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National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

International audience; This short paper compares two approaches of the state of the art, to implement Ambient Assisted Living (AAL) systems. By com- paring the two approaches, we aim to show that combining them could lead to an improvement of the offered response of the system. It shows that it could be interesting to develop a proof-of-concept system from a combination of these approaches, as it would improve the state of the art in AAL systems.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

In this paper, we propose a method for coarse camera pose computation which is robust to viewing conditions and does not require a detailed model of the scene. This method meets the growing need of easy deployment of robotics or augmented reality applications in any environments, especially those for which no accurate 3D model nor huge amount of ground truth data are available. It exploits the ability of deep learning techniques to reliably detect objects regardless of viewing conditions. Previous works have also shown that abstracting the geometry of a scene of objects by an ellipsoid cloud allows to compute the camera pose accurately enough for various application needs. Though promising, these approaches use the ellipses fitted to the detection bounding boxes as an approximation of the imaged objects. In this paper, we go one step further and propose a learning-based method which detects improved elliptic approximations of objects which are coherent with the 3D ellipsoid in terms of perspective projection. Experiments prove that the accuracy of the computed pose significantly increases thanks to our method and is more robust to the variability of the boundaries of the detection boxes. This is achieved with very little effort in terms of training data acquisition -- a few hundred calibrated images of which only three need manual object annotation. Code and models are released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization., Comment: Presented at 3DV 2020. Code and models released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization

The digital battle has become the most important factor of economic and social development. In fact, there is no doubt on the fact that establishing E-government systems can improve the quality of government services and enhance the citizens’ life. However, E-government projects cannot be successful if they are not adapted to the specific cultural and social needs of the final users. Taking into consideration the high illiteracy rate within the Moroccan population, we conducted our research in order to design an E-government portal for the old city of Fez that is accessible by the majority of the citizens especially those who are illiterate. The objective of this research is exploring the different architectures, scenarios and technologies for designing an E-government portal that is usable and accessible by all Fez citizens whether they are literate or illiterate. Hence, the concrete output of this project is a usable graphical user interface accessible to both literate and illiterate people in order for them to interact with the static content and to use the online transactions. In the process of achieving our goal, we had to discover and create design principles and to test them with real users. To achieve our goal we had to pay particular attention to the following points: • Considering the two existing types of illiteracy: literal illiteracy and digital illiteracy. • Designing the GUI so that it is not dedicated mainly to illiterate people: literate people too should be able to use the e-government system without frustration. • Since it is the first portal targeting illiterate users in Morocco, we were interested also in building conventions on the type of symbols to be used. In fact, the main two assumptions behind this project are: • Effective electronic service delivery has to enable citizens to access government services in a new and more effective way than the traditional ways. • Government services have to be presented to citizens in a usable format and in a human centred manner. In that way, we can express the goals that are aimed to be achieved by this project as being: • Improving knowledge about how illiterate citizens in Morocco can interact with E- government services. • Developing a methodology and architecture for e-government application development that fulfils the needs of Arabic developing countries. • Demonstrating the ability of Moroccan illiterate citizens to interact with e-government portals that uses new technologies. This paper describes and justifies the chosen methodology, architecture and tools that were applied in order to develop Fez e-government portal’s graphical user interface. The results of the designed graphical user interface’ s testing are presented and discussed in order to assess the project’s success., Revue Marocaine des Sciences de Management, No 7 (2017)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how to model moral sensitivity and emotions in organizational setting by using the SocLab formal framework. SocLab is a platform for the modelling, simulation and analysis of cooperation relationships within social organizations – and more generally Systems of Organized Action. Design/methodology/approach – Simulation results, including an interesting tendency for a Free Rider model, will be given. Considering that actors’ decision-making processes are not just driven by instrumental interest, the SocLab learning simulation algorithm has been extended to represent moral sensitivity, making actors trying to prevent bad emotions and feel good ones. Findings – Some simulation results about actors’ collaboration and emotions in a Free Rider model were presented. A noteworthy tendency is that actors’ unconditional collaboration, which occurs when their moral sensitivity reaches its highest value, is not so good since it exempts other actors from collaboration (they take advantage from the unconditional collaboration), while values of moral sensitivity somewhat below the highest value (between 0.7 and 0.9) still induces collaboration from others. Originality/value – The research and results presented in this paper have not been presented in other papers or workshops. The presented quantitative definition of emotions (determining indexes of emotions) is different to previous approaches – for instance, to Ortony, Clore and Collins (OCC) qualitative descriptions and to logical descriptions. Similarly, simulation of morality in organizations is a new research field, which has received scarce attention up to now.

