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National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

International audience; This paper introduces the Halphen distribution family for modeling travel time distributions and their reliability on single road links. This probability family originally used in hydrology has a set of relevant characteristics. It is composed of three probability distribution functions for which the mathematical properties are described here. The paper uses a graphical representation, the δ-Moment Ratio Diagram (δ-MRD). This tool allows characterizing travel time reliability as well as selecting best distribution candidates within the fitting processes, by considering empirical data sets. A systematic methodology is developed to take advantage of both aspects. From maximum log-likelihood estimation it is shown that Halphen distributions are amongst the best state-of-the-art solutions for the travel time modeling purpose. This global framework is validated using two empirical data sets: an urban data set gathered in Portland, Oregon (USA) and a periurban data set from Lyon (France). The model calibration is eased through the use of the δ-MRD; this property opens new research directions about the mapping between traffic states and statistical modeling. It comes out from all these considerations that the Halphen family is suitable to describe accurately the travel time dynamics on single links. Therefore it could be part of a decision support system for practitioners interested in travel time variability.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

International audience; Create an electronic dictionary from scratch is an expensive job because this task mobilizes over a long period, the work of skilled contributors, if not in lexicology, at least in linguistics. The use of specialized computer tools is essential for resources used by programs in natural language processing. When the socio-economic environment does not gather the necessary resources to the drafting of an electronic dictionary and printed dictionaries exist, these dictionaries are an important resource that can be used to initialize the creation of electronic lexical resources. This paper presents theoretical and practical aspects concerning the conversion of publishing dictionaries to electronic lexical resources. It takes into account the issue of limited economic resources, technology and the availability of qualified persons. Our field experiments concerns under-resourced languages mainly in Southeast Asia (Khmer, Malay, Vietnamese) and the Sahel (Bambara, Hausa, Kanuri, Tamajaq, Zarma), as most of the examples and socio-linguistic situations described in the paper relate to these areas. After a brief history devoted to the formats of electronic dictionaries (SGML, XML, XSLT and CSS), we present two standards that are dedicated to them (Text Encoding Initiative and Lexical Markup Framework). The issue of under-resourced languages is exposed and is followed by some examples concerning published dictionaries. The main technical challenges are detailed like the lack of standardization of the alphabets used and special characters (outside the traditional latin range). The conversion methodology is outlined and then detailed. The conversion to a bridge format in XML can be done by regular expressions or using specialized tools. Then, the bridge format is converted into the target format in LMF. The last part is dedicated to the consultation of resources through an online platform resource management.

International audience; Initially designed in the nineteen seventies as a mere zapping tool, obviously the traditional device known as the TV remote control no longer responds to the multifarious needs of today's interactive television. Designing new remote-control devices is a challenge that the HCI community has started to face. The paper indicates the various directions that are currently being investigated by researchers. The paper starts with an attempt to characterize the specific context of interactive TV. We then offer a tentative account of the design and evaluation space of interest. There is little doubt that the traditional remote control may still be improved and augmented. It is unlikely, however, that it will survive for long the crisis it has been undergoing since the beginning of the digital era, given the emerging plethora of alternative interaction possibilities based on a variety of new interfacing logics, which the paper reviews.

International audience; In the next decades, the growth in population ageing will cause important problems to most industrialized countries. To tackle this issue, Ambient Assistive Living (AAL) systems can reinforce the well-being of elderly people, by providing emergency, autonomy enhancement, and comfort services. These services will postpone the need of a medicalized environment, and will allow the elderly to stay longer at home. However, each elderly has specific needs and a deployment environment of such services is likely unique. Furthermore, the needs evolve over time, and so does the deployment environment of the system. In this paper, we propose the use of a model-based development method, the adaptive medium approach, to enable dynamic adaptation of AAL systems. We also propose improvements to make it more suited to the AAL domain, such as considering heterogeneity and a composition model. The paper includes an evaluation of the prototype implementing the approach, and a comparison with related work.

Evaluating information retrieval implies a document collection on which search is carried out, a set of test queries and the lists of the relevant documents for each query. This evaluation framework also includes evaluation measures making it possible to control the impact of search parameters on the performance. Trec-eval calculates a large number of measures, some being used more widely, like the mean average precision or recall-precision curves. The aim of this paper is to choose the minimal set of measures necessary to compare different information retrieval systems. In this paper, we present the study we carried out on relationships between 27 measures among the most used in the literature. We show that a set of 7 measures is enough to represent 27 studied measures: ircl_prn.80, MAP, ircl_pr.20, recip_rank, P15, exact_precision, and exact_recall.

This paper presents our recent work on multimedia fingerprinting, also known as traitor tracing. We focus on deriving a better accusation process for the well known Tardos codes. It appears that Tardos orginal decoding is very conservative: its performances are guaranteed whatever the collusion strategy. Indeed, major improvements stem from the knowledge of the collusion strategy. Therefore, this paper investigates how it is possible to learn and adapt to the collusion strategy. Our solution is based on an iterative algorithm a la EM, where a better estimation of the collusion strategy yields a better tracing of the colluders, which in return yields a better estimation of the collusion strategy etc.

