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Introduction: trauma-related disorders following a road accident have both a health and an economic impact. Methods: we conducted a prospective study to determine the prevalence of these disorders, and to identify risk factors in subjects victims of road accidents and hospitalized in the Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology of the University Hospital Center of Sfax-Tunisia. Results: a total of sixty-ten subjects were included in this study. The prevalence of acute stress disorder was 37.1% and was associated with female sex, low educational level, previous medical and surgical history, passivity during the accident, severity of injuries and the presence of anxious and depressive symptoms. Post-traumatic stress disorder was observed in 40% of subjects and was associated with urban residential environment, passivity during the accident and anxious and depressive symptoms. Low scores for functional coping strategies and high scores for dysfunctional coping strategies were significantly associated with both disorders. Low educational level, urban residential environment, high levels of anxiety and depression, and denial coping strategy appear to be independent risk factors for acute stress and posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion: It is therefore important to determine the profile of people at greater risk of post-traumatic stress disorder, to enable early diagnosis in victims of road accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of Tech Science Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gériatrie et Psychologie Neuropsychiatrie du Vieillissement is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of Tech Science Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Covid-19 pandemic does not generally make any distinction based on nationality, ethnicity, gender or age. The current crisis upsets and destabilizes both adults and young people when it does not cause them to mourn. It threatens fragile balances, amplifies precariousness, above all causes anxiety or even depression, modifies transactional patterns between individuals. Let us focus on the impacts relating to anxiety and depression in the world population by pinning down some therapeutic recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Psycho-Oncologie is the property of Tech Science Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Résumé: Des écarts de prévalence en termes de maladies entre les hommes et les femmes, que les différences biologiques seules n'expliquent pas, ont pu être mis en évidence dans la dépression et les maladies cardio-vasculaires (MCV). Des travaux de sociologie se sont intéressés à la concordance entre représentations genrées de la santé dans la population générale et les différences de santé entre hommes et femmes. Cette étude vise à explorer les représentations des médecins généralistes (MG) sur les disparités en santé entre hommes et femmes afin de les confronter aux représentations de la santé dans la population générale et à la morbidité différentielle des hommes et des femmes. Differences in prevalence in terms of diseases between men and women, which biological differences alone do not explain, have been highlighted in depression and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Sociological studies have focused on the concordance between gendered representations of health in the general population and the differences in health between men and women. This study aims to explore the representations of general practitioners (GPs) on health disparities between men and women in order to compare them with representations of health in the general population and the differential morbidity between men and women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: in Cameroon, there is medical scepticism and negligence towards patients with mental disorders. Objective assessment might be the solution. Depressive disorders are the most common form of mental disorders and Douala has the second largest group of general practitioners in the country. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the attitude of general practitioners of Douala towards patients with depressive disorders. Method: we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study of general outpatient services from February to June 2017. We asked 3 patients of each general practitioner enrolled in the study to fill the Patient Health Questionnaire version-9 (HQP-9) to assess if they were depressed. During each consultation, we filled a clinical information form to know whether the general practitioner had diagnosed a depressive disorder and, if so, which treatment he had adopted. Finally, we administered to general practitioner a questionnaire to know their challenges of treating depression. Results: the prevalence of depressive disorders in general practice consultations was estimated to be 32.5% in the city of Douala and the rate of diagnoses made by general practitioners was 1.92%. Diagnosed patients only received some. Conclusion: despite the low interest in depressive disorders, in Cameroon they are a public health problem due to their frequency and to depression-related morbi-mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dans cet article nous abordons trois perspectives concernant la prise en charge de la dépression chronique ou récurrente par le médecin généraliste. La première concerne l'évaluation et la prise en charge de la dépression chronique : nous soulignons l'importance d'évaluer si le patient est ainsi depuis le début de l'âge adulte ou non, s'il a des antécédents de traumatismes infantiles et s'il a déjà répondu favorablement à des traitements antidépresseurs. La seconde décrit la possibilité d'assurer le suivi en cabinet de médecine générale d'un patient avec des antécédents de dépression récurrente et au bénéfice d'une pharmacothérapie antidépressive préventive des rechutes. La troisième insiste sur l'importance de repérer chez des patients déprimés chroniques ou récurrents des formes de bipolarité où les caractéristiques bipolaires sont cachées dans un tableau d'état mixte ou de cycles rapides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to illustrate similarities and differences in the conceptualisation of depression by Polish and Italian authors of blogs and/or posts, who experienced the disease. The analyses presented in the paper are mainly based on the cognitive theory of metaphor by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson and constitute a part of a wider research topic regarding the differences in conceptualisation of depression depending on such factors as: language, discourse, kind and personal experience of the author concerning the state of depression. The study revealed that the dominant metaphors of depression in the analysed texts, in both languages, are: depression is an enemy and depression is a bad life companion. Moreover, the second of them is a typical way/manner of representing depression by the people who experience or have experienced it. Other metaphors that occur either in Polish or in Italian texts are: depression is a location (and its more specific representation depression is an oppressive place) often situated down and taking the form of a container, depression is dark / darkness and depression is burden. The most vivid dissimilarity between the analysed languages concerns the existence of the conceptualisations in which depression is valued as positive in the Polish texts and their absence in the Italian ones, whilst the most common differences are the ones regarding specific representations of the common, more general metaphor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author discusses the intergenerational legacy of biographical and psychological elements which are handed down from ancestors to their offspring. When left without being previously worked through, they elicit contra-depressive mechanisms in the next generation, as fascination and adhesiveness. Omnipotence and destructiveness can be transmitted through such clinging as it is shown by