Given the evolution of wireless technologies, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) have appeared as an emerging low-cost solution to ensure last-mile connectivity to the Internet network. However, providing real-time and streaming applications, such as VoIP (Voice over IP) and VoD (Video on Demand), with a satisfying QoS level is considered as an important challenge within these networks. In this paper, we propose a QoS based routing protocol, called Hybrid QoS Mesh Routing (HQMR), jointly with a clustering algorithm to improve the scalability of mesh networks. HQMR is composed of two routing sub- protocols: a reactive QoS based routing protocol for intra-mesh infrastructure communications and a proactive QoS based multi- tree routing protocol for communications with external networks. We analyze in this paper the simulation results of different scenarios conducted on the network simulator ns-3 to demonstrate the effectiveness of the reactive routing sub-protocol while forwarding real-time applications with a QoS guarantee.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

Within the last two decades, text messaging by means of SMS has become a central tool of communication around the globe. The use of more than one language for composing a message is wide spread, but, to this day, is relatively underrepresented in research. This paper presents an analysis of the plurilingual nature of SMS communication in Switzerland with the limelight on the forms and functions of code-switching within a set of 345 messages, base language of which is French. Results show that SMS users regularly exhibit code-switching even if they are not members of a bilingual speech community. Code-switching most frequently consists of inserts, i.e. embeddings of single items or combinations of items within a message composed in another language, and this typically involves (only) a limited range of routinized expressions. While English is the most frequently used language for code-switching, German, Swiss German, Spanish and Italian are also recurrent, the latter two being particularly associated with terms of endearment. Code-switching regularly highlights the expression of actions that have a strong interpersonal (phatic) focus, such as greetings, good-byes or thanks. It elucidates the expressive character of the messages, and is also associated with the expression of affection. The specificity of the plurilingual SMS repertoire is discussed in the paper's conclusion.

International audience; Given the maturity of Internet standards, inter-organizational workflow is expected to be deployed in environments that are more dynamic and open than before. This paper addresses Inter Organizational Workflow (IOW) coordination in such a context, mainly investigating autonomic coordination managed at run-time. It is based on the idea that an agent-based approach is suitable to deal with this issue. More precisely, this paper introduces a framework for dynamic IOW in which involved processes are encapsulated into agents, called Process Agents (PA) in order to give them the capability to autonomously decide with whom, when and how to cooperate, and in which involved processes can access protocol components for their coordination needs. Our approach is based on the capability of PAs in playing different coordination protocols in order to take part in new business opportunities. This solution has numerous advantages. First, it provides extendable and reusable coordination components. Then, it supports run-time protocol integration. Finally, it eases openness since it imposes very few constraints.

National audience; In real world scenarios, the formation of consensus is an self-organisation process by which actors have to make a joint assessment about a target subject being it a decision making problem or the formation of a collective opinion. In social simulation, models of opinion dynamics tackle the opinion formation phenomena. These models try to make an assessment, for instance, of the ideal conditions that lead an interacting group of agents to opinion consensus, polarisation or fragmentation. In this paper, we investigate the role of social relation structure in opinion dynamics using an interaction model of relative agreement. We present an agent-based model that defines social relations as multiple concomitant social networks and apply our model to an opinion dynamics model with bounded confidence. We discuss the influence of complex social network topologies where actors interact in multiple relations simultaneously. The paper builds on previous work about social space design with multiple contexts and context switching, to determine the influence of such complex social structures in a process such as opinion formation.

International audience; Several separate displays are used by Air Traffic Controllers, such as radar view, flight lists view or paper strips. In order to link the information between these views and keep focus on a subset of flights, controllers are required to do visual operations (eye gaze, analysis of visual properties etc.). This process can be disruptive when traffic increases and when visualizations display large amounts of objects. In this paper we propose the use of animated transitions to replace the visual paths controllers take. We discuss this technique and show results of a predictive evaluation that suggests an improvement in users' performance.