Recent advances in telecommunication and positioning systems, web and wireless architectures offer new perspectives and challenges to the management and visualization of mobile and geo-referenced objects. Amongst many research challenges still opened, the development of integrated sensorbased architectures necessary to the integration of mobile data has been often neglected. Real-time integration of sensor-based data, their management within a distributed system, and diffusion to different levels of services and interfaces to what should be considered as a collaborative web GIS constitutes the objective of the research presented in this paper. This paper introduces a modular and experimental web GIS framework applied to maritime navigation, and where mobile objects behave in a maritime environment. Different levels of services are developed, including a web-based wireless access and interface to a traffic monitoring application.

Metadata are crucial for the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS). With the availability of geographic data sources over the Web, assessing the fitness for use concept may become a tricky task. In this paper, we describe a metadata-driven mediation approach and system that allow a community of users to share a set of autonomous, heterogeneous and distributed geographic data sources with different metadata (quality) information. Users share a common vision of the data, which is defined by means of a global schema and a metadata schema. The paper shows how metadata (I) may provide efficiency, (2) improve semantic interoperability and (3) ensure fitness for use.

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

International audience; System-on-Chip Methodologies & Design Languages brings together a selection of the best papers from three international electronic design language conferences in 2000. The conferences are the Hardware Description Language Conference and Exhibition (HDLCon), held in the Silicon Valley area of USA; the Forum on Design Languages (FDL), held in Europe; and the Asia Pacific Chip Design Language (APChDL) Conference. The papers cover a range of topics, including design methods, specification and modeling languages, tool issues, formal verification, simulation and synthesis. The results presented in these papers will help researchers and practicing engineers keep abreast of developments in this rapidly evolving field

cote interne IRCAM: Fingerhut99a; None / None; National audience; This paper describes the transition of the IRCAM Music Library from a traditional setup to one tightly integrating digital technologies: online collections of self-describing multimedia objects, networked access and delivery on LANs and WANs, search tools and interfaces. The goal of this one-year project had been to bring together heterogeneous collections of documents (books, scores, periodicals, commercial and unpublished music recordings, videos...) allowing for their combined use by library patrons on- and off-site, with due consideration for the intellectual property rights of each individual document. The successful integration of these collections has increased public use of the library and influenced scholar writing of musical analyses and the production of musical educational tools. While part of its collections are on paper and will remain so due to technical and legal considerations, other collections are available only in digitized form, with computer search tools and networked delivery.

This paper presents a collection of frameworks aiming at mapping land cover, land use and estimate population densities from very-high resolution images and relying on open-source software. Using height information and landscape metrics, slums location and extent can be accurately extracted from the rest of the city. Moreover, the processing chain developed can deal with large amount of data and produce useful pieces of geographical information citywide. All the results, methods and computer code are available in open-access for anyone and any purpose., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

In this paper, we improve new tools for financial decision-making based on the analysis of the performance of the portfolios using the optimization models (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Bayesian analysis (Black -Litterman) considered an extension of the CAPM. In order to demonstrate the efficiency of these new constraint optimization models in finance, our article is focused in the first part, on a theoretical analysis of the models used in the management process. The second part will be dedicated to an empirical study conducted on all securities of the Casablanca Stock Exchange, demonstrating the advantages and disadvantages of each adopted approach implemented under MATLAB., Finance & Finance Internationale, No 10 (2018)

International audience; The development of a network centered life has increased overall data rates in core networks. Thus, data centers face the challenge to provide always more services at higher data rates while reacting quickly to complex failures and more powerful attacks thanks to efficient network forensics. Moreover, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) becomes a standard which offers agility but also requires forensic devices able to handle multiple configurations. Although conventional software probes are programmable and thus agile, they cannot support high data rate packet processing any more. Probes could benefit from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) to cope with high data rates, but ASICs development time of many months makes them unable to satisfy agility requirements. With reconfiguration ability and high throughput processing without packet loss, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are the key technology chosen by some companies, such as Microsoft, Amazon and OVH, to be integrated into smart Network Interface Cards (NIC). Nevertheless, while high performance criteria is fulfilled, current FPGA probes benefit from an agility still limited to their conventional firmware upgrades which require proprietary tools and hardware-design time and knowledge. This paper proposes the first solution to offer FPGA probes with runtime agility thanks to a flexible packet parser which can be parameterized continuously by a software, endorsing complex tasks and SDN control. This allows a live adaptation of protocol processings from computer host alongside handling packets at line rate without data loss. The proposed parser is open-source and easily usable by network engineers through a Python software API. Benchmark results illustrate the performance of the agile high-level probe implemented on a NetFPGA SUME board, with XC7VX690T FPGA. 60 millions of 64-byte packets are counted based on features provided at runtime. These are selected by the software part, allowing the detection of different volumetric attacks within a few tens of microseconds. This represents a 40 Gb/s traffic of smallest Ethernet packets with no packet loss. With adequate boards, the generic design of the probe offers 160 Gb/s data rates and beyond on modern hardware, assuring probe scalability.