baby observation and child psychoanalytic psychotherapy. The child clings to pieces which have possibly borne meaning for the parents, but no longer carry any significance. With respect to Tustin's works, the manifold counter-transference processes serve as a dynamic means to counter inflexible adhesiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is no tool that asses the coping of asthmatic patients in French. Objectives: The objective of this study is to validate in French the Asthma Coping List (ACL). Method: Two hundred and sixty one patients have filled in the section "coping during asthma attack" of the ACL, and 296, the section "coping in front of daily asthma". Furthermore, 98 patients have completed the questionnaires concerning the quality of life, depressive symptomatology, the knowledge of asthma and adherence to the treatment. Results: An exploratory factor analysis of the ACL has revealed three strategies for the asthma attack ("rational action in front of attack", "minimizing the seriousness of the attack", "reacting emotionally in attack situation") and three others for daily asthma ("adaptive management of asthma", "worry about asthma", "information seeking"). Cronbach's alphas lie between 0.66 and 0.86. "Passive" coping strategies are correlated with a poor quality of life and a high level of depression. Patients using "active" strategies present a high level of knowledge and adherence to the treatment. Conclusion: The psychometric properties of the ACL-F are satisfactory. It appears to be a relevant tool in the context of a patient education approach for asthmatic patients. The assessment of coping strategies for the establishment provide a more adequate educational approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify psychological needs of patient treated with chronic hemodialysis. It mainly aims to evaluate anxious and depressive disorders and secondarily to determine their occurred moment during the lifetime in chronic hemodialysis treatment. Patients and method: The study was performed in the service of nephrology of the national hospital of Lamordé (HNL) in May 2011. It concerned assenting patients treated by chronic hemodialysis. The study variables were sociodemographics, duration of kidney disease evolution and lifetime in chronic hemodialysis treatment. To evaluate the anxiety and the depression, Hospital Anxiety and Depressive Scale (HADS) of Zigmond and Snaith was used. For the analysis, the explanatory variables were the age, the sex, the matrimonial statute, the educational level and the average of lifetime in chronic hemodialysis treatment. The depression and the anxiety were the explained variables. Statistical tests used were averages, minima, maximum, standard deviation, Fischer test, Pearson test and Anova test. Statistical significance was set at 5 %. Results: A sample was 92.68 % of the studied population. 77.6 % of the patients did not present an anxious state (group A1), 7.9 % presented an anxious state dubious (group A2) and 14.5 % a certain anxious state (group A3) ; with regard to the depression, 57.9 % did not present a depression state (D1 group), 18.4 % presented a depressive state dubious (group D2) and 23.7 % a certain depressive state (group D3). The average age of the patient was 45.49±16.32 years. The average lifetime in hemodialysis of the patients was 25.91±25.15 months. There was a negative correlation between the lifetime in chronic hemodialysis treatment and the scores of anxiety (R = -0.318, p = 0.005) and of depression (R = -0.355, p = 0.002). The significant difference were between average lifetime in chronic hemodialysis treatment of the group A1 and A3 (p =0.009) and between the group D1 and D3 (p =0.001). Conclusion: Anxiety and depression disorders are noted at the beginning of the lifetime of chronic hemodialysis treatment ; indicating consequently, the moment of psychological supports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since 1998 suicidal behaviors in Japan are marked with a continuous increase reaching more than 30,000 suicides/year. More specifically cases qualifying for workers' compensation as a result of psychiatric disorder or suicide behavior related to overwork, are increasing. This phenomenon should be understood in the context of globalisation which put pressure on work efficiency and schedules. The paper offers a psychopathological perspective on workrelated depression, using concept of "phase of openness" and "phase of retreat" before exploring treatment options. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

MOOD DISORDERS AND MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER (MDD) IN PARTICULAR REMAIN HEAVY BURDENS FOR PUBLIC HEALTH POLICIES IN GENERAL. HENCE, THERE IS AN ONGOING NEED FOR EFFICIENT AND INVENTIVE TREATMENT STRATEGIES WITHIN DAILY CLINICAL PSYCHIATRIC PRACTICE. AGOMELATINE PROPOSES SUCH A NOVEL MECHANISM OF ACTION WHICH IS NOT BASED ON MONOAMINERGIC REUPTAKE INHIBITION LIKE MOST COMMONLY USED ANTIDEPRESSANTS. THE PRESENT REVIEW SUMMARIZES RECENT CLINICAL LITERATURE, WHICH INVESTIGATED DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF DEPRESSION TREATMENT, BY MEANS OF CONSECUTIVE CONSIDERATIONS OF GLOBAL CLINICAL EFFICACY, ON KEY SYMPTOMS (ANHEDONIA, DYSSOMNIAS, CIRCADIAN DYSREGULATIONS, COGNITIVE EMOTION PROCESSING), IN DIFFERENT GROUPS OF PATIENTS AND ALSO REPORTED TOLERANCE PROFILE. UPON THE BASIS OF RECENTLY PUBLISHED CLINICAL DATA, WE CAN INDEED UNDERLINE THAT AGOMELATINE HAS SHOWN TO BE A CLINICALLY EFFICIENT ANTIDEPRESSANT TREATMENT IN MDD IN GENERAL BUT ALSO IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE SYMPTOMS AND IN ELDERLY PATIENTS. AGOMELATINE REPEATEDLY SHOWED AT LEAST A NON-INFERIOR EFFICACY BUT ALSO A GREATER IMPROVEMENT OF KEY SYMPTOMS IN CERTAIN STUDIES, IN COMPARISON WITH ANTIDEPRESSANTS CONSIDERED AS BEING OF "SUPERIOR EFFICACY". THOSE STUDIES SHOWED A GREATER IMPROVEMENT OF KEY SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION WITH AGOMELATINE AS ANHEDONIA OR SLEEP DISORDERS, WHILE PRESENTING A FAVORABLE REPORTED TOLERANCE PROFILE, TAKING INTO CONSIDERATION THAT LIVER FUNCTION MUST BE MONITORED DURING TREATMENT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: Pour approfondir la connaissance du facteur de risque suicidaire constitué par le trouble de la personnalité dépendante (TPD), nous avons évalué l’association de ce facteur avec différentes variables dans une population de suicidants. Le TPD est un facteur de risque suicidaire important à considérer puisqu’il est fréquent (48 %), associé à une insertion socioprofessionnelle de moins bonne qualité et à une fréquence de récidive suicidaire deux fois plus élevée. L’association de l’épisode dépressif majeur (EDM) avec les différentes variables a également été évaluée. Chez les patients présentant un EDM, l’intentionnalité de l’acte est plus forte et l’hospitalisation plus fréquente. Cette étude permet de définir deux profils de population très différents suivant que le patient présente un TPD ou un EDM. Replacer la question du lien entre EDM et TPD dans une perspective diachronique amène à considérer ces deux identités comme des constructions différentes, la dépression s’apparentant davantage à un état réversible et la dépendance à un trait. