical nature, is to obtain data on how the rights of refugees are perceived today. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of the paper is: How do youth in Germany and Poland evaluate refugee rights and what factors influence their attitude towards refugee rights? The survey method was used in the research. The data collection took place 2013/2014. In Germany, the survey included a total of 2157 students, in Poland 1211 respondents. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The study was based on the assumption that attitudes towards refugee rights are predicted by such factors as: human dignity, empathy, religious beliefs, and socio-political perceptions and convictions. Based on these determinants, a conceptual model was created and used in the research. RESEARCH RESULTS: The findings show that respondents differ regarding refugee rights. German youth show some support for refugee rights and Polish youth are ambivalent. The strongest predictor for support of refugee rights for both groups is the concept of multiculturalism. The capacity for empathy and an advocacy of a politically active Christianity are important predictors, but only for the German sample. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The fact that religious beliefs have hardly positive impact on the support of refugee rights is a desideratum for religious education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The goal of the paper is to present the possibilities of using crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions and investigating the impact of this activity on the development or strengthening of entrepreneurial traits and attitudes of students. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem concerns the use of crowdfunding in entrepreneurship education. The method applied to solve the research problem was a diagnostic survey. Questionnaires were completed by 314 full-time students and 34 academic teachers. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The process of reasoning starts with the presentation of the research method. Next, methods of the entrepreneurship education are described. Afterwards, research results are presented. The paper ends with conclusions and recommendations. RESEARCH RESULTS: In the opinion of students and academic teachers developing a crowdfunding projects by students, with the special emphasis on the action plan, might be an important didactic method in entrepreneurial education. It also has significant impact on the development or strengthening students’ ability to take advantage of opportunities. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: The conclusions allow for verifying the thesis that crowdfunding might be used in an effective entrepreneurship education in higher education institutions. It is recommended to consider its inclusion in a wide range of methods used in entrepreneurship education.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The objective of the current paper is to verify in what way university students who declare high individual level of entrepreneurial intensity differ from those who are characterized by its intensity level. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: A statistical analysis of obtained survey results was conducted. The group of research participants included 413 business students. Following statistical methods were used to analyze the data: internal reliability test, chi-square test of independence, independent samples t-test. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning presented in the current paper starts with the analysis of entrepreneurial intensity which, when measured on an individual level, is distinctive to people who declare a strong commitment to following an entrepreneurial career. Later the theoretical background including individual characteristics and cognitions that can potentially be prevalent among entrepreneurs is presented. RESEARCH RESULTS: It was found that groups of students who display high and low levels of entrepreneurial intensity differ significantly. These differences pertain to individual characteristics (i.e. gender), the perception of business success indicators and the perception of entrepreneurs’ environment favorability. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Obtained results allow to formulate conclusions about ways in which the development of entrepreneurial attitudes can be facilitated. Several recommendations are proposed for educators and policy makers including adopting a more fine-grained approach to supporting the emergence of entrepreneurial culture in Poland.

In this paper, the main reasons that led in the post-Soviet period to the process of replacing the ruling classes with the counter-elite are analyzed. In the study, using the dialectical methodology, the authors identify trends and, following them in a logical chain, explain the order of procedures for political elites’ circulation. This paper also focuses on the education factor, which significantly determines the process of formation and circulation of political elites in post-Soviet Georgia. If, in the Soviet period, one of the criteria for the formation and recruitment of local elites was local education, the trend in this direction in post-Soviet Georgia has been changed significantly. Education gained in Western, EuropeanAmerican universities has been one of the defining factors in the formation and recruitment of political elites by Georgia since its independence. However, in Georgia, mainly in Tbilisi, there are educational centers, socalled “elite schools”, the vast majority of which are attended by children of new Georgians, but according to the criteria of skills, 3-4 percent of schools accept students. This is the first phase of education for junior members of local political and powerful financial groups. The second phase is the migration of graduates of these institutions to higher education institutions of Western countries to get an education. Which makes it easier for returnees to the homeland to integrate into the elite structure. In conclusion, those criteria are set out that are necessary factors for replacing the power elite with the counter-elite.

A conference paper on the evolution of laicism in Québec from 1760 to circa 2012 and the teaching of laicism in Québec's public schools is presented. It discusses Québec's transition from a clerical to a secular historiography after 1947 and the influence of the Catholic Church. Further topics include the founding of the Mouvement laïque de langue française (MLF), or the French language secularism movement, in April 1961, the emancipation of women, and the involvement of the Québec government.