International audience; Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) implementations have a high degree of variability in their details. Parameters, encoding methods, and dynamics formulas all differ in the literature, and some GRN implementations have a high degree of model complexity. In this paper, we present a comparative study of different implementations of a GRN and introduce new variants for comparison. We use a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) to evaluate GRN performance on a number of common benchmark tasks, with a focus on real-time control problems. We propose an encoding scheme and set of dynamics equations that simplifies implementation and evaluate the evolutionary fitness of this proposed method. Lastly, we use the comparative modifications study to demonstrate overall enhancements for GRN models.

International audience; Virtual Reality simulators are increasingly used for training novice surgeons. However, there is currently a lack of guidelines for how to go about achieving the appropriate levels of interaction fidelity for these systems. In this paper, we present two navigation techniques for a needle insertion trainer. The first technique is based on tracking the user’s head position and represents a high-fidelity interaction metaphor. The second technique is touch-based and represents a medium-fidelity interaction metaphor. Our objective is to present the design rational of these techniques, our research questions and a discussion about the experimental study that will be used to compare them.; Les simulateurs virtuels sont de plus en plus utilisés pour former des chirurgiens débutants. Cependant, il y a actuellement un manque de lignes directrices pour définir les niveaux appropriés de fidélité d’interaction pour ces systèmes. Dans ce papier, deux techniques de navigation pour un simulateur virtuel d’insertion d’aiguille sont présentées. La première technique est basée sur le suivi de la position de la tête de l'utilisateur et représente une métaphore d’interaction haute-fidélité. La seconde technique est basée sur l’interaction tactile et représente une métaphore d'interaction moyenne-fidélité. Notre objectif est de présenter la logique de conception de ces techniques, nos questions de recherche et une discussion sur le protocole expérimental qui servira à les comparer.

International audience; Increasing networking performances as well as the emergence of Mixed Reality (MR) technologies make possible providing advanced interfaces to improve remote collaboration. In this paper, we present our novel interaction paradigm called Vishnu that aims to ease collaborative remote guiding. We focus on collaborative remote maintenance as an illustrative use case. It relies on an expert immersed in Virtual Reality (VR) in the remote workspace of a local agent helped through an Augmented Reality (AR) interface. The main idea of the Vishnu paradigm is to provide the local agent with two additional virtual arms controlled by the remote expert who can use them as interactive guidance tools. Many challenges come with this: collocation, inverse kinematics (IK), the perception of the remote collaborator and gestures coordination. Vishnu aims to enhance the maintenance procedure thanks to a remote expert who can show to the local agent the exact gestures and actions to perform. Our pilot user study shows that it may decrease the cognitive load compared to a usual approach based on the mapping of 2D and de-localized informations, and it could be used by agents in order to perform specific procedures without needing to have an available local expert.

International audience; Understanding bike trip patterns in a bike sharing system is important for researchers designing models for station placement and bike scheduling. By bike trip patterns, we refer to the large number of bike trips observed between two stations. However, due to privacy and operational concerns, bike trip data are usually not made publicly available. In this paper, instead of relying on time-consuming surveys and inaccurate simulations, we attempt to infer bike trip patterns directly from station status data, which are usually public to help riders find nearby stations and bikes. However, the station status data do not contain information about where the bikes come from and go to, therefore the same observations on stations might correspond to different underlying bike trips. To address this challenge, We conduct an empirical study on a sample bike trip dataset to gain insights about the inner structure of bike trips. We then formulate the trip inference problem as an ill-posed inverse problem, and propose a regularization technique to incorporate the a priori information about bike trips to solve the problem. We evaluate our method using real-world bike sharing datasets from Washington, D.C. Results show that our method effectively infers bike trip patterns

International audience; In this paper, we explore the potential of mobile devices for the control and the composition of sound spatialization. We conducted interviews with four composers to understand their needs and guide the design of a new mobile application that allows the drawing of sound sources trajectories. We describe three collaborations with composers who appropriated the application to create trajectories and integrate them into their creations.; Dans cet article, nous explorons les possibilités offertes par les dispositifs mobiles pour le contrôle et l'écriture de la spatialisation sonore. Nous avons réalisé des entre-tiens avec quatre compositeurs pour comprendre leurs besoins et guider la conception d'une nouvelle application mobile permettant le dessin de trajectoires de sources sonores. Nous décrivons des collaborations avec trois compositeurs qui se sont appropriés l'application pour créer des trajectoires et les intégrer dans leurs créations.

International audience; Many multidimensional hashing schemes have been actively studied in recent years, providing efficient nearest neighbor search. Generally, we can distinguish several hashing families, such as learning based hashing, which provides better hash function selectivity by learning the dataset distribution. The spacial hashing family proposes a suitable partition of the multidimensional space, more adapted to data points distribution. In spite of the efficiency of multidimensional hashing techniques to solve the nearest neighbor search problem, these techniques suffer from scalabity issues. In this paper, we propose a novel hashing algorithm, named Cluster Based Data Oriented Hashing, that combines space hashing and learning based hashing techniques. The proposed approach applies first a clustering algorithm for structuring the multidimensional space into clusters. Then, in each cluster, a learning based hashing algorithm is applied by selecting an appropriate hash function that fits the data distribution. Experimental comparisons with standard Euclidean Locality Sensitive Hashing demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for large datasets

TAAABLE is a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that uses a recipe book as a case base to answer cooking queries. TAAABLE participates in the Computer Cooking Contest since 2008, and succeeds thanks to a smart combination of various knowledge-based system methods and techniques, such as: CBR, knowledge representation, acquisition, discovery and management, and natural language processing. In this paper, we first present the CBR engine and its features such as the retrieval process based on minimal generalization of a query and different adaptation processes. Then the knowledge containers used by the system, and how they were acquired is detailed. To conclude, we discuss some research developments resulting from this application.