International audience; This paper addresses the use of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) as a remote sensing tool for oceanographic applications. In this paper we use the Global Positioning System (GPS) signals reflected off the sea surface along with a coastal receiver to perform detection and tracking of a near sea surface mobile target. Because these signals have a very low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in a non stationary medium, a matched filter is required. A filter based on the Extended Kalman process is presented here.

This paper presents a multi-agent approach dedicated to power management in buildings. This approach, defines a multi-layer control mechanism: reactive and anticipative mechanisms. In a first part, the paper presents the power system and its problems. Then, it presents the agents modeling of the proposed system, called MAHAS. In the second part of this paper, we show how a multi-agent system, well adapted to solve problems spatially distributed and opened, can dynamically adapt the consumption of energy to various constraints by exploiting the flexibilities of the services provided by domestic devices (services shifting, energy accumulating).

Conceptual model quality can be defined as a set of perceivable characteristics expressed with quantifiable parameters. The aim of the research described in this paper is to evaluate the quality of different conceptual model versions of the same universe of discourse by different Information Systems (IS) stakeholders. This paper describes: a) a set of quality factors (clarity, simplicity, expressiveness, minimality) applied to different versions of ER conceptual schemas, b) an approach enabling a comprehensive comparison of the conceptual schemas, c) an experimentation leading to the evaluation of the same schemas by IS stakeholders such as designers, end-users, and students, based on a sample of about 120 observations using different statistical methods. First results indicate that there exists a strong independence between the IS stakeholders and the quality factors used. A second result reveals a significant difference between groups of respondents in their ways to perceive conceptual schemas quality. Based on our experiment, we are able to identify quality factors relevant to different groups of stakeholders, depending on several dimensions, such as their professional experience, and/or their specialization degree.

4 pages, démonstrations; National audience; In this paper, we discuss a choice of props for a dedicated task: selecting a cutting line from a top map. We present GeoTUI, a tabletop and a Tangible User Interface intended to geosciences. Several props have been evaluated for both usability and task performance. We begin with an analysis of the advantages of addressing a specific domain in this kind of study.; Nous nous intéressons à la sélection d'une ligne de coupe dans un modèle 3D. Nous nous situons donc dans le pa-radigme des interfaces utilisateurs 3D (3DUI). Dans ce contexte, il est intéressant pour adresser un problème gé-néral d'expérimenter sur des applications métiers complexes porteuses de contraintes et d'exigences, ici les géosciences. Dans le cadre de l'interface proposée, table interactive et interface tangible, nous étudions les diffé-rentes métaphores d'interaction possibles et déterminons le meilleur interacteur pour la tâche ciblée. ABSTRACT In this paper, we discuss a choice of props for a dedicated task: selecting a cutting line from a top map. We present GeoTUI, a tabletop and a Tangible User Interface intended to geosciences. Several props have been evaluated for both usability and task performance. We begin with an analysis of the advantages of addressing a specific domain in this kind of study.

This paper is focused on real banking marketing problem. It is based on association rules mining which is one main problem in knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). However, current methods is limited to extract some particular information and to restore it. Several works were proposed to solve it thanks to user-driven process. In this kind of approach, the whole KDD process is tackled and not only the mining step. KDD design integrates the user at the heart of the process by playing a role of evolutionary heuristic. This paper focuses on the role of the expert and explains his help within the process. We highlight in our works the HCI preponderant significance. Indeed, it merges tacit and explicit knowledge and good results are produced in our application.

National audience; In the last few years, many works have been done in order to ensure interoperability between applications. Enterprise applications integration and the opening of information systems towards integrated access have been the main motivation for the interest around systems interoperability. In this Paper, an MDA based approach for interoperability is proposed. The MDA is an approach for systems development, which increases the power of models in that work. It provides a means for using models for better understanding, designing, constructing, deploying, operating, maintaining and modifying systems. The three primary goals of MDA are portability, interoperability and reusability. In this paper we apply the MDA as a formal base that supports our approach for interoperability between different information systems

The purpose of this paper is to sketch a survey on how relations and structures are taken into account in various knowledge representation formalisms and tools: description logics, object-based knowledge representation systems, conceptual graphs, semantic web languages. We focus on the representation of relation properties, on the representation of relation-based inference rules, on the representation and classification of structures and composite objects. The paper ends with a discussion on the advantages of the various systems and a proposition of research issues and possible solutions.