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RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to show, based on UNICEF and UNHCR documents, the problems of migrant children that hinder/impede their inclusion in the education of the host community and to identify ways to deal with these problems. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: Using document analysis, I will answer the following questions: What threats are children on the move exposed to? What are the priority areas for action? How can they be protected and integrated into the new education system? THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper presents the causes and risks associated with migration for children, important concepts for educational practice, recommendations and proposed solutions RESEARCH RESULTS: The documents show the risks faced by children on the move. Such children are often marginalized and stigmatized in host communities. Ensuring their well-being (meeting their psychological needs and respecting their rights) is a priority and a necessary condition for them to be able to start education. The discussion shows the importance of education in dealing with difficult conditions or in counteracting negative phenomena (discrimination, xenophobia). Education is treated as capital that is supposed to give these children a chance for a better future. CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS AND APPLICABLE VALUE OF RESEARCH: The following conclusions can be drawn for practice from UNICEF and UNHCR documents: children on the move should have the same rights and opportunities for education as their peers in host com- munities; they need friendly and safe places to live, play and learn; children have resources and experiences that should be considered when organizing educational environments.

The paper analyses the educational policies in Romania for the period 1948-1989. The purpose is to examine the main features that defined the educational system during the communist period, thus providing the background for a better understanding of the strengths and the weaknesses of education during these years. The paper consists of five distinct sections: (i) legislative reforms; (ii) human, material and financial resources; (iii) access and participation; (iv) educational environment; (v) voice of the pupils and students. Whenever data is available, the paper uses a comparative perspective with other communist countries (Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland), particularly regarding the access to and participation in education. Several achievements in the field of education are present in communist Romania: (i) the positive evolution of participation in education, particularly regarding elementary education; (ii) the campaign to eradicate illiteracy was successful, at least in terms of numbers; (iii) vocational education displayed spectacular increases in the communist period; (iv) the number of students enrolled in higher education increased significantly; (v) expansion of support forms to broaden participation, especially in the higher education system. Nevertheless, there are also a series of negative aspects, such as access and participation of particular groups to education – children with disabilities, children from placement centres, pupils, and students of “unhealthy social origin”. A selection of oral history fragments completes the picture about the educational environment.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the paper is to analyse the impact ageism may have on providing healthcare to elderly people. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The article investigates the consequences of ageism in medical settings, where the elderly are particularly vulnerable to discrimination, distinguishing ageism from appropriate practice variation as well as giving suggestions to improve the situation. The paper analyses research published worldwide on selected issues connected with ageism with special attention to medical professionals’ attitudes and ageist behaviours of the elderly’s environment in a situation of their disability or illness. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Firstly, the relation of ageism to other forms of stereotyping is outlined. Then, the threats of positive ageism are elaborated. The next section is devoted to self-stereotyping of the elderly and its impact on their functioning. Then, the paper discusses medical professionals’ attitudes and ways to measure them, as well as educational interventions that may alter them. Finally, the article refers effective ways of adjusting health promotion messages to the needs of older adults. RESEARCH RESULTS: Ageism bases on mechanisms similar to sexism and racism, but there are some remarkable differences. Positive ageism may be compassionate, however, might be harmful when intruding into an elderly person’s decisions. Self-stereotyping may be described with a model of a vicious cycle. Contact with the elderly is found to be useful in changing medical staff’s attitudes. Family-centred messages are most effective when it comes to health promotion among older adults. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Studies on ageism prove that negative convictions about the elderly are harmful and affect their functioning. Inclusion of the elderly should be applied in social contexts as well as in science, as the elderly are often missed out in research samples.