National audience; In order to be used in Ambiant Intelligence, automated planning has to generate highlevel action plans involving control structures for execution controlers, which role is to play these plans with respect to events perceived in the environment. In our approach of "flexible" planning, environment non determinism is managed by plan control structures. In this paper, we explore how to express and to generate high-level plans for deterministic planning problems by defining the operational and denotational semantics of new operators for plan composition. Our Lambda GraphPlan (LGP) planner incorporates into plans iterations representing nondeterministic choices among a set of resources subject to the same abstract treatment. LGP is a planning-graph based algorithm that extracts patterns of actions whose scheduling is indifferent with respect to goal reachability and aggregates them into iterative structures. We show that LGP can be highly efficient when the solution plans incorporate iterative structures.

ICEIS 2015 will be held in conjunction with ENASE 2015 and GISTAM 2015; International audience; Warehousing is a promising mean to cross and analyse Statistical Open Data (SOD). But extracting structures, integrating and defining multidimensional schema from several scattered and heterogeneous tables in the SOD are major problems challenging the traditional ETL (Extract-Transform-Load) processes. In this paper, we present a three step ETL processes which rely on RDF graphs to meet all these problems. In the first step, we automatically extract tables structures and values using a table anatomy ontology. This phase converts structurally heterogeneous tables into a unified RDF graph representation. The second step performs a holistic integration of several semantically heterogeneous RDF graphs. The optimal integration is performed through an Integer Linear Program (ILP). In the third step, system interacts with users to incrementally transform the integrated RDF graph into a multidimensional schema.

The grid-based peer-to-peer architectures were used either for storage and data sharing or computing. So far, the proposed solutions with respect to grid services are based on hierarchical topologies, which present a high degree of centralization. The main issue of this centralization is the unified management of resources and the difficult to react rapidly against failure and faults that can affect grid users. In this paper, we propose a original specification, called P2P4GS, that enables selfmanaged service of peer-to- peer grid. Therefore, we design a self-adaptive solution for services deployment and invocation which take account the paradigm of peer-to-peer services. Furthermore, the deployment, and invocation are completely delegated to the platform and are done a transparent manner with respect to the end user. We propose a generic specification that is not related to a particular peer-to-peer architecture or a management protocol services defined in advance. On the other hand, we propose a study of algorithmic complexities of deployment and service localization primitives in P2P4GS by immersing them on the classical topologies of P2P stack ie the ring and tree. The obtained performances are satisfactory for these different topologies.

International audience; Collection and distribution of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) data are subject to various privacy concerns. These concerns are of paramount importance when sensitive data are processed (e.g., medical data). Therefore, it is crucial to treat sensitive data privacy in early stages to master the data view for upper layers and to minimize, as soon as possible, the risk of unauthorized disclosures. While most recent works focus on securing the access and visibility of collected information in the final databases, data processed in the middleware do not seem involved in the process of privacy protection. Current EPCglobal standards for RFID also suffer from insufficient attention to this issue. In this paper, we propose a privacy controller module that enhances the Filtering and Collection (F&C) middleware of the EPCglobal network. We provide a privacy policy-driven model, using some enhanced contextual concepts of the extended Role Based Access Control model. The feasibility of our privacyenhanced model is shown by integrating our solution into the F&C middleware of the Fosstrak framework, an open-source implementation of the EPCglobal network specifications.

There is a rise in the number 3D audio-visual productions and archives that creates a need for indexation of 3D contents. Event detection using audio modality is a difficult task. The standard way to do classification on 3D audio is to first down-mix to mono audio and classify on that. In this paper, we describe a generic classifier for multi-channel audio event detection and propose several information fusion strategies. Our system is evaluated on a speech and music detection task on the audio of 3D movies. We improve the classification performances on our database by 1.5% for speech detection, and 8% for music detection, compared to the standard downmixing method. We also provide a comparison of several information fusion methods in the experiments.

This paper presents the latest improvements on AudioPrint: the IRCAM audio fingerprint system. Cosine filters are introduced in the short-term spectral analysis, in order to compensate the effect of pitch shifting, and a simple solution is proposed for the determination of the frame positions, robust to audio degradations, with nearly no additional cost. We then show that both contributions significantly improve the Audio-Print system, with evaluations both on a free corpus, made publicly available, and a real-world corpus of broadcast radio streams.

In this paper, we perform an in-depth evaluation of a large number of algorithms for chord estimation that have been submitted to the MIREX competitions in 2010, 2011 and 2012. Therefore we first present a rigorous scheme to describe evaluation methods in a sound, unambiguous way that extends previous work specifically to take into account the large variance in chord estimation vocabularies and to perform evaluations on select sets of chords. Then we take a look at the evaluation metrics used so far and propose some alternative ones. Finally, we use these different methods to get a deeper insight into the strengths of each of the competing algorithms and show that the choice of evaluation measure greatly influences the ranking.