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Résumé: La médecine technicienne considère la prescription d’un placebo comme une absence de traitement, une situation contrôle nécessaire pour valider les nouvelles thérapeutiques. Cependant, des études internationales récentes montrent que cette prescription entraîne des effets bénéfiques qui dépassent largement la guérison spontanée, en particulier concernant les états dépressifs et les troubles de l’humeur. Le présent article propose une revue de cette littérature et conclut que, sauf pour les cas les plus sévères, les antidépresseurs ne sont pas plus efficaces qu’un placebo. Les auteurs proposent ensuite une synthèse des travaux concernant les conditions qui modulent la taille de l’effet placebo. Ils soulignent que la conception étroitement biologique de la dépression et de son traitement, chez le patient comme chez le médecin, est moins favorable à la guérison. Ce constat oblige à penser l’effet placebo comme le résultat d’une relation interpersonnelle en référence au concept psychanalytique de transfert. Lors du traitement par un placebo, le patient échange la reconnaissance de son statut de malade contre une amélioration temporaire de ses symptômes, mais le transfert entre patient et médecin n’est pas pris en compte. De fait, les psychothérapies, qu’elles soient d’inspiration cognitivo-comportementale ou psychanalytique, entraînent des effets plus durables que le traitement par un placebo ou un antidépresseur. Selon les auteurs, le transfert assumé par le psychothérapeute, y compris dans toute sa charge affective, permettrait au patient d’accéder aux répétitions inconscientes issues de l’enfance et de s’en dégager. L’article conclut par des propositions concernant les pratiques de soin et la formation des soignants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revue Française de Sociologie is the property of Presses de Sciences Po and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Summary: Background: Cosmetic breast augmentation is becoming increasingly popular and acceptable to women in France. This prospective and multicenter study aims to investigate whether breast augmentation surgery for aesthetic purposes leads to improved body image, self-esteem, depression problems and sexuality. We also sought to analyze the sociodemographic profile of woman who underwent this surgery. Patients and methods: This study was conducted in France, from March 2009 to March 2011. One hundred and eighty-one patients were included in the survey. We used questionnaires to analyze body image, self-esteem, sexuality, depression, motivations and the sociodemographic profile of the patients before surgery and 6 months after. Questionnaires that were answered were returned in an anonymous way to the investigators to guarantee a blinded survey. Results: The findings showed that women who underwent breast augmentation were mostly employed, married and aged between 20 and 30 years. Analyses revealed a significant improvement in body image, self-esteem and depressive symptoms, 6 months after surgery. Correlations between body image and self-esteem and between depression and self-esteem were also demonstrated. Only sexuality was almost unchanged after the procedure. Finally, a change of body image induced by breast augmentation surgery would improve self-esteem and thus reduce the signs for a depression. Conclusion: As with any request for aesthetic surgery, the desire for morphological breast surgery must be analyzed accurately and requires very thorough questioning by the plastic surgeon. The expected result is not only morphological but also psychological, as outlined in our study. The goal of breast augmentation surgery is to create a physical result that matches the expected body image in order to improve the patient''s body image and self-esteem and so, bring the patient to recognize herself. Under these conditions, cosmetic breast augmentation surgery will assume a therapeutic function. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Depression is one of the most prevalent disorders of our time. Depression remains nowadays in France and worldwide a major public health problem, still relatively difficult to treat, despite the important ongoing therapies currently available (anti-depressants, cognitive-behavioral therapy, etc). While antidepressant drug therapies are helpful for many depressed people, they also have many drawbacks and side effects. The maintenance in the longer term of treatment effects poses a particular problem, given the high probability of occurrence of depressive relapse, very difficult to avoid. However, research show that relapses are lower in psychotherapy. The positive psychology interventions offer some novel and promising perspectives for clinical practice. They prove indeed effective and complementary to other treatments of depression previously proposed and their effects seem to last longer. The aim of this article is to present positive psychology, and especially the new emerging positive psychotherapy and to underline its key features and benefits in the treatment of depression. The results of empirical studies and meta-analysis are promising; we thus encourage French clinicians to integrate positive psychotherapy and interventions promoted by Martin Seligman et al. to cultivate a lasting sense of well-being, which is a valuable resource for more effective and sustainable eradication of depression. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Rooted in the psychotherapies of the third wave which point up the mindfulness concept and the acceptance of life experiences, the MBCT was applied for the first time in 2000 by Teasdale within the framework of a clinical trial designed to explore the key factors of the cognitive vulnerability to recurrent depression. If this princeps study has been replicated on several occasions and is still being deepened at this time, the exploration of the MBCT effects has also been broadened to a plurality of other therapeutic fields. After a brief presentation of its background and basic procedure, we submit an overview of the present state of research based on thirty-seven studies in accordance with the original group format delivery while expressing the main empirical results relating to the efficiency issue of the therapy. The outcomes show evidence of both a proven action in the depression field and a real applicability potential in the other fields explored despite an obvious need of methodological refinement and replication to complement the existing accounts. The outcome analysis will lead us to reflect on the psychotherapeutic drives of the MBCT and to mark the area of its most efficient clinical application modes out. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Objective: This study investigated the relation in later life between social support and different mental health variables: depression and self-esteem. Social support was considered according to Cutrona and Russell''s approach, which includes six dimensions: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance. Several authors attributed to social support a major protective role in mental health. In fact, different links between social support and mental health variables were found in adulthood. More and more studies deal with social support in later life. In particular, the protective role of social support in stressful live events and its relation to mental health or illness have been examined. The objective of this study was to clarify the links between social support, depression and self-esteem in later life, with an alternative statistical method. Method: A cluster analysis was performed in order to group together older persons on the basis of their social support level. Ninety-three French older people living in their home were recruited, with a mean age of 70.72 (SD: 7.06). The social support was assessed with Caron’ social support scale (The Social Provision Scale) which measures the six functions of social relationships. Depression and self-esteem were evaluated respectively with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Cluster analysis was chosen because it allows to bound natural groupings within data and to determine homogeneous groups inside the sample of the study. Then, ANOVA were performed in order to compare these groups as for their depression and self-esteem scores. Results: First, results revealed three social support profiles or groups: High social support level, Moderate social support level and Low social support level. Group with high social support level presents high level for all dimensions of social support: attachment, social integration, reassurance of worth, reliable alliance, guidance, and opportunity for nurturance. In addition, groups with moderate and low levels of social support are characterized respectively by moderate and low levels for all dimensions of social support. Second, different relationships of these profiles with