The Egyptian Revolution on January 25—part of the 2011 Arab Spring—and the consequent June 30, 2013 Revolution have marked important turning points in the history of modern Egypt. The curricula and courses offered by Egyptian universities, as well as their academic activities and employment structure, have been greatly affected by these momentous events. Furthermore, the revolutions have opened a wider territory of freedom and emboldened both staff members and students. This paper attempts to answer questions related to the changes that have occurred with regard to the university courses, activities and structures. The paper additionally seeks to explore Egypt’s future and the possible ways that its people will defend and retain their dearly earned freedom. The paper is based on the writer’s personal experience as an associate professor in the English Department and in the Faculty of Education at Alexandria University. The paper is further influenced by the writer’s experiences as an elected member of the committee that observed—after twenty years of appointment by the National Security Department—the new elections for deans and heads of departments; the same committee also moderated debates among the candidates for these posts. As a teacher, I started a new course on revolutionary literature—which I personally designed and taught—and another on politics and media in collaboration with a colleague. From 2011 onward, I have linked and adjusted the materials of mandatory courses, “American Studies,” “18th Century English Novel” and “Contemporary Novel” to our revolutions and to current events. I constructed holistic courses by using the three domains of learning: the cognitive, the affective and the psychomotor. The paper will discuss the way I used Bloom and Krathwohl taxonomies in combination with other methods to cover these domains. This has made the courses more authentic and livelier to the learners, encouraging them, to quote Paulo Freire, “to assume …the role of creative subjects” and creating “a relationship of authentic dialogue” between teacher and students (5). The articles and texts I use, as well as the students’ assignments and feedback, will be included in the paper as empirical materials.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyse the case of entrepreneurial pedagogy in Germany at the level of primary and secondary education and to identify good practices in the development of entrepreneurship skills of pupils. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The paper uses a systematic review of literature with relation to entrepreneurial education, as well as the German literature of the topic, in order to descend to the analysis of secondary data related to the German education system and its usage of entrepreneurial pedagogy. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, the paper clarifies the notion of entrepreneurial pedagogy and introduces modern didactic approaches, particularly process-oriented teaching. Subsequently, the German case is used to analyse how entrepreneurial pedagogy can be implemented at different interrelated levels. In the recommendation section, the success factors of the implementation of such an approach are discussed. The paper ends with some concluding remarks. RESEARCH RESULTS: The analysis of entrepreneurial pedagogy in German literature and practice highlights the relevance of an interplay of solutions at different levels: the level of the state (or, in the case of decentralised educational systems like the German one, at the regional level), the level of school initiative, as well as the individual level of educators who are in charge of implementing entrepreneurial teaching methods. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: According to the concept of process-oriented didactics presented in this paper, the aspect of making mistakes is an important engine of learning, as well as teaching itself. However, it can be observed in Germany that in teaching reality more attention is devoted to the errors themselves than to the tolerance of errors, according to the principle that the teacher does not commit mistakes. Hence, this issue should be raised in appropriate teacher training. The German experience can be a starting point for discussion related to other countries, as well.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is to present the results of the analysis of the education level in the European Union countries and to verify the relationship between the education and the economic growth of the studied countries. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The basic problem of this publication is quantitative and comparative analysis of the level of education in the European Union countries (EU27). Research methods used in the paper are the analysis and synthesis of the literature on the subject as well as quantitative analysis of the education using statistical and taxonomic tools (descriptive statistics, cluster analysis, taxonomic measure of education [TME]). An analysis of regression and correlation is also conducted to investigate the relationship between education and economic growth. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The line of reasoning consists of three essential elements. The first part presents the issues of education and economic growth in the light of the theory. This is a selective review of literature. The second part contains a comprehensive description of the research tools and methods. Part three of the article presents the results of the investigation in the field of education and its relationship with economic growth. The level of education was determined on the basis of an aggregated measure constructed from diagnostics variables. GDP per capita was used to estimate economic growth. The papers ends with conclusion and recommendations for future research. RESEARCH RESULTS: On the basis of theoretical considerations, the influence of knowledge and education on economic growth has been confirmed, particularly in the models of endogenous growth. In empirical research, a great part of the research also indicates a positive relationship between education and economic growth. There are also elaborations that do not confirm this correlation. This study provides two important information on education and economic growth in the Member States of the European Union. Firstly, the area of the European Union is very differentiated taking into account the two criteria indicated. Over the years, a gradual reduction in disparities is observed both in GDP per capita and in TME. Secondly, quantitative analysis has confirmed the emerging relationship between education and economic growth. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The issue of relationship between education and economic growth is very important and timely. There is lack of papers in the literature that use taxonomic methods to evaluate education. These tools give great opportunity to present the problem in a multidimensional and comprehensive manner, taking into account a large number of variables. The research should be treated as a preliminary study in this field, which requires further in-depth investigation. It is recommended to include more diagnostic variables related to education, as well as, more advanced research techniques in the fields of statistics, econometrics and taxonomy.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The paper addresses the role of memory in sustaining the continuity of culture. While culture is seen as an idealised cognitive system, comprising the knowledge, values, and beliefs of members of a community, language is viewed as a cognitive tool that functions an aid to cultural transmission. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: We underscore the fundamental importance of memory as a cornerstone of the correlation between the axiological and pedagogical aspects of the transfer of knowledge across generations of community members. The paper adopts a cognitive‑cultural viewpoint on the phenomenon of memory and its grounding in culture. We employ the cognitive‑linguistic methodology of converging evidence, including selected insights from cognitive psychology. In our study, we investigate this issue by exploring the imagery of religious language, the Bible being the ultimate source of Christian ideas on how to represent abstract notions concerning religious truths. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: Specifically, we analyse the use of linguistic imagery in John Paul II’s Roman Triptych. Since the Author’s speculative thought encourages meditation on the human condition in the world and their relationship with God, a substantial amount of imagery is Biblical in nature. RESEARCH RESULTS: We underscore the creativity of Wojtyła’s linguistic choices that reveal a specific conceptualisation of time and space, which derives from the Author’s sociocultural situatedness. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: In conclusion, we account for the role of spatial thought and external representations in shaping the unique space‑time of the Triptych. We suggest that the results of the linguistic‑cultural analysis may foster the dialogue between science and religion by offering our own interpretation of panchrony, which we show to be derivative of human situated cognition, rather than a label applicable to a perspective onto the language‑time relation within the domain of linguistic study (vis‑à‑vis the dichotomy of synchrony and diachrony).