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

International audience; System-on-Chip Methodologies & Design Languages brings together a selection of the best papers from three international electronic design language conferences in 2000. The conferences are the Hardware Description Language Conference and Exhibition (HDLCon), held in the Silicon Valley area of USA; the Forum on Design Languages (FDL), held in Europe; and the Asia Pacific Chip Design Language (APChDL) Conference. The papers cover a range of topics, including design methods, specification and modeling languages, tool issues, formal verification, simulation and synthesis. The results presented in these papers will help researchers and practicing engineers keep abreast of developments in this rapidly evolving field

International audience; The increasing use of embedded software, often implemented on a core processor in a single-chip system, is a clear trend in the telecommunications, multimedia, and consumer electronics industries. A companion paper in this issue presents a survey of application and architecture trends for embedded systems in these growth markets. However, the lack of suitable design technology remains a significant obstacle in the development of such systems. One of the key requirements is more efficient software compilation technology. Especially in the case of fixed-point digital signal processor (DSP) cores, it is often cited that commercially available compilers are unable to take full advantage of the architectural features of the processor. Moreover, due to the shorter lifetimes and the architectural specialization of many processor cores, processor designers are often compelled to neglect the issue of compiler support. This situation has resulted in an increased research activity in the area of design tool support for embedded processors. This paper discusses design technology issues for embedded systems using processor cores, with a focus on software compilation tools. Architectural characteristics of contemporary processor cores are reviewed and tool requirements are formulated. This is followed by a comprehensive survey of both existing and new software compilation techniques that are considered important in the context of embedded processors.

This paper puts forward a new methodology to characterize and compare the examination practice of patent offices. The methodology codifies public information into a typology of chronological key ex...

In free navigation applications, any viewpoint to a three-dimensional scene can be synthesized through Depth Image-Based Rendering (DIBR). In this paper we show that XSlit cameras achieve up to 3 dB PSNR gain over conventional pinhole camera arrays when synthesizing virtual views to the scene with DIBR for small camera displacements. XSlit cameras are a type of general linear cameras where the light rays pass through two non-intersecting slits instead of a single point (the optical center of conventional cameras), resulting in a different epipolar geometry and projection equations. Instead of synthesizing virtual views with DIBR from a set of conventional pinhole cameras, e.g. a stereo camera pair, a single XSlit camera exploits the distance between its slits and their relative rotation to obtain disparity, out of which DIBR virtual views can be synthesized. We first present a theoretical study to present the parameters of XSlit cameras, different from pinhole cameras, at the same time making sure that the XSlit camera is physically implementable. We then validate the study with DIBR achieved on synthetic content using perfect depth maps obtained from an in-house modified version of Blender's engine Cycles to simulate XSlit cameras. The virtual view synthesis uses an adapted version of the Reference View Synthesis software used in MPEG, the worldwide standardization committee for media compression. Our experiments show that for the same overall space covered by the studied camera architectures, XSlit cameras often obtain better DIBR view synthesis results, with up to 3 dB PSNR gain., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The placement of Virtual Network Function - Forwarding Graphs (VNF-FGs) is one of the basic operations in the networks of the future. Being NP-hard, several heuristics and metaheuristics have been proposed. However, these approaches are inefficient due to the need to recalculate the solution at each service placement. In this paper, we adapt one of the most advanced approaches in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), in order to improve exploration by generalizing the neural network calculating action values. We also propose an evolutionary algorithm to evolve these neural networks in order to discover better ones, which also avoids getting stuck in local minima. In order to avoid going through the almost innumerable number of infeasible solutions, we propose a heuristic, which combined with our DRL, makes it possible to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions and therefore to make the placement much more efficient. The simulation results we obtained confirm the quality of the solutions obtained as well as the superiority of the proposed solution over the existing one.