depression and self-esteem were found. The older persons with high level of social support present a low depression level associated high self-esteem. Moreover, participants with moderate or low social support profile present high depression and low self-esteem levels. Conclusion: The relationship between social support and mental health was brought to light. The clinical implications and possible interventions are discussed. In particular, different methodological and conceptual approaches of social support interventions are evoked, such as interventions, which include family, friends or peers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: AM retrieval is a reconstruction process that grounds the self by providing coherent narratives organized to elicit a sense of identity across the time. Major depression is associated with impairments of AM retrieval, combining a mood congruent recall, a lack of specificity, an increased prevalence of the third-person visual perspective and frequent intrusive memories, which are characterized by an involuntary, fast and effortless recall. Intrusive memories in depression relate to a broad range of negative life events and are usually vivid, distressful and associated with a poorer outcome as well as with typical depressogenic cognitive biases, especially with cognitive avoidance. To date, little is known about the neural bases of these memories. These bases are likely to partially mirror those of the depressive state, with a decreased cognitive control over unwanted thoughts by the prefrontal cortex and an increased amygdala activation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: L’objectif de cette étude est de mettre en évidence à partir du suivi de six femmes victimes de viols par leur conjoint, les effets de la thérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing », notamment en ce qui concerne la réduction des symptômes d’état de stress post-traumatique, d’anxiété et de dépression. Toutes ces femmes ont, en outre, fait l’objet d’une évaluation quantitative à partir d’échelles de mesure proposées avant la prise en charge ainsi qu’à l’issue de chacune des séances. Les échelles utilisées sont l’Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale, l’Impact Event Scale et un indicateur propre à la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing, le Subject Unit of Distress. Les victimes ont également participé à deux entretiens plus qualitatifs avant et après la prise en charge, afin d’évaluer plus précisément la présence ou non de symptômes d’état de stress post-traumatique sur la base des indications fournies par le Manuel Diagnostic et Statistique des troubles mentaux (). Les résultats obtenus sont conformes à nos attentes et montrent une diminution significative et progressive des scores aux différentes échelles au fur et à mesure des séances. Ainsi, comme on le rencontre classiquement dans la littérature, une prise en charge par la thérapie Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing conduit les sujets à s’auto-évaluer comme étant de moins en moins perturbés au fur et à mesure que la psychothérapie progresse. Nous avons également pu observer une réduction importante des scores aux différentes échelles à l’issue des deux premières séances. Enfin, la prise en charge psychologique réalisée à partir de la thérapie « eye movement desensitization reprocessing » a conduit à une diminution notable du nombre de symptômes liés au diagnostic d’état de stress post-traumatique. Cette diminution s’est révélée homogène pour les trois critères pris en compte (critère B, C et D du ). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Summary: During adolescence, depression is not rare but it is difficult to recognize it, its clinical manifestations are less obvious than for adults. Nevertheless the depressive affects should not be trivialized and considered part of normal evolution. The two essential approaches in understanding depressive phenomena are the clinical aspect, research of symptoms, and the psychopathological point of view, trying to find the meaning of this episode in the psychic economy of the current adolescent. Adolescence is a crucial time in the internalization process of links with parents and organization of internal psychic space, with the resumption of differentiation between the oedipal superego and ego ideal. The case of Remi, from a semiological point of view, seems pretty poor, being a depression called “hidden”. He was proposed a semi-structured diagnostic assessment with the use of the Kiddie SADS, and self-administered questionnaires: reasons for living inventory… Despite a relatively poor rating, a number of elements emerge and reveals to be interesting. Although the use of such tools is productive, in matter to achieve a better understanding of this suicide attempt, we tried to clarify the mechanisms involved in the psychopathological point of view. Although depressive symptoms may not be at the front rank of the clinical picture, there is such a suffering in Remi, who prevails in a certain narcissistic fragility. We assumed that the failure to his drivers licence highlighted the conflict that takes place between his ego and his ego ideal, functioning as a tyrannical authority. Remi started a psychotherapeutic follow-up which, while being meticulous on the diagnostic, must be creative in the meeting. The idea is that the subject by telling his story leads to his own discovery during the interview with the pleasure to tell about oneself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Managementof haematological malignancies in the elderly needs more attention than in younger patients. While some of them can be proposed standard therapy with specific precautions such as colony-stimulating factors, a significant part of them needs a more thorough evaluation with geriatric instruments. The so-called comprehensive geriatric assessment (CGA) is necessary to indicate geriatric interventions. Vulnerable and frail patients will benefit from this approach to better equilibrate the risk/benefit ratio, which may be highly unstable. However, this approach is time-consuming, and screening techniques are being developed. Such questionnaires will be available soon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychobiological model of personality developed by Cloninger, including four dimensions of temperament and three dimensions of character, allows to explore personality factors associated with depressive disorders. METHODS: The study was conducted on 35 major depressive patients (29 women et 6 men) who filled out the questionnaire (TCI) during a medical consult. Eleven patients had personality disorders, sixteen had family antecedent of depression, and twelve had chronic depression. RESULTS: This study confirms higher Harm Avoidance (HA) scores and lower Self-Directedness (SD) and Cooperativeness (C) scores for depressed patients. In this present study, the patients with personality disorders showed lower scores for Self-Directness (SD) and Resourcefulness (SD3), Congruent second nature (SD5), Compassion (C4). This study also showed lower scores for Exploratory (NS1) for the patients with family antecedent of depression. Finally, this study showed lower scores for Reward dependence (RD) and attachment (RD2) for the patients with chronic depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of the present study was first to complete previous research on negative affectivity, alexithymia, depression and somatic symptoms by testing a theoretical model of their relations. It was second to investigate potential mediating effect on the relations between negative emotionality (i.e. neuroticism) and somatic symptoms. Patients and method: A sample of 309 subjects (77% F et 23% M; mean age=20, 61±1.55) completed the following questionnaires: the Positive and Negative Emotion questionnaire-31 items (EPN-31), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale 20 items (TAS-20), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale (CES-D), and the Symptom Check List Revised, 90 items (SCL-90 R). Theoretical model and mediating