International audience; This paper describes the first step of a research project with the aim of predicting students' performance during an online curriculum on a LMS and keeping them from falling behind. Our research project aims to use data mining, machine learning and artificial intelligence methods for monitoring students in e-learning trainings. This project takes the shape of a partnership between computer science / artificial intelligence researchers and an IT firm specialized in e-learning software. We wish to create a system that will gather and process all data related to a particular e-learning course. To make monitoring easier, we will provide reliable statistics, behaviour groups and predicted results as a basis for an intelligent virtual tutor using the mentioned methods. This system will be described in this article. In this step of the project, we are clustering students by mining Moodle log data. A first objective is to define relevant clustering features. We will describe and evaluate our proposal. A second objective is to determine if our students show different learning behaviours. We will experiment whether there is an overall ideal number of clusters and whether the clusters show mostly qualitative or quantitative differences. Experiments in clustering were carried out using real data obtained from various courses dispensed by a partner institute using a Moodle platform. We have compared several classic clustering algorithms on several group of students using our defined features and analysed the meaning of the clusters they produced.

International audience; In this paper, we highlight how wikis can be relevant solutions for building applications in domains characterized by a rapid evolution of knowledge. We will point out the capabilities of semantic extension to provide better quality of content, to improve searching, to support complex queries and finally to carry out on different type of users. We detail the architecture of WikiBridge, a semantic wiki, its annotation model and the consistency checking mechanism. A specific section is dedicated to the description of the CARE project and ontology design which is the compulsory foundational knowledge for the application.

This paper intends to be a literature review in the field of emotions detection using spectral analysis of neurological signals. It also shows the great boom in Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) applications. Explains the research methodology used for this type of projects, and finally it highlights the results of several studies that have been done in this area.

National audience; The rapid changes in embedded electronics these recent years are the result of permanent improvements of design methodologies in adequacy with constraints that support the application. In Software Defined Radio field, the electronic system has the property of being "Real-Time" because it must respond within a specific time interval, known in advance. The growing need for software radio equipment with the ability to automatically adapt to the environment in which it is located, leads to the simultaneous execution of a large number of software components on a single processor in future broadband software radio. Consequently, these radios equipments become highly time constrained. From this perspective, current design methodologies for software radio integrating real-time scheduling analysis cannot be applied. This paper presents a new MDE (Model Driven Engineering) design methodology, allowing specifying parameters, which make possible real-time scheduling analysis of software components executing on a uniprocessor in a software radio. Also, we propose an algorithm, implemented as a tool, which simulates real-time scheduling of tasks implementing flexible signal processing algorithms. This tool is integrated to the proposed design methodology. Finally, we present an experiment of our methods on a project to demonstrate the benefits of our methodology and the good accuracy of our tool.

International audience; Internet connectivity in the ITS context is a flourishing demand that has to be covered by efficient information and communication technologies. Thanks to the provision of this connectivity, not only end users will profit from communication services, but also services for controlling the operation of the vehicle will benefit from the Internet connectivity. Services related to the operation and control of the vehicles exchange sensitive data, so strong security properties have to be ensured for this type of services. In addition, because of the privacy concerns related to the end users, it is desired to provide this kind of services with an adequate security level. From the communication point of view, a vehicle can be regarded as a mobile network where nodes onboard obtain continuous and optimal Internet connectivity, so, its mobility has to be managed. In the same way, network mobility management protocols should not only avoid security leaks, but also they have to ensure an adequate security level. It is needless to say that the introduction of security properties cannot render not fulfilling service performance requirements. In fact, the trade-off between security and application performance is a must. ITS standardisation bodies have adopted the NEtwork MObility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol to manage the mobility of networks. However, it still presents shortcomings like lack of security support and routing problems, which leads to a bad performance. One of the most promising design approaches is to consider a base mobility management protocol that provides out of the box security and route optimisation support like the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). Different solutions based on HIP can be found to solve network mobility in the literature, but none of these solutions aim at solving securely and efficiently network mobility management. That is, the provision of security properties to the network mobility management itself and to the end-to-end data communications while not increasing the signalling overhead and the manageability level remains unsolved. In this paper, we present the NeMHIP. NeMHIP is a secure and efficient network mobility management protocol which is based on HIP. In order to demonstrate its feasibility, we have carried out a study by means of analytical modelling to assess the performance of user applications with stringent QoS requirements like VoIP. Results demonstrate that the introduction of the NeMHIP in the ITS context is feasible because security properties are ensured while application performance requirements are satisfied. Therefore, we successfully achieve the trade-off between security and performance.