The United Nations declaration of the ‘International Day of the Tropics’ intends to raise awareness of the importance of the tropical regions of the world – from their ecological and cultural diversity, to their unequal share of the burden of poverty. The date of the international day of the tropics on the 29th June each year, also celebrates the anniversary of the launch of the inaugural State of the Tropics 2014 report by Nobel Laureate Aung San Suu Kyi. This link to ‘The Lady’, as she is simply referred to by admirers, reminds me of an earlier time, twenty years previously, when Suu Kyi gave a recorded keynote address (she was still under house arrest) for the NGO Forum on Women which was also held in conjunction with the UN Fourth World Conference on Women, in China. This connection between the tropics and women matters because many parts of the tropics continue to struggle against poverty and it is well documented that women and children bear the largest burden of poverty. The tropics are home to a reported 40% of the world’s population, with that population undergoing immense growth. Estimates are that by 2050 more than two-thirds of the world’s children under 15 years of age will be living in the tropics. This means the tropical zones of the world are also home to a vast number of women whose voices are striving to be heard. This paper examines, in an exploratory voice, how women’s networks contribute to their empowerment, especially in regions of tropical Asia. Influenced by interdisciplinary theories of network science and the philosophy of rhizomatics, the paper analyses the power of networks across multiple plateaux. Starting with the networks evoked in a feminine artwork, the analysis flings across to women’s networks – those that are empowered and those that remained disempowered – and finally emerges through education networks.

The scientific goal of the paper is to present the issue of the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education. The leading research method is a comparative method, specifically the method of international comparison. The authors focus on the national and institutional level comparison of the development of internationalization "abroad" in Polish and Ukrainian higher education systems. In addition to the comparative method, the authors applied the method of secondary research (desk research), the method of description and analysis and critique of the scientific literature. By using the source materials and indicated numerical data, it is possible to verify the thesis. The process of reasoning in the article was conducted in the following stages. First, the definition of internalization in higher education was given with respect to Polish and Ukrainian approach. Next, the stages in the development of internationalization “abroad” in Polish and Ukrainian higher education were featured. Afterwards, the development process of internationalization was presented on the background of processes occurring in the European Higher Education Area. The paper ends with conclusions. The conclusions drawn in the paper allowed to verify the thesis. In both countries, Poland and Ukraine, the diversity of activities in frame of internationalization "abroad” occur. Among these activities mobility of students and academic teachers remain the most visible in Poland as well as in Ukraine. The development of internationalization "abroad" in relation to mobility of projects, programmes and providers seems to be more advanced in Poland.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The contemporary labour market places high demands on graduates of higher education who are looking for employment. There is a significant increase in employers’ requirements in the area of professional competence. This paper aims to present selected aspects of education and developing soft skills by students and university graduates on the example of cosmetology subject. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The expectations of the labour market to graduates of higher education require a new approach for the development strategies and skills training at universities. Job offers contain, in addition to the requirements of the knowledge, experience, cognitive and linguistic skills - a number of desirable personality traits and interpersonal skills of the applicant, called soft skills. Scientific studies indicate a dynamically growing importance of soft skills, both in the process of recruiting new employees, as well as major determinants of employment stability and continuity of careers. The article presents some aspects of soft skills training and coaching courses organized for students and graduates of higher education on the example of cosmetology subject. The article attempts to organize the terminology associated with this issue and then, based on the specifics of teaching adults, presents own experiences in the area of planning coaching courses. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION This paper attempts to draw attention to the growing significance of university graduates’ background to proffesions requiring high degree of soft skills. Schoolings using activating teaching methoods foster building competences abilities that ensure professional flexibility and adaptability and help functioning in life. RESEARCH RESULTS The article is the preliminary recognition of the analyzed problem. Author continued research in the area of impact of the activating methods on the development of the soft skills. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Schoolings described in this paper are planned as optional classes not included in curriculum. It is worth to consider including selected trainings as electives adapted to competence profiles of fields of study.