effects were tested using structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping method. Results: Three measurement models were tested: First, a direct effect model did not fit the data. Second, a partially mediated model fit partially the data for some indices, but not for others, and was rejected for lack of parsimony. Finally, a full mediation model showed the best adjustment with results confirming the good fit of this structural model including (Chi2 =10.245, P =0.069, ns; CFI=0.989>0.95, RMSEA=0.058<0.07 [90% IC=0.000–0.100], SRMR=0.026<0.08). So as, our results show that alexithymia and depression are full mediators of the negative affectivity–somatic symptoms relation. In other words, when depression and alexithymia are introduced in the relation between negative affectivity and somatic symptoms, the direct effect of negative affectivity becomes non-significant, and turns to an indirect effect. Moreover, depression as a stronger effect on somatic symptoms than alexithymia, which seems to confirm previous research on the distinction between both constructs. These results are compatible with that of previous works on somatic symptoms and negative affectivity, and on somatic symptoms and alexithymia. Conclusion: The propensity to experiment negative emotional states may contribute to develop negative emotion regulation strategies such as alexithymia, which as a direct effect on somatic symptoms. But more precisely, we can hypothesize that alexithymia is not fully efficient as a defense against negative emotions, and that depression remains a strong characteristic of subjective emotional experience for some subjects, constituting a strong contributor to declarative somatic symptoms. Implications for psychotherapy are discussed, supporting the enhancement of negative emotions regulations strategies for subjects showing somatic complaints. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of Néphrologie & Thérapeutique is the property of John Libbey Eurotext Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to analyze the relating contribution of personality dimensions referring to Cloninger''s model and emotional awareness to depressive symptoms intensity, in a community sample of adolescents. Our purpose was also to investigate the mediating role of the emotional awareness on the personality-depression relationship. Method: A sample of 372 school students completed the following questionnaires: the Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ), the Level of Emotional Awareness Scale (LEAS), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results: Correlationnal and multiple hierarchical regressions analysis confirmed the existence of direct links between each personality dimensions and depression, and the partial mediating effect of emotional awareness, but only for the novelty seeking and the harm avoidance dimensions. Conclusion: Our results confirm the relationships observed in previous research between emotion awareness and depression on one hand, and between personality and depression on the other hand. They highlight the major role played by personality and emotional processing in the vulnerability to present depressive symptoms. The importance of taking in account and assess the emotional processing in the adolescent''s depression clinical support is discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: La prise en charge médicale des patients victimes d’un accident vasculaire cérébral est bien codifiée. Concernant les troubles sexuels, des efforts sont à faire en matière d’information et d’explications. Car si 80 % des patients parviennent à marcher à l’issue de l’accident, plus de la moitié des patients gardent des difficultés dans l’accomplissement de leur sexualité. Malgré des réticences d’ordre morales ou privées, nous avons tenté d’explorer la sémiologie des troubles sexuels rencontrés par cette population et d’en inventorier les causes possibles. Méthodologie: En 2008–2009, 16 patients (11 H et 5 F, de moyenne d’âge 48 ans) sur 42 contactés ont accepté de revenir en entretien après leur sortie d’un centre de rééducation et de remplir, avec le médecin, trois questionnaires. L’autonomie des patients (indice de Barthel), leur état thymique (score de Beck) et la qualité de leur sexualité (questionnaire de Hudson) ont été successivement évalué. Résultats: Près de 40 % des sujets (16) ont répondu à nos questionnaires. Onze hommes et cinq femmes. Parmi les patients dont la sexualité est qualifiée de médiocre, il n’a pas été retrouvé de corrélation avec la prise d’un traitement médicamenteux lourd. Par ailleurs, l’échantillon a été jugé trop faible pour retrouver une corrélation entre la qualité de la sexualité et l’indice d’indépendance. Nous n’avons pas non plus retrouvé de corrélation entre état dépressif, latéralité de la lésion cérébrale et qualité de la sexualité. Discussion: L’étiologie des troubles sexuels rencontrés après un accident vasculaire cérébral est multiple et polymorphe. L’importance de la lésion cérébrale, de l’atteinte sensitivomotrice ou génitosphinctérienne sont des facteurs importants mais il ne faut pas négliger la responsabilité de l’état psychologique secondaire à l’accident vasculaire, de l’incidence des traitements ou de la modification de l’image corporelle et du poids des représentations de la sexualité de la personne handicapée dans la genèse de ces troubles. Conclusion: L’incidence du traitement médicamenteux, d’un syndrome dépressif ou l’existence d’une atteinte corticale droite ne semble pas être corrélée à la survenue de troubles sexuels. En revanche, le degré d’indépendance fonctionnelle semble être un facteur déterminant dans l’apparition d’un dysfonctionnement sexuel. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Emotion shapes autobiographical memory (AM) by tagging events that are relevant for the narrative self, which may be viewed as a hierarchical network of interconnected goals. Subsequent AM retrieval is a reconstruction process that grounds the self by providing coherent narratives organized to elicit a sense of identity across the time. The lateral and medial prefrontal cortices underlie reconstruction and self-referential processing, respectively, whereas the lateral and medial temporal cortices underlie semantic and episodic aspects, respectively. Additionally, the posterior cortical midline structures and the amygdala are involved in visual and emotional aspects, respectively. These regions have been found to display aberrant functioning in major depression. Accordingly, major depression is associated with impairments of AM retrieval combining mood-congruency, overgenerality, intrusive memories and third-person visual perspective. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: To date, few researches applied the emotional approach of the tripartite model of Watson and Clark, differentiating positive and negative affects, to the study of anxiety and depressive disorders. Nevertheless, the notion of emotional balance is interesting for the understanding of these pathologies and for the follow-up of treatments effects, both dimensions being independent and able to evolve differently according to the clinical syndromes. In our study, a large sample of outpatients with depressive and anxiety disorders was explored, with the Positive and Negative Emotionality (EPN-31) scale, and with other measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms. The results were in line with the tripartite model of emotions: high scores of negative affects in both categories of disorders, and low scores of positive affects especially in the depressive disorders. These results confirmed the relevance of an emotional approach of anxiety and depressive disorders, in particular for longitudinal studies and neuro-physiological correlations. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The present study investigated whether alexithymia mediated the effect of chronic pain on depression in a fi bromyalgic population. Both alexithymia and chronic pain have been linked to depression in fi bromyalgia but no mediational model has been proposed to account for those relations. Patients were assessed for pain, alexithymia and depression at the beginning of an interdisciplinary treatment for fi bromyalgia. The results support a model where the effect of pain on depression is totally mediated by alexithymia. Results are further discussed in terms of van Middendorp et al.'s (2008) assumption that non-processed emotions, like those related to the chronic pain condition, will later or soon express themselves, then leading to depression. Therapists should thus provide a secure environment so that the patient can feel free to express himself and the therapeutical work will focus on differenciating emotions from cognitions. This kind of therapeutic work can lead to health benefi ts, as signifi cative changes in alexithymia are associated with less depressive symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Bulimia is a public health problem. The aim of this study is to determine characteristics of bulimia and unusual eating behavior among female''s students. We carried out an investigation among 480 female students in four universities and one higher school of management. The prevalence of bulimia is 4 % and an unusual eating behavior is 32.2 %. Severe bulimia was found in 21.05 %. The appetite suppressant was the most used way to lose weight in the two groups of students. Medical school had most of bulimia and unusual eating behavior. Bulimia was predominant in the middle of university studies. Bulimic female students were more overweight and those with unusual eating behavior were with stoutness that is more normal. In conclusion, the lifestyle had no influence on bulimia and unusual eating behavior, and depression is common in both of the groups. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Introduction: Drug-addiction, an universal medico-social problem, starts to spread in Morocco. Even if it appeared a long time ago, one is unaware of the real characteristics of this plague in our country. Objectives: The aim of our work is to study the prevalence of drug-addictions (tobacco, cannabis and alcohol) among students at the University Cadi Ayyad of Marrakech, trying to approach the epidemiological aspect and the impact of this consumption. Patients and methods: Our study is an epidemiologic approach of drug-addiction in the University of Marrakesh. After having prepared a questionnaire allowing the study of toxic consumption (tobacco, cannabis and alcohol) and the evaluation of the depression among consumers; we carried out an investigation near 418 students from Caddi Ayyad University. Results: The analysis of the results obtained makes it possible to establish the following characteristics: 24,6% of the students of our sample were consumers of tobacco, 9,8% were consumers of cannabis and 17,5% were alcohol consumers. Male consumption is prevalent, with 86.4% of smokers, 97.6% of hashish consumers and 86.3% of alcohol consumers. The age of the first consumption of drug coincides with adolescence. The mode of consumption was regular for 100% of smokers, 51.2% of hashish users and for 11% of alcohol consumers. 86.4% of smokers were dependent on tobacco, 76,6% on cannabis and 16,4% on alcohol. 28.1% of the dependent smokers on tobacco presented a moderated to severe depression. It was the same for 35.4% of the cannabis dependent and for 58.3% of those dependent on alcohol. Conclusion: A plan fighting drug-addiction is essential; especially in its preventive shutter, so as to limit this phenomenon and to minimize its repercussions on young population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Suicide in prison is in increase for several years and participates in a major problem of public health. The number of suicide in prison arises mainly during first moment of incarceration, in particular under fifteen days. Eighty percent of the subjects who attempt to commit suicide or commit suicide express such ideas months before. So the expression of suicidal ideations is a risk factor of suicide and their detection is crucial. This study has investigated suicidal risks in prisoners with the assessment of the rate of suicidal ideation as well as their link with risk factors such as depressive disorders, individual factors or life''s event''s life, etc. Participants were recruited from all-male adults, who just arrived in prison since one week in prison of Hauts-de-Seine, Nanterre, France. One hundred prisoners able to read and fill in the scales in autonomy way were evaluated from March to June 2007 using a structured interview, Beck Depression inventory (BDI), Scale of suicidal ideation by Beck (SSI) and a short version of Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). The SSI assesses precisely the presence of suicidal ideations and suicidal risk as well as its severity and the score gives some information on the severity of the suicidal risk. The BDI assesses the presence of depressive symptoms as well as the severity of depression according to a classification: Light, medium or severe depression. Eleven out of 100 prisoners have suicidal ideations in SSI. They are not connected significantly to the incarceration (χ2 =3.52, P =0.05). The scores go from 3 to 27 (the maximum score for this scale is 36) and the medium score is 8.81: four people have scores around the medium score, four people have a score smaller than 5, three people have a score higher than 9. The group of prisoners who have suicidal ideations (n =11) was compared with the group of prisoners without suicidal ideations (n =89). Suicidal ideations are in link with the severity of depression in BDI (χ2 =12.53, P <0.001) but not with its presence only: Prisoners who have suicidal ideations have a medium score of depression higher than prisoners who have not suicidal ideations (16.45 against 6.01, the maximum score for this scale is 39). Ninety-one percent of prisoners who have suicidal ideations suffer from medium or severe depression against 35 % of prisoners without suicidal ideations. Nevertheless, the difference is not significant if we compare the two groups with all types of depression-light, medium or severe (χ2 =2.74, P <0.05). Moreover anxious and psychotics symptoms, in particular hallucinations in MINI are linked significantly with suicidal ideation (anxiety: χ2 =22.62, P =0.00001; psychosis: χ2 =6.639, P =0.01; hallucinations: χ2 =12.8, P =0.001). Significant risk factors for suicidal ideation in prisoners are life''s event such as personal suicidal attempt (χ2 =25.58, P <0.000001) and substance use history (χ2 =7.76, P <0.01) and the lack of family support (χ2 =8.7, P <0.01). It is not the case for suicidal attempt in family (χ2 =1.663, P <0.05) and a recent death (χ2 =1.24, P <0.015). Prisoners, who are more than 35 years old, are married, have children and are in prison for murder(s) or rape(s) have significantly more suicidal ideations. Some prisoners who have not suicidal ideation in the SSI have a suicidal risk in the MINI. So we can think these ideas are under-expressed in the SSI because prisoners can feel uncomfortable to express such ideas. Moreover there is more than the half of prisoners who present some signs of depression in BDI for less than one third of prisoners in MINI: Depression can be over-expressed in BDI, what explain it is the severity of depression which is in link with suicidal ideations and no only its presence because a lot of prisoners (with or without suicidal ideations) seem to have a depression with the assessment of BDI. The results must be used with care because the population of the study is quite small, in particular for prisoners who have suicidal ideations. Furthermore it is very heterogeneous and judging origins of the link between suicidal ideations and risk factors is very difficult. In conclusion, these results cannot be generalised to the whole prison; they are specifics to this place of research. Symptoms of depression, anxiety and psychosis as well as personal history of suicidal attempt, substance use and a lack of family support are risk factors for suicidal ideations in prisoners. The precocious detection of suicidal ideation and risk factors would prevent from suicide and reduce the risks. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The purpose of this paper was to make a brief review of the main problematics raised by depression in oncology in terms of prevalence, semiology, screening, risk, prognosis factors and treatment. This reflection was based on recent literature data obtained through a PubMed search. Depressive disorders have frequently been encountered in cancer patients. During routine oncology daily care, depression screening, assessment and treatment are of paramount importance regarding psychosocial management. Depressive elements have a tremendous impact on the quality of life, tolerance and compliance with anticancer treatment. Moreover, depression morbidity and its possible influence on prognosis represent an important challenge in terms of prevention. A specific semiology for depressive disorders in the oncologic field might be more relevant with practical clinical implications. Optimal care of these mood disorders have to be implemented as soon as possible and be supported by the association of pharmacological treatment and psychotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Resistance to psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic therapies is a frequent difficulty clinicians are confronted to, with a frequency of 20 to 30 % concerning depression disorders. Other therapeutic approaches hence seem unavoidable to optimize treatments: structured psychotherapies such as behavioural and interpersonal therapies have shown their efficiency in anxiety and depression disorders, psychoeducational approaches help better observance in chronic pathologies. Biological and non medicinal approaches such as electroconvulsive therapy are still a therapy of reference for treating mood disorders and remain an indication for resisting schizophrenic disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: There are more and more data suggesting efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in the treatment of depressions in older patients. Thus, the authors found useful to realize an up-to-date review of studies which examined the efficacy and safety of rTMS to treat depressive disorders in aged. Several parameters might be associated with greater antidepressant efficacy: higher intensity pulses of rTMS of the left dorso latéral préfrontal cortex (DLPFC), 90 to 110% of motor threshold; higher total number of stimulations (more than 1000); higher number of total rTMS sessions (10 to 20). Poorer responsiveness to rTMS may be related to several patients’ factors, including older age and lesions of the central nervous system. Literature data globally confirm that rTMS is safe and does not produce cognitive deficits, even among highly vulnerable patients with clinical evidence of cerebrovascular disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Recent studies on insight in schizophrenia, mainly english-speaking, have shown that denial of mental disorder (lack of insight) is connected with a less good compliancy with treatment. Consequently, therapies, which increase insight, develop currently (psychoeducation and information of patients, for instance). Nonetheless, certain studies concluded that awareness of mental disorder has a negative effect on psychological dimensions like humor, self-esteem and quality of life. So we realize a pilot-study on 20 schizophrenic subjects (DSM-IV) (15 men and five women including 13 full-time inpatients and 7 days in-patients) from 22 to 61 years (m = 41.75; σ =11.94). The aim of the study was to measure insight (IS and Q8), depressive experience (SCL90-R and CDSS), self-esteem (SEI) and satisfaction with life (SWLS), then to calculate correlation between insight and the three other dimensions. Data analysis confirmed a strong link between insight and deterioration of self-esteem (r = −0.6922; p =0.001) and with an increase of depressive experience (r = 0.8134; p =0.000 with SCL90-R and r = 0.6041; p =0.006 with CDSS). Satisfaction with life is not significantly correlated with insight (r = −0.2047; p =0.401). Those results show that clinicians must take into account the depressive effect of therapeutic strategies aiming at an increase in insight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Mental disorders represent a concern for the public health because of their prevalence in the general population. Despite progress in psychopharmacology, 20–30 % of the patients suffering of depressive disorders are responding only partially to different pharmacological and psychological therapeutic strategies. Until recently, the therapeutic alternative in refractory depression was the electroconvulsive therapy. New therapeutic approaches should be therefore explored. In October 2008 repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation was approved as an antidepressive monotherapy by the FDA, opening the way to a routine application of this technique, which will supplement the body of our therapeutic armamentarium for mood disorders. We review this new therapeutic approach, which is rapidly developing for treating depression and schizophrenia. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: Cet article recense les publications entre 1970 et 2009 portant sur le lien entre le fonctionnement sexuel et conjugal, l’anxiété et la dépression. Le lien entre le fonctionnement conjugal et sexuel est bien connu. Le fonctionnement conjugal est relié au dysfonctionnement sexuel comme la baisse du désir sexuel. Le fonctionnement sexuel est associé à la satisfaction conjugale. Le rôle du fonctionnement sexuel et conjugal fut aussi étudié en relation avec la détresse psychologique. Le fonctionnement conjugal satisfaisant est un facteur de protection contre le développement de la détresse psychologique mais est aussi un facteur relié à la dépression et l’anxiété. La relation entre la détresse conjugale et la dépression est particulièrement forte. Des études empiriques indiquent que le traitement conjugal peut non seulement améliorer le fonctionnement conjugal mais peut aussi réduire les symptômes de détresse psychologique. Lorsque les symptômes de dépression sont associés à la détresse conjugale, les recherches indiquent que la thérapie conjugale peut être un des premiers traitements à envisager pour réduire à la fois la détresse conjugale et psychologique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is in psychiatry a recent noninvasive therapeutic tool and with few in particular cognitive side effects. Its principle rests on the stimulation of the cortical networks via a magnetic field applied to cranium. The depression is the psychiatric indication best documented today but the variability of the parameters of stimulation used and the methodological problems inherent in the technique return the results of the not easily comparable studies between them. Multicentric studies with a methodology rigorous and bearing on a great number of patients are still necessary to define the place of this new tool in the therapeutic arsenal in psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: There are a multitude of factors implied in the acquisition, the development and the maintenance of gambling behavior. Among them, sensation seeking occupies an important place. Zuckerman originally suggested a relationship between sensation seeking and gambling. However, studies in this area have provided heterogeneous results. To explain these discrepancies, Zuckerman emphasized the fact that the type of gambling may be a crucial factor in the relationship with sensation seeking. Nevertheless, few studies have evaluated the link between the different types of gambling and problem behaviors. Furthermore, few studies were interested specifically on slot machines. While recent research has found high-levels of alexithymia in individuals with substance use and eating disorders only two studies have investigated the relationship between alexithymia and pathological gambling. Thus, these studies were focused on students. It is therefore important to study alexithymia in adult gamblers. Empirical