MusiClef is a multimodal music benchmarking initiative that will be running a MediaEval 2012 Brave New Task on Multimodal Music Tagging. This paper describes the setup of this task, showing how it complements existing benchmarking initiatives and fosters less explored methodological directions in Music Information Retrieval. MusiClef deals with a concrete use case, encourages multimodal approaches based on these, and strives for transparency of results as much as possible. Transparency is encouraged at several levels and stages, from the feature extraction procedure up to the evaluation phase, in which a dedicated categorization of ground truth tags will be used to deepen the understanding of the relation between the proposed approaches and experimental results.

cote interne IRCAM: Degottex11b; None / None; National audience; In voice analysis, the parameters estimation of a glottal model, an analytic description of the deterministic component of the glottal source, is a challenging question to assess voice quality in clinical use or to model voice production for speech transformation and syn- thesis using a priori constraints. In this paper, we first describe the Function of Phase-Distortion (FPD) which allows to characterize the shape of the periodic pulses of the glottal source independently of other features of the glottal source. Then, using the FPD, we de- scribe two methods to estimate a shape parameter of the Liljencrants- Fant glottal model. By comparison with state of the art methods us- ing Electro-Glotto-Graphic signals, we show that the one of these method outperform the compared methods.

International audience; The paper is concerned with the approach developed within the ANR Project StaRAC, and it gives an overview of its main results. The objective was to reconsider the concept of stationarity so as to make it operational, allowing for both an interpretation relatively to an observation scale and the possibility of its testing thanks to the use of time-frequency surrogates, as well as to offer various extensions, especially beyond shift invariance.

When tackling real-life datasets, it is common to face the existence of missing values within data. Explaining the origin of the missing values appearance allows to better control the quality of the data, as well as proposing suitable handling methods, e.g., their completion. The abundant literature heavily relies on the missing value appearance models proposed by Little and Rubin. However, a careful scrutiny of these statistic-based models highlights that they constitute an actual hamper towards their use by data mining techniques. The main thrust of this paper is the proposition of a new model for missing values appearance. Such introduced models rely on the use of the proper implication basis. MOTS-CLES: fouille de donnees, valours manquantes, donnees incompletes, regles d'association.

Dimensionality reduction has always been important within disciplines that focus on visual representation of multivariate information. In the case of cartography this has been achieved several times by the use of statistics charts and diagrams, but these are limited in the number of components that can be combined in a single glyph. On the other hand, Multicriteria Decision Aid (MCDA) has developed tools to visually represent multidimensional information, yet these cannot be directly applied on geographical maps. In this paper we present a way to adapt the GAIA visualization tool to the representation and comparison of multicriteria profiles on maps. The process involves the use of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the conversion of its result by applying a HSV color chart. We illustrate this process by applying it to two case studies: an evaluation of the Human Development Index (HDI) and of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) of the European countries.

This paper outlines the clinical advantages of the lingual straight wire technique using the Orapix digital system. With this technique, incisor brackets can be positioned very close to the lingual surfaces thus enabling enhanced three-dimensional control. The elimination of wire bends facilitates space closure and reduces chair time. Combining the high precision available with the system and the use of customized archwires, teeth are moved gradually towards the ideal position as defined on the virtual set-up by each user.

Sound sample indexing usually deals with the recognition of the source/cause that has produced the sound. For abstract sounds, sound effects, unnatural, or synthetic sounds, this cause is usually unknown or unrecognizable. An efficient description of these sounds has been proposed by Schaeffer under the name morphological description. Part of this description consists in describing a sound by identifying the temporal evolution of its acoustic properties to a set of profiles. In this paper, we consider three morphological descriptions: dynamic profiles (ascending, descending, ascending/descending, stable, impulsive), melodic profiles (up, down, stable, up/down, down/up) and complex-iterative sound description (non-iterative, iterative, grain, repetition). We study the automatic indexing of a sound into these profiles. Because this automatic indexing is difficult using standard audio features, we propose new audio features to perform this task. The dynamic profiles are estimated by modeling the loudness over-time of a sound by a second-order B-spline model and derive features from this model. The melodic profiles are estimated by tracking over time the perceptual filter which has the maximum excitation. A function is derived from this track which is then modeled using a second-order B-spline model. The features are again derived from the B-spline model. The description of complex-iterative sounds is obtained by estimating the amount of repetition and the period of the repetition. These are obtained by computing an audio similarity function derived from an Mel frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) similarity matrix. The proposed audio features are then tested for automatic classification. We consider three classification tasks corresponding to the three profiles. In each case, the results are compared with the ones obtained using standard audio features.

In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a new approach for anomaly detection and classification over high speed networks. This approach is efficient in terms of its scalability, the anomaly detection delays and its ability not only to detect an anomaly but also to provide detailed and accurate information about the ongoing attack (attack type, IP addresses, port numbers, etc.). The proposed approach is based first of all on a data reduction phase through flow sampling by focusing mainly on short lived flows. The second step is then a random aggregation of some descriptors such as a number of SYN packets per flow in two different data structures called Count Min Sketch and Multi-Layer Reversible Sketch. A sequential change point detection algorithm continuously monitors the sketch cell values. An alarm is raised if a significant change is identified in cell values. We make profit of the reversibility properties of the Multi-Layer Reversible Sketch to retrieve useful information about which ''flow'' was the culprit one. The good properties of the Count Min Sketch in terms of resistance to collisions make it possible to check the accuracy of the information about the ongoing attack. With an appropriate definition of the combination of IP header fields that should be used to identify one flow we are able not only to detect the anomaly but also to classify the anomaly as DoS, DDoS or flash crowd, network scanning and port scanning. We validate our framework for anomaly detection on various real world traffic traces and demonstrate the accuracy of our approach on these real-life case studies. Some of our test traffic traces are measurements obtained on a geographical and technical subdivision of an ADSL network of a major Internet Service Provider. Other traces were collected in the framework of a French national research project during online experiments on a distributed measurement network with well known attack types and instants. Our analysis results from online implementation of our algorithm over measurements gathered by a DAG sniffing card are very attractive in terms of accuracy and response time. The proposed approach is very effective in detecting and classifying anomalies, and in providing information by extracting the culprit flows with a high level of accuracy.