This paper presents a collection of frameworks aiming at mapping land cover, land use and estimate population densities from very-high resolution images and relying on open-source software. Using height information and landscape metrics, slums location and extent can be accurately extracted from the rest of the city. Moreover, the processing chain developed can deal with large amount of data and produce useful pieces of geographical information citywide. All the results, methods and computer code are available in open-access for anyone and any purpose., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

The interest on the use of renewable energy resources is increasing, especially wind and hydro powers. To this aim, fuzzy control techniques represent viable strategies that can be employed for this purpose, thanks to the features of these nonlinear dynamic processes working over a wide range of operating conditions, driven by stochastic inputs, excitations and disturbances. Based on past investigations carried out by the authors about the control of wind turbines and hydroelectric power plants, this paper provides some guidelines on the design and application of the control strategies suitable to these energy conversion systems. The working conditions of these energy conversion systems are also taken into account to highlight the reliability and robustness characteristics of the developed control strategies.

International audience; Decreasing electricity consumption is a major challenge of our society. Eco-feedback methods allow users to get information about their electricity consumption to reduce it. However it is still difficult to determine what are the actions that impact the consumption in practice. In this paper we suggest to apply a What if approach to eco-feedback in a household context. We deploy the Activelec system in personal housings, which allows to apply virtual modifications in appliances usage and to evaluate the savings realized. The results of our experimentation show that participants appreciated the interaction method based on the What if. It allowed them to find and to evaluate efficient modifications in their appliances usage, and several have been applied in practice by the participants. This experimentation shows that the What if paradigm is a potential way for eco-feedback technologies.; Réduire la consommation d’électricité est un enjeu majeur de notre société. Les méthodes eco-feedback permettent aux utilisateurs d’obtenir un retour sur leur consommation d’électricité afin de la diminuer. Toutefois, il est toujours difficile de déterminer concrètement quelles actions impactent la consommation. Dans cet article, nous proposons d’appliquer une méthode What if à l’eco-feedback en contexte domestique. Nous déployons le système Activelec dans des logements personnels, qui permet d’appliquer des changements virtuels dans l’utilisation des appareils et d’évaluer les économies réalisées. Les résultats de notre expérimentation montrent que les participants ont apprécié la méthode d’interaction basée sur le What if. Celle-ci leur a permis de trouver et d’évaluer des modifications efficaces dans l’utilisation de leurs appareils, et certaines ont été appliquées en pratique par les participants. Cette expérimentation montre que le paradigme What if est une piste potentielle pour les technologies eco-feedback.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

International audience; The development of a network centered life has increased overall data rates in core networks. Thus, data centers face the challenge to provide always more services at higher data rates while reacting quickly to complex failures and more powerful attacks thanks to efficient network forensics. Moreover, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) becomes a standard which offers agility but also requires forensic devices able to handle multiple configurations. Although conventional software probes are programmable and thus agile, they cannot support high data rate packet processing any more. Probes could benefit from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) to cope with high data rates, but ASICs development time of many months makes them unable to satisfy agility requirements. With reconfiguration ability and high throughput processing without packet loss, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are the key technology chosen by some companies, such as Microsoft, Amazon and OVH, to be integrated into smart Network Interface Cards (NIC). Nevertheless, while high performance criteria is fulfilled, current FPGA probes benefit from an agility still limited to their conventional firmware upgrades which require proprietary tools and hardware-design time and knowledge. This paper proposes the first solution to offer FPGA probes with runtime agility thanks to a flexible packet parser which can be parameterized continuously by a software, endorsing complex tasks and SDN control. This allows a live adaptation of protocol processings from computer host alongside handling packets at line rate without data loss. The proposed parser is open-source and easily usable by network engineers through a Python software API. Benchmark results illustrate the performance of the agile high-level probe implemented on a NetFPGA SUME board, with XC7VX690T FPGA. 60 millions of 64-byte packets are counted based on features provided at runtime. These are selected by the software part, allowing the detection of different volumetric attacks within a few tens of microseconds. This represents a 40 Gb/s traffic of smallest Ethernet packets with no packet loss. With adequate boards, the generic design of the probe offers 160 Gb/s data rates and beyond on modern hardware, assuring probe scalability.