data has shown that alexithymia levels may be influenced by negative mood states, especially depression. Some studies have found a positive correlation between alexithymia and depression scores, particularly in people with addictive behaviours. Nevertheless, studies found heterogeneous results. The main objective of this research was to evaluate scores on sensation seeking, alexithymia and depression (and the link between those variables) in gamblers of slot machines. Thus, slot machines gamblers were selected in the casino of Enghien-les-Bains, which is Paris nearest casino. Among them one distinguishes: regular gamblers (n =45) from which were extracted pathological gamblers (n =27), and occasional gamblers (n =19). The South Oaks Gambling Screen and the criteria of the DSM-IV were used to measure the intensity of gambling behavior; sensation seeking was evaluated by the Sensation Seeking Scale form V; alexithymia by the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the depression by the Beck Depression Inventory. No differences appeared significant between the three groups of gamblers for the sensation seeking scores. Pathological gamblers obtained higher alexithymia scores than occasional gamblers. Nevertheless, these findings didn’t remain stable when controlling for the effect of depression. Among pathological gamblers, the BDI score is positively correlated to the ‘difficulty identifying feelings’ factor. This result is consistent with the literature, which shows that alexithymia is closely related to depression in addictive behaviors. Indeed, the ‘difficulty identifying feelings’ factor seems to be explained by depression severity. These results suggest that the emotional component of alexithymia would be thymo-dependent, whereas the cognitive component would be independent and constitute a stable clinical feature. Pathological gamblers who play slot machine are low sensation seekers who shun the more dramatic and extraverted form of sensation seeking. They play to reduce or avoid unpleasant emotional states like depression. Pathological gambling could therefore be in part a maladaptive coping strategy to deal with affective disturbances; the game may function as a self-medication to treat emotional states, which the gambler finds no other way of treating. According to previous studies, slot machine gambling is referred to as ‘escape’ gambling, where gamblers may dissociate. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Résumé: Objectifs: Étudier le comportement électromyographique de populations souffrant d’affections « voisines », telles que fibromyalgie (FM), dépression et syndrome de fatigue chronique (SFC). Méthodes: Quarante-quatre sujets volontaires témoins, 22 patientes fibromyalgiques, 11 patientes souffrant du SFC et dix patientes hospitalisées en raison d’un syndrome dépressif sont inclues dans l’étude. Chaque sujet réalise une épreuve isométrique consistant à maintenir le plus longtemps possible une abduction bilatérale d’épaules à 90° associée à un enregistrement électromyographique du trapèze. Les paramètres amplitude et fréquence du signal électromyographique sont mesurés tout au long de l’épreuve isométrique. Résultats: La durée de maintien de l’effort isométrique apparaît significativement (p <0,001) réduite chez les fibromyalgiques. Les fibromyalgiques présentent une modification du profil d’amplitude et de fréquence du signal électromyographique indiquant un arrêt prématuré de l’effort. Les sujets souffrant du SFC montrent des résultats similaires aux données de référence. Les patientes dépressives démontrent un profil électromyographique particulier et distinct de celui de la population fibromyalgique. Conclusions: Cette étude précise l’interruption prématurée de l’effort chez les fibromyalgiques, comme le reflète le profil électromyographique spécifique. Ces résultats reflètent une certaine inadéquation des épreuves volontaires réalisées à intensité maximale en vue de caractériser les possibilités fonctionnelles du fibromyalgique. Les patientes souffrant du SFC présentent un comportement électromyographique strictement identique à celui de la population témoin. La population dépressive démontre un recrutement initial d’unités motrices excessif accompagné d’une compression plus marquée du spectre de fréquence ; ce comportement électromyographique particulier pourrait être mis en relation avec le ralentissement psychomoteur. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The author addresses three key issues concerning the state of art and the future of consultation-liaison psychiatry. In the context of medico-economic constraints, it is important both to be provided with epidemiological arguments on the prevalence of psychiatric comorbidities in medically ill and their impact on health and sanitary costs, and to seize the opportunity to upgrade consultation-liaison psychiatry, especially through correctly coding of discharge summaries, taking into account such comorbidities, given their impact on hospital receipts. Screening for depressive disorder in medicine remains a priority for consultation-liaison psychiatry. Epidemiology has consistently shown the prognostic value of such symptoms, especially in the cardiovascular field. The relationship between depressive symptoms and cognitive hostility deserve to be better taken into account and can guide the type of follow-up. A growing literature has been devoted to the links between alexithymia, emotional awareness, somatic vulnerability. Several examples are given of the operational nature of these concepts, based on experimental studies, and paths are suggested that open to better understand the links between alexithymia and empathic ability of the patient, but also between empathic ability of the caregiver and therapeutic alliance. These concepts, which refer more to medical psychology than to psychiatric nosography, make the richness of the field of consultation-liaison psychiatry. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Copyright of European Review of Applied Psychology is the property of Elsevier B.V. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract: First-year students undergo a certain amount of stress due to difficulties in coping with the university and their new young adult life. Despite many symptoms of various somatic (tiredness, headaches, backaches…), psychological (depression, suicidal tendencies…) and behavioural disorders (eating habits, addictive behaviours…) among this population, very few studies have been dedicated to French students’ stress and health. Existing studies in this area tend to be descriptive and cross-sectional rather than explanative. The model the authors adopted for this study is multifactorial, integrating various antecedents so as to predict the various issues considered herein directly or indirectly. The authors carried out a longitudinal study on a sample of 556 first-year students. Measures related to sociobiographic, personality and environmental characteristics as well as transactional processes (perceived stress, control, social support and satisfaction, coping strategies implemented by students to face the stressful events of the start of a new academic year) were completed at the University Medical Care Centre, during the mandatory medical check. The criteria (depressiveness, somatic symptoms and eating disorders) were evaluated at T2 (at the end of the year). The authors produced integrative models which revealed that the indirect effects of the antecedents on the issues, carried by transactional variables, may be followed by an increase in some dysfunctional transactions (perceived academic stress, loneliness, emotion-oriented coping) and a decrease in functional transactions (problem-oriented coping, family social support). The compromise variables were flexible and modifiable allowing some reflection concerning the prospects of each student, whether in terms of prevention or therapy. The transitional context of the first university year is an important time for prevention relative to later mental health. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]