National audience; In this paper we study the classical problem of the impact of an update on a view defined over semi-structured data. We adopt the following working hypotheses: (i) the source document is modeled by an unranked, labeled, ordered tree, (ii) a view V is a tree query whose evaluation on the source document provides a desired partial view of the document, (iii) a class of updates C. is also given by a tree query selecting the nodes to modify. We then study the following problem: given a view query V and a class of updates C., is it possible to detect if the view V is independent of each update q in C.? We show that the problem is in general PSPACE-hard. We propose a sufficient condition evaluable in polynomial time ensuring the independence of a view V with respect to a class of updates C.. We then consider the class of linear view queries for which the problem becomes polynomial. We also show that the tree query model chosen to express V and C., is incomparable with XPath but is able to capture positive queries of CoreXPath.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]MOTIVE [Coll_IRSTEA]Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science; National audience; Models for representing multidimensional systems usually consider that facts and dimensions are two different things. In this paper we propose a model based on UML which unifies the representations of fact and dimension member. Since a given element can play the role of a fact or a dimension member, this model permits more flexibility in the design and the implementation of multidimensional systems. Moreover this model offers the possibility to express various constraints to guarantee desirable properties for data. We then show that this model is able to handle most of the hierarchies which have been suggested to take real situations into account and to characterize certain properties of summarizability. Using this model we propose a complete development cycle of a multidimensional system. It appears that this cycle can be partially automated and that an end user can control the design and the implementation of his system himself.