In Myanmar, the 2011-2020 period—before the February 2021 military coup—has witnessed limited but steadily increasing momentum in terms of introducing ethnic minority languages (as subjects and oral media of instruction) in government schools, a shift liable to bring significant educational and political benefits, while contributing to the preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity. Focusing on Kachin State, this article deals with the underlying challenges and inherent tradeoffs of producing a list of languages (as opposed to mere dialects) to be introduced in formal education. We argue that this educational shift, despite its genuine and multiple potential benefits, also contributes to an ethnolinguistic discretization process, reinforcing the conditions for the mobilization of labels within labels, in fractal patterns, through recursive ideological layers of common languages on the one hand, and the affirmation of ethnolinguistic distinctiveness, on the other. While the political and educational landscape described in this paper has been deeply shaken and transformed by the 2021 military coup (with arguably a strengthening sense of belonging to the Kachin ethnic identity, and a greater attractiveness of the Jinghpaw language) these language politics and decentralization challenges should nonetheless be taken into account, when envisioning the future of education in a federal state.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: Universities and other higher educational institutions play an increasingly important role in providing entrepreneurship education, training, and technical assistance to existing and potential entrepreneurs. The purpose of this paper is twofold: firstly, to investigate students’ perceptions and willingness to set up their own business and secondly, to discuss the role of universities in developing enterprise education in Poland, focusing on the case of Warsaw School of Economics in Poland. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS:This paper is based on the results of a survey of students studying at Warsaw School of Economics in Warsaw – Poland (SGH). The research used online survey to collect primary data. The respondents were undergraduate students who obligatory participated in the module: Management. The fulfilment of the questionnaire was voluntarily; email and sms with a link to a survey was sent to 148 students. The success rate of fillings was 93. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION:Basing on the lack of entrepreneurship education by referring to secondary data it was important to assess the entrepreneurial spirit amongst SGH students. The literature review was carried out to analyse the current developments in this field. RESEARCH RESULTS:The research outcomes revealed that the majority of the university students were optimistic and interested in starting their own business but after getting few years of working experience which will enable them to deepen their knowledge and feel comfortably within business environment. There is only 14% of students who would like to set up their own business directly after graduation. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS:Overall, the study indicated a need for enterprise education, at programme and course levels, to nurture entrepreneurship among students in Poland. Very few studies have examined university students’ attitude to entrepreneurship and enterprise education in Poland. This study helps in bridging that gap.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to go into some questionable matters pertaining to “Bildung” and especially religious “Bildung”, and question their political implications. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Developments in society, especially oeconomical developments have a great influence to the area of “Bildung” as well as to the area of religious “Bildung”. Current concepts should be analysed. Reflections in philosophy of education and in religious education help to work out the failure of current developments. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with the question about how the concept of “Bildung” occurs in current discourses. Afterwards alternative models of “Bildung” and religious “Bildung” are discussed. It is then put into questions which intentions and implications prevailing concepts contain, who and what they disregard and how they collaborate towards the reproduction of social injustice and processes of exclusion. RESEARCH RESULTS: Religious “Bildung” as a part of general education is effected by societal developments und has to be aware of that. Presuppositions of Religious Education and Didactics of Religion has to scrutinize themselves if and in what way they do possibly promote injustice and which conclusions for future concepts could be drawn. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: “Bildung”, especially religious “Bildung” are challenged by societal developments, e.g. migration, but should not just adapt to political or oeconomical desires. Rather they should not waive for their normative requirements so that they can question for social injustice in the societal developments as well as in their own concepts.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to redefine “confessionality” in religious education in Austrian schools, regarding to changing circumstances. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: The paper describes the history of confessional religious education in Austria, which gets several problems in different school-situations. In some schools, there are 8 and more sorts of confessional religious education. After the description of possible alternatives, a proposal of redefining confessional education is presented. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The paper starts with an overview of the history and the actual situation of religious education in Austrian schools. Currently 13 recognised religions and denominations in Austria provide religious education. In some situations religious education becomes impossible due to insufficient student numbers. So the state and religious communities will have to try and establish new models of teaching. The main part of the paper consists of pros and cons in the conceptual considerations of confessionality. RESEARCH RESULTS: It is a challenge to rethink confessional religious education: religious communities will have to take joint responsibility and provide religious education as a service to students with clear denominational features. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: There are three first steps very necessary in the next future: Commitment of the religious communities to religious education; a new concept to try at several locations; practical support concerning multi-religious events.

ABSTRACT RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the paper is to show that the concept of diversity has much more implications for schools and education than commonly assumed. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODOLOGY: Based on an evaluation research study (formative and summative) involving 20 schools at the elementary and secondary level, which have undergone a federal process of professional development findings are presented, which indicate that we need to be more strategic in terms of our research practices and dissemination when it comes to diversity. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION The paper introduces the concept of a critical theory of professional development in education, which includes the conceptual history approach and post structural points of view. The findings of an evaluation research study are then analysed. The exploration of the connections between diversity discourses and the challenges of the daily organisational and pedagogical routines completes the analysis. RESEARCH RESULTS: For the results show that diversity management is becoming more and more of an issue. Further crucial points seem to be media relations and the competition between schools. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Strengthening the competence of everybody involved and enabling transfer of knowledge is the key. Instead research tends to confront players with what they don’t know and can’t handle, often classifying their working approaches in an offensive way rather then supporting them by acknowledging their expertise in first place. The approach of a Critical Professional Development in Education could be the key