Vibration-free cryogenic sorption refrigerator was proposed for the Mid-infrared E-ELT Imager and Spectrograph (METIS) instrument in the European Extremely Large Telescope. Sorption compressor is the most important part in the refrigerator due to its dominate size, cost and complexity. Generally, gas-gap heat switches are applied for efficiency consideration which is particularly essential for space applications. In METIS refrigerator as a terrestrial application, low input powers, however, should not be the major concern, whereas complexity and costs become more important as high refrigeration powers and thus large numbers of sorption cells are required. To reduce these, we developed an alternative switchless sorption-compressor design. This paper presents the theoretical design of the switchless METIS sorption compressors, including the comparison between the designs with and without heat switches. Based on the switchless design, critical parameters for the METIS sorption compressors are determined to enable further development such as mechanical design, fabrication and experimental demonstration.

International audience; With the popularity of smart phones and tablets, people make intensive use of these devices on public transport. The deployment of mobile relays on public transport may increase the quality of mobile services. The objective of this paper is to study the performance of cellular networks when mobile relays are deployed in public transport vehicles. We consider two modes: in the FDD mobile relay mode, the same spectrum is reused for all links while in the TDD/FDD hybrid mode, a small part of the spectrum is dedicated to the access link between the terminals inside a transport vehicle and the mobile relay. We provide a general analytical model for the two mobile relay modes by using the stochastic geometry approach. Key metrics like the CDF of the SINR and the CDF of the end-to-end rate are computed. Furthermore, the cell total average rate and the energy efficiency in different modes are evaluated. It has been found that penetration loss is a factor that determines how much gain mobile relay can bring. Numerical results show that when the ratio of vehicular UEs in the cell is 0.4 and the penetration loss is 20 dB, the FDD mobile relay mode and the TDD/FDD hybrid mobile relay mode can achieve +16.3, +29.1% cell rate gain respectively compared with the direct mode.

International audience; The RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) technology is a well-known wireless application for traceability, logistics, and access control. It became ubiquitous in industry and our daily life (ticketing, payment, passports, car keys, etc.). RFID is nowadays a standardized technology; its inherent advantages, which are unitary, identification, wireless communication, and low cost of tags, provide it with decisive practical benefits that drive new developments in terms of concepts and applications. This trend is largely confirmed by the market forecast, but also by its implementation in the area of health (smart hospital), assistance to persons, anti-counterfeiting, as well as by its perspective in terms of new paradigms for distributed ambient intelligence and the Internet of Things. The first part of this paper briefly reviews the fundamental concepts of the RFID technology, and shows its link with the radio science. A state of the art including the presentation of current performance and developments is also summarized. The second part illustrates the impact of RFID to the service of our society with a focus of applications in the field of autonomy and handicap. Finally, the last part highlights a panorama of perspectives and the future directions of RFID applications dedicated to the service of Humanity.; La RFID (radio par identification) est aujourd'hui une technologie sans fil bien connue pour ses applications en traçabilité, logistique et contrôle d'accès. Elle est devenue omniprésente dans l'industrie et notre vie de tous les jours (tickets de transport, systèmes de paiement, passeports, clés de voiture, etc.). Technologie standardisée, ses avantages inhérents (identification unitaire et télé-alimentation) et le coût modeste des tags lui procurent des avantages pratiques déterminants qui impulsent de nouvelles évolutions, aussi bien applicatives que conceptuelles. Cette tendance est largement démontrée, que ce soit par les projections économiques en termes de croissance et de marchés, son succès déjà actuel dans les secteurs de la santé ( « Intelligent Hospital ») et de l'assistance aux personnes, ses aptitudes dédiées aux applications d'anti-contrefaçons, ou encore ses promesses pour les paradigmes naissant d'intelligence ambiante distribuée et d'Internet des objets. Le premier volet de ce papier rappelle brièvement les fondamentaux conceptuels de la RFID et leur lien avec les radiosciences. L'état de l'art, les performances et les développements actuels sont résumés. Dans un deuxième volet, l'impact de la RFID au service de notre société avec un focus d'applications autour de l'autonomie et du handicap est présenté. Le dernier volet dresse un panorama des perspectives et tendances futures, annonciateurs de l'évolution grandissante des applications visées par la RFID et de la place qu'elle prendra au service de l'humanité.