Centres of Attention of Utterances and Discourse Coherence in Slavic Languages In this paper, we would like to suggest that the Meta-Informative Centering theory (MIC) is relevant for the description of meta-informative markers in the so-called 'free word order' languages such as Slavic languages in contrast to languages with a more rigid word order like French and English. We also briefly sketch out the main properties of the morphemes to and èto in Polish and Russian in the utterances where they are used as meta-informative particles. In the framework of the MIC Theory, the term information refers to the semantic content of linguistic utterances while the term meta-information indicates its sequential ordering. In Associative Semantics (AS), situations are formalised as static or dynamic frames anchored in space and time, i. e. as situations in which participants (animate or non animate entities) fill neutral roles (in states) and active, passive or median roles (in actions). The speaker selects among participants (a) the global primary centre of attention, i.e. the subject of an utterance about which he predicates and possibly (b) one (or even two) local secondary centre(s) of attention, the direct and indirect object(s). Moreover, predication consists in assigning meta-informative status – either new or old – to utterance constituents. In Polish and Russian, the subject of an utterance is mostly expressed by a noun phrase in the nominative case (linked up to the verb by the agreement rule). Participants chosen as subjects of utterances can fill different semantic roles (most frequently active, but possibly also passive or even median as in other accusative languages). Diathesis (which, in our approach, includes active and passive voices as well as impersonal constructions) is used to maintain discourse cohesion when the participant distinguished as the global centre of attention does not fill an active role. Passive constructions are often used without any complement phrase, thus making it possible not to mention at all the active role (either because it is unknown to the speaker or because it is not one of his centres of attention). On the other hand, impersonal constructions make it possible to treat the global centre of attention (i.e. the subject) as (very) partially determined. We proposed to name such a subject anonymous: the only information expressed about it in the utterance is the fact that it belongs either to the class of human or non-human beings. Utterances in which the subject and the predicate have the same meta-informative status (old or new) are said to be basic. In extended utterances the centre of attention is a distinguished noun phrase contrasting with the rest of the utterance: an old topic contrasting with a new comment or a new focus with an old background. In Polish and Russian, word order is used mainly in order to mark the difference between entirely new or entirely old basic utterances but not the difference between Subject and Object as in French and English. In extended utterances, word order combines with intonation and morphological markers (particles, adverbs, clitics, etc. ) in order to point to the topic and/or the focus. However, in Polish and Russian, topicalisation and focalisation can often be marked by word order only. As a matter of fact, in these languages word order is the main device of text cohesion: such a weak topic or weak focus are difficult to identify in original texts (in particular, in the written language) for French or English translators whose translations are often perfect as regards the semantic content but not the text cohesion., Centra uwagi wypowiedzenia a spójność tekstu w językach słowiańskich Artykuł wskazuje na stosowalność pojęć Meta-Informacyjnej Teorii Centrów Uwagi (skrót angielski: MIC) w opisie języków o tak zwanym wolnym szyku tak jak j. słowiańskich w kontfrontacji z językami o tak zwanym ustalonym szyku (jak francuski lub angielski). Dajemy również krótki zarys właściwości morfemów to (i èto) w językach polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach, w których występują one jako partykuły meta- informacyjne. W teorii MIC termin informacja odnosi się do treści semantycznej wypowiedzenia, natomiast termin meta-informacja do jej porządku sekwencyjnego. W Semantyce Asocjacyjnej (skrót angielski: AS) sytuacje są formalizowane jako statyczne lub dynamiczne, zakotwiczone w czasie i przestrzeni; jako sytuacje, w których różni uczestnicy (istoty żywotne lub nieżywotne) pełnią role neutralne (w stanach) oraz aktywne, bierne lub pośrednie (w czynnościach). Spośród tych składników sytuacji osoba mówiąca wyróżnia globalne pierwszorzędne centrum uwagi (podmiot) oraz jedno albo dwa (lub nawet więcej) lokalne (dopełnienia bliższe i dalsze). Ponadto predykacja polega na przypisywaniu określonym składnikom wypo- wiedzenia statutów metainformacyjnych o wartościach danej lub nowej. W j. polskim i rosyjskim podmiot wypowiedzenia wyraża fraza nominalna w mianowniku (związana z czasownikiem związkiem zgody). Uczestnik w pozycji podmiotu może pełnić różne role semantyczne (najczęściej czynną ale także i bierną lub średnią jak i w innych j. akuzatywnych). Diateza (pod którą rozumiem zarówno strony czynną i bierną jak i konstrukcje bezosobowe) jest środkiem spójności tekstu, kiedy uczestnik sytuacji wyróżniony jako globalne centrum uwagi nie występuje w roli czynnej. Konstrukcje bierne bywają często używane bez frazy dopełnieniowej, co pozwala pozostawić rolę czynną jako w ogóle nie wyrażoną (z powodu braku wiedzy na jej temat lub tylko z braku poświęcenia jej uwagi). Z drugiej zaś strony w konstrukcjach bezosobowych globalne centrum uwagi (czyli podmiot) jest traktowane jako nieokreślone, zwane w naszej teorii podmiotem anonimowym: jedyna informacja zawarta w wypowiedzeniu na jego temat dotyczy przynależności do klasy istot ±ludzkich. Wypowiedzenia, w których podmiot i orzeczenie cechuje ten sam statut meta-informacyjny (dany lub nowy), nazywamy podstawowymi. W rozszerzonych wypowiedzeniach zaś centrum uwagi wskazuje na wyróżnioną fraze nominalną kontrastującą z resztą wypowiedzenia: topik o danym statucie kontrastujący z nowym komentarzem lub nowy fokus kontrastujący z danym tłem. W j. polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach podstawowych szyk wyrazów służy głównie do wyrażania informacji albo całkiem nowych albo całkiem danych. W j. francuskim i angielskim natomiast szyk w wypowiedzeniu podstawowym w pierwszym rzędzie służy do odróżnienia podmiotu od dopełnienia. W j. słowiańskich (nie tylko w j. polskim i rosyjskim) w wypowiedzeniach rozszerzonych centra uwagi (topik i fokus) są uwydatnione przede wszystkim przez szyk wyrazów w połączeniu z intonacją oraz opcjonalnie przy pomocy wykładników morfologicznych (m. in. partykuł, mocnych lub słabych zaimków osobowych). Jednakże w j. polskim i rosyjskim topiicalizacja lub foka- lizacja bywają często wyrażane jedynie przez szyk wyrazów. W językach tych albowiem szyk wyrazów jest głównym wykładnikiem spójności tekstu: takie słabe topiki czy też takie słabe fokusy sprawiają najwięcej trudności francusko- lub angielsko-języcznym tłumaczom, którzy potrafią oddawać wiernie treść słowiańskiego tekstu w j. francuskim lub angielskim, lecz równocześnie zatracają całkowicie jego spójność., Włodarczyk Hélène. Les centres d'intérêt de l'énoncé et la cohérence textuelle en polonais et russe . In: Revue des études slaves, tome 80, fascicule 1-2, 2009. La cohérence du discours dans les langues slaves, sous la direction de Jean Breuillard, Paul-Louis Thomas et Hélène Włodarczyk. pp. 13-30.

International audience; This paper proposes a local, cooperative and real-time multi-agent approach to build adaptive and incremental profiles where a user is supposed to be represented by a set of textual documents. These documents are sequentially parsed, which leads to the construction of a temporary terminological network (TTN). This network is then merged with the TTN resulting from other documents, in order to create a permanent terminological network (PTN). This PTN is representative of the studied collection and can be used to index this collection thanks to a clustering approach. Preliminary results of the built system as well as perspectives are then presented.; Ce papier propose une approche multi-agent locale, coopérative et temps réel pour la création de profils adaptatifs et incrémentaux dans laquelle un usager est supposé être représenté par un ensemble de documents textuels. Ces documents sont analysés séquentiellement conduisant alors à la création d’un réseau terminologique temporaire (RTT). Ce réseau est ensuite fusionné avec les RTT issus d’autres documents, afin de générer un réseau terminologique permanent (RTP) représentatif de la collection étudiée et pouvant être ensuite indexé pour en extraire un profil. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus ainsi que les perspectives associées sont enfin présentés.