The argument is raised that, in an age of the networked, connected society in an information-rich environment with communication possibilities as never before experienced or made possible, the displacement of educational virtues of morality, ethics and the development of all-round human beings, by those of money, labour, power and work are speeding apace, and the disconnect between system and lifeworld is increasing. Drawing initially on the work of Habermas, in which the colonization of the lifeworld occurs by system imperatives of rationalization, labour, money and power, the paper argues that such moves are manifested starkly in discourses of the relation between education and work, and five areas are introduced in which the links operate. The marketization and commodification of education, together with its incorporation into the service of capital and labour, are attested through a short worked example of one small territory within the larger context of China. Then, taking a lead from Sertillanges and Habermas’s later work, the paper argues for: (a) a reaffirmation of the importance of moral, ethical and spiritual dimensions of education; (b) the breaking of a narrowly instrumental, capital-acquisitive view of education as serving the jobs market and social control and towards a liberating view of education as communicative action and the development of being rather than simply behaving; (c) the importance of transcendence and immanence; and, thereby, (d) moves towards the re-integration of system and lifeworld in participating subjects. Podnoszony bywa argument, że w czasach połączonego społeczeństwa sieciowego, w środowisku bogatym w informacje, o niespotykanych nigdy wcześniej możliwościach komunikacyjnych, wychowawcze cnoty związane z moralnością, etyką i całościowym rozwojem człowieka są w coraz większym stopniu zastępowane przez pieniądze, pracę i władzę, co powoduje coraz szybsze poszerzanie się przepaści pomiędzy systemem a światem społecznym. Wychodząc od koncepcji Habermasa, według którego kolonizacja świata społecznego dokonuje się przez systemowe imperatywy racjonalizacji, pracy, pieniędzy i władzy, autor referatu utrzymuje, że takie przesunięcia w jaskrawy sposób przejawiają się w dyskursach dotyczących relacji między edukacją a pracą. Relacje te występują w pięciu obszarach. Urynkowienie i utowarowienie edukacji, wraz z wprzęgnięciem jej w służbę kapitału i pracy, przedstawione zostały na przykładzie jednego małego terytorium w Chinach. Następnie, czerpiąc inspirację z myśli Sertillanges’a i późnego Habermasa, artykuł postuluje: (a) potwierdzenie ważności moralnych, etycznych i duchowych wymiarów kształcenia; (b) odejście od wąsko instrumentalnej, kapitalistyczno-zachłannej wizji edukacji służebnej wobec rynku pracy i kontroli społecznej w stronę wyzwalającego widzenia edukacji jako działania komunikacyjnego i rozwoju bycia, a nie tylko zachowań; (c) ważność transcendencji i immanencji; a przez to (d) działania zmierzające w kierunku reintegracji systemu i świata społecznego uczestniczących w nim podmiotów.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to identify and characterise the specifics of the dialogue of meanings occurring in the portfolio of early education students, considered in the context of the possibilities of educating teachers. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The considerations focus on two research problems: What content of the portfolio of early education students demonstrates that they engage the dialogue of meanings with educational issues and their own school experience? What shape does the knowledge about the world as reconstructed by teacher entrants take? To analyse the portfolio, which I treat as legacy data, I use the method of qualitative analysis of text. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: In the first part, I reconstruct the relationship between the dialogue of meanings as a component of learning strategies, and the educational portfolio as a tool for monitoring achievements. In the empirical part, I characterise the categories that emerged in the content analysis and show their interconnections with the dialogic assignment of meanings to educational reality. RESEARCH RESULTS: The results of the analysis show that the learning strategy which makes use of the dialogue of meanings and the portfolio enables students to discover the possibility of assigning individual sense to educational reality, not excluding the existence of different perspectives and respecting them. By undertaking a dialogue with personal knowledge and their own experiences, the students gradually went beyond the framework of obviousness and expanded their perspective of thinking about the world of school. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS: Thinking about teacher professionalism is changing, with the presented analysis providing a view on this matter. It shows the premises and effects of a certain possibility of educating teachers who are open to the complexity of educational reality and to the dialogue preventing its reduction.

RESEARCH OBJECTIVE: The aim of the article is a theoretical diagnosis of the influence of the pace of recent civilisation changes on a selected fragment of the socialisation process in the family. The course of analysis is the specificity of the relationship between parents and adolescent children (aged 15-18), including an attempt to explore the modifications occurring in these areas resulting from the development of information technology. THE RESEARCH PROBLEM AND METHODS: The research problem of this paper is an attempt to answer the question: To what extent do new inter- and intra-generational divisions – appearing as a result of rapid civilisation changes generated by the development of information technologies – modify the socialising dialogue in relations between parents and adolescent children? The research method used was a selective analysis of theoretical works and research reports from sociology, psychology, psychiatry, neurobiology and information technology. THE PROCESS OF ARGUMENTATION: The article presents selected elements of the conceptual model used to analyse the world of contemporary generations. It includes the new division into the world of the present past and the world of the present future, together with their new inhabitants – people of the past and people of the future. RESEARCH RESULTS: As a consequence of the increasingly deepening division of the world of generations, constructing a socialisation dialogue in the relationship between parents and adolescent children has become more complicated. The confrontational-verifying influence of intra-familial socialisation concerning the areas of secondary socialisation is noticeably losing its significance. CONCLUSIONS, INNOVATIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The modifications of intergenerational relations within the family, occurring as a result of rapid civilisation changes, result in an “unfinished”, incomplete socialisation process of adolescent children, heading towards an unknown form of adulthood with this new cultural capital.

This paper details results from a three-year study investigating how to help students in Singapore write vivid compositions in Mandarin, the Chinese ‘mother tongue’. Mastery of the mother tongue by Singaporean students has become an important government priority in recent years. The strategies employed by this study included the use of information and communications technologies (ICT) mediated scaffolds such as collaborative mind maps and online peer editing to help students learn micro-writing strategies. This paper outlines the process of using various scaffolds to support students to learn and apply the action chain micro-writing strategy. A class of 31 Primary 4 from a neighbourhood school participated in this study. Findings indicated that students were very enthusiastic about writing in the ICT-mediated environment. Contrary to the teacher’s initial belief, students could be scaffolded to write action chains quickly. Findings highlighted the potential of scaffolding students in learning small chunks of writing strategy in an ICT-mediated environment that enabled them to practice these strategies in their composition writing until they could master and apply them. These micro-writing strategies gradually built up to a complex set of skills, including expressive writing. Moreover, students enjoyed working in groups and editing their peers’ work online. This showed that peers could be engaged as scaffolders in the classroom to free up the teacher’ time, allowing the teacher more time to spend with students who were not performing well.

The pioneers of landscape architecture invented this profession in a period of democratic, science and industrial revolutions that encouraged civil rights movements. However, before WWII the courses in landscape architecture were developed in only a small number of countries. Until the mid- seventies several new landscape architecture programs started in Western Europe. From the mid-seventies to the end of the eighties existing programs increased their number of staff members and students. The fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1989, resulted in the establishment of several new university degree programs in Eastern Europe. The hypothesis that there would be a correlation between the development of landscape architecture education and the political regimes is discussed in this paper. Different landscape architecture university programs worldwide are analyzed to see their history and the background of the institutions that provide them. Two reputable resources are used to support this analysis: the Democracy Index, and the Freedom House Report. According to this analysis about 88% of landscape architecture programs are offered in democratic countries, 82% are offered in free countries. A good association between the number of landscape architecture programs and democracy index is verified for former communist countries. The analysis showed that the progress of democracy institutions and civil rights create the necessary environment for the development of the landscape architecture profession.

The pioneers of landscape architecture invented this profession in a period of democratic, science and industrial revolutions that encouraged civil rights movements. However, before WWII the courses in landscape architecture were developed in only a small number of countries. Until the mid- seventies several new landscape architecture programs started in Western Europe. From the mid-seventies to the end of the eighties existing programs increased their number of staff members and students. The fall of the Iron Curtain, in 1989, resulted in the establishment of several new university degree programs in Eastern Europe. The hypothesis that there would be a correlation between the development of landscape architecture education and the political regimes is discussed in this paper. Different landscape architecture university programs worldwide are analyzed to see their history and the background of the institutions that provide them. Two reputable resources are used to support this analysis: the Democracy Index, and the Freedom House Report. According to this analysis about 88% of landscape architecture programs are offered in democratic countries, 82% are offered in free countries. A good association between the number of landscape architecture programs and democracy index is verified for former communist countries. The analysis showed that the progress of democracy institutions and civil rights create the necessary environment for the development of the landscape architecture profession.

The paper aims at making an analysis of the erudite Dimitrie Cantemir from the perspective of contemporary sociology. The ideas brought forth by this paper can be summarized as follows: The erudite prince, whom Nicolae Iorga characterised as “raised among books of wisdom”, managed to be a forerunner in the field of the future-to-be science of sociology. His fundamental work in this direction is Descriptio Moldaviae [Description of Moldavia], written upon request of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. Being written in Latin, as the philosopher-prince wrote this book of reference as foundation for the European sociology, allowed it to be studied by all European learners interested in aspects of a science that was to be defined. Moreover, arguments in support of the assertion that Dimitrie Cantemir is a forerunner of the science of sociology can also be found in other reference works, studies and monographs. A significant example is his work Hronicul vechimei a romano-moldo-vlahilor [Chronicle of the old history of the Romano-Moldo Vlachs] in which, as a true sociologist, Cantemir makes a comprehensive analysis of the way in which the Romanians had lived in Dacia, their organization, customs, social hierarchy and their cultural-social relations with other European peoples, considering them a “bridge between the Orient and the West”. Historia incrementorum atque decrementorum Aulae Othomanicae [The History of the Ascent and Descent of the Ottoman Court], although claimed by historians, is a reference work for the encyclopaedic mind of Dimitrie Cantemir, and a fundamental one for the European sociology. This book, existing in the Library of the American Congress, describes true sociologic investigations about the Turkish society and about the other European states of that time, which coexisted with the Ottoman Empire.

Piccolomini’s pedagogical treatise De liberorum educatione (1450) is typical of the humanist practices and ways of writing. On the contrary, the Historia de duobus amantibus, a love fiction written in latin, introduces two young people who seem to embody the humanist culture by their eloquence and their knowledge of classics. But by paying attention to the narration and the characters’ rhetoric, the paper focuses on Piccolomini’s irony against the humanist idea of Antiquity as source of exemplarity for the modernity.

Farmers are the main objects of beautiful village construction, and their education levels greatly determine the pace of agricultural construction and rural areas’ modernization. Based on it, this paper demon-strates the present situation and reasons of farmers’ education in Jinjiang City which is in Fujian province, and analyses the necessity of farmers’ education. Finally, this paper puts forward some feasible suggestions on ex-panding the scale of compulsory education, organizing rural vocational lectures, increasing public cultural input and strengthening the construction of science and technology.

The long drawn-out debate over the very survival of the planet has stimulated people worldwide to think about the role of education in achieving sustainable development (SD). Over the years, the public in general and policy makers in particular have realised the value of education in achieving SD. The journey from “Education about Sustainable Development” to “Education for Sustainable Development (ESD)” has been an achievement worthy of recognition. The global focus on education as a key tool for achieving SD has brought a degree of clarity of understanding to the problem of sustainability, which is perceived as being quite complex. It has helped people in general to understand where to begin addressing concerns about the end of the world, should it come more rapidly than they imagined. This paper describes an experiment that uses an approach of developing a cadre of young entrepreneurs called Community Entrepreneurs (CEs) to facilitate the process of SD in tribal areas of Gujarat. The concept which has a historical and Gandhian affiliation looks at Humans as the core of any change process and how education plays an important role in bringing sustainability in terms of social, environmental, socio-cultural and economic aspects. The transformation is not only limited to aspects mentioned above but elucidates various changes brought in the community as a process of empowerment. The paper describes the journey from awareness, to action, to empowerment, to decision making. The paper also discusses the road ahead for such an intervention to be sustainable.

The paper discusses the concept of an economic man in economics and management. The concept of “homo oeconomicus” assumes the full rational behaviour of a deciding man and was applied in classical and neoclassical theories. Based on resent findings of the neuronal, cognitive and behavioural sciences, a the concept of an emotional man seems to be better. Thus some scholars believe that “homo sapiens oeconomicus” emerges as an alternative to “homo oeconomicus”. The paper present the chronological survey of the evolution of the above mentioned concepts resulting in the change of the paradigm.

The subject of this paper is the contemporary process of reconstruction – rather than simply construction – of the Guatemalan nation-state. The paper focuses on the unifying role played by the education system within the new Guatemalan national project and will show how schools today still contribute to establishing a sense of national identity. Since the 1996 Peace Agreements there has been a redefinition of the Guatemalan national identity, giving it a multi-ethnic and multicultural dimension, and it has been the role of schools to convey that identity. An analysis of the centrepiece of the education reform initiated in 2005 – the CNB with its syllabuses and methods for primary school – will illustrate how important the school system is in the national reconstruction project. This paper will first show what features of the nation school is supposed to teach. In a second part, we will have a look at the new approach to didactics the new ideology entailed. Lastly, we will mention the possible obstacles to the implementation of such a sweeping reform which lacks adequate means and for which people are not totally prepared.

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Among the terracotta figurines discovered in the cult place of Kharayeb (7th-1st centuries BCE), located in the hinterland of Tyre (Lebanon), a very high percentage dates back to the Hellenistic period and presents images of children, adolescents and women. Considering these data, some scholars have supposed that a god linked to childhood and motherhood was worshipped in this sanctuary. Whoever the deity was, the huge amount and the variety of iconographies of children playing with animals (birds and dogs), balls and other objects are really surprising. Among the terracottas, there are also figurines portraying schoolchildren with writing tablets. The paper examines in depth all the data related to the figurines representing children and linked to playing activities and education in order to shed a new light on the daily life at the sanctuary and more broadly on the characteristics of Hellenistic Phoenicia.

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The closure of Université de Moncton's sociology department in the spring of 1969 constitutes a unique event in the history of Canadian academics. In this paper, the authors examine the causes behind this closure. They present an intermingling and collision of motivations of different actors and movements in Acadian academic life during the late sixties: student associations, the young sociology professors, the professors association, the university administration, etc. Beyond being simply a historical anecdote, the closing of the sociology department symbolizes a larger political crisis, where two social conceptions compete: the administration envisaged a rational administration of the social, while the sociology students and professors wished for a society based on socialist and participative principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]