International audience; Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) implementations have a high degree of variability in their details. Parameters, encoding methods, and dynamics formulas all differ in the literature, and some GRN implementations have a high degree of model complexity. In this paper, we present a comparative study of different implementations of a GRN and introduce new variants for comparison. We use a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) to evaluate GRN performance on a number of common benchmark tasks, with a focus on real-time control problems. We propose an encoding scheme and set of dynamics equations that simplifies implementation and evaluate the evolutionary fitness of this proposed method. Lastly, we use the comparative modifications study to demonstrate overall enhancements for GRN models.

International audience; In desktop 3D modeling applications, object manipulation relies on the use of standard transformation widgets. However, these widgets are less efficient on touchscreens due to the low accuracy of touch inputs, and also to the fingertip occlusion issue. In this paper, we propose two unimanual constrained manipulation techniques on TabletPCs. Based on finger identification, our techniques map the index, middle and ring fingers of the dominant hand to the X, Y and Z axes of the coordinate system. After registering the axis-fingers mapping on the screen, users can perform different chording gestures to trigger axis-, plane-constrained or uniform manipulations. We have conducted a user study to examine the learnability and usability of the proposed gestures. The results indicate that these gestures can be memorized quickly after a short training period. Users found some gestures to be easy to use and comfortable while others require additional investigations. These findings permits to give recommendations for designing a unimanual constrained manipulation technique that can be used efficiently in a 3D modeling application on TabletPCs.; Dans les applications de modélisation 3D sur PC, la manipulation avec contraintes d'objets repose sur l’utilisation des widgets de transformation 3D. Cependant, ces widgets sont moins efficaces pour une utilisation sur des écrans tactiles en raison de la faible précision des dispositifs d’entrée et des problèmes d'occultation. Dans ce papier, deux nouvelles techniques uni-manuelles de manipulation 3D sur TabletPC sont proposées. Basées sur l’identification des doigts, nos deux techniques associent l'index, le majeur et l'annulaire de la main dominante aux axes x, y et z du système de coordonnées. Après l’enregistrement de cette association axe-doigts, les utilisateurs peuvent effectuer différents gestes d’accords pour des manipulations avec contraintes sur les axes, sur les plans et des manipulations uniformes. Nous avons mené une étude préliminaire pour examiner l'apprenabilité et l’utilisabilité des gestes proposées. Les résultats indiquent que ces derniers peuvent être mémorisés rapidement. Certains gestes ont été jugés confortables et faciles à utiliser par les utilisateurs alors que d’autres nécessitent davantage d’investigations. Ces résultats permettent de donner des recommandations quant à la conception d’une technique uni-manuelle de manipulation avec contraintes qui peut être utilisée efficacement pour la modélisation 3D sur TabletPC.

International audience; In order to cope with the dramatic growth of cellular data traffic, mobile operators should find cost-effective and easily deployable solutions of capacity increase of their networks. One of these solutions is to use WiFi networks to offload the cellular network. One question when using WiFi networks beside cellular is how they are integrated. Several degrees of integration exist, one of them is to connect the WiFi Access Points (APs) directly to the cellular Base Stations (BSs). This is known as very tight coupling. In this paper, we study the performance of such an architecture. We define a model that takes into account the fluctuation of the coverage (shadowing) and compute how much bandwidth can be saved on the cellular network.

International audience; In this paper, we show how a dangerousness metric can be used to modify the input of a gene regulatory network when plugged to a virtual car. In the context of the 2015 Simulated Car Racing Championship organized during GECCO 2015, we have developed a new cartography methodology able to inform the controller of the car about the incoming complexity of the track: turns (slipperiness, angle, etc.) and bumps. We show how this dangerousness metric improves the results of our controller and outperforms other approaches on the tracks used in the competition.

International audience; Knowledge-based decision support systems (KBDSS) have evolved greatly over the last few decades. The key technologies underpinning the development of KBDSS can be classified into three categories: technologies for knowledge modelling and representation, technologies for reasoning and inference and web-based technologies. In the meantime, service systems have emerged and become increasingly important to value adding activities in the current knowledge economy. This paper provides a review on the recent advances in the three types of technologies, as well as the main application domains of KBDSS as service systems. Based on the examination of literature, future research directions are recommended for the development of KBDSS in general and in particular to support decision-making in service industry.

Traduction française de l'article "Self-­‐Archiving with Ease in an Institutional Repository: Microinteractions and the User Experience" publié dans la revue Information Technology and libraries, septembre 2015; Details matter, especially when they can influence whether users engage with a new digital initiative that relies heavily on their support. During the recent development of MacEwan University’s institutional repository, the librarians leading the project wantedto ensure the site would offer users an easy and effective way to deposit their works, inturn helping to ensure the repository’s long-­‐term viability. The following paper discusses their approach to user-­‐testing, applying Dan Saffer’s framework of Microinteractions to how faculty members experienced the repository’s self-­‐archiving functionality. It outlines the steps taken to test and refine the self-­‐archiving process,shedding light on how others may apply the concept of microinteractions to better understand a website’s utility and the overall user experience that it delivers.; Chaque détail compte, particulièrement quand il peut influencer l'investissement des usagers envers une nouvelle initiative numérique qui se base beaucoup sur leur soutien. L'Université MacEwan (Edmonton, Canada) a récemment lancé son archive institutionnelle (Ro@M), les bibliothécaires qui menaient le projet ont souhaité s'assurer que le site offrait un moyen facile et efficace de déposer des documents et ainsi assurer la viabilité de l'application sur le long terme. Cet article présente leur approche des tests d'utilisabilité en mettant en pratique le cadre des microinteractions de Dan Saffer. Il souligne les étapes suivies pour les tests et précise la procédure d'auto-archivage, mettant en lumière comment d'autres peuvent appliquer le concept de microinteractions pour mieux comprendre l'utilité et l'expérience utilisateur prodiguées par un site web.

International audience; Whether in big cities or motorways, road traffic is a complex system which can be very unstable. For instance a little perturbation can lead to a traffic-crippling congestion. To avoid such situations, researchers attempt to model traffic in order to prevent congestions and optimize traffic flow. Traffic is also continually monitored by operators in traffic control rooms. While most of these control rooms use a large display to have a global view of the situation, the operators and researchers use personal computers to perform interventions on the road network, without the possibility to see the potential impact of their actions. In this paper, we propose an interactive system to monitor traffic on a Wall-Displays: this system provides visualization and interaction techniques to first perform actions on the traffic settings, but it also combines the use of traffic modeling, so as to help visualize the potential impact, global or local, of these actions.; Dans les grandes villes ou sur les autoroutes, le trafic routier est un système complexe qui peut être très instable. La moindre perturbation peut se transformer en embouteillage qui va ensuite paralyser le réseau. Pour éviter cela, des chercheurs travaillent sur la modélisation et l'optimisation du trafic routier. De plus, le trafic est surveillé en continu dans des centres de contrôle. Bien que la plupart de ces salles disposent d'un grand écran dans le but d'avoir une vue globale de la situation, les opérateurs agissent sur le réseau depuis leurs postes de travail personnels, sans la possibilité de voir les résultats potentiels de leurs interventions. Nous présentons un système interactif pour surveiller le réseau routier sur un mur d'écrans. Ce système fournit des techniques de visualisation et d'interaction qui permettent d'agir sur les paramètres du trafic, et de visualiser, grâce à des simulations, l'impact potentiel, global ou local, de ces actions.

International audience; To provide high quality Augmented Reality AR service, accurate 6DoF localization is required. To ensure such accuracy, most of current vision-based solutions rely on an offline large scale modeling of the environment. While existing solutions require expensive equipments and/or a prohibitive computation time, we propose in this paper a complete framework that automatically builds an accurate city scale database of landmarks using only a standard camera, a GPS and GIS Geographic Information System.

TAAABLE is a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that uses a recipe book as a case base to answer cooking queries. TAAABLE participates in the Computer Cooking Contest since 2008, and succeeds thanks to a smart combination of various knowledge-based system methods and techniques, such as: CBR, knowledge representation, acquisition, discovery and management, and natural language processing. In this paper, we first present the CBR engine and its features such as the retrieval process based on minimal generalization of a query and different adaptation processes. Then the knowledge containers used by the system, and how they were acquired is detailed. To conclude, we discuss some research developments resulting from this application.

Artificial intelligence (IA) is the subject of much research, but also many fantasies. It aims to reproduce human intelligence in its learning capacity, knowledge storage and computation. In 2014, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started the restoring active memory (RAM) program that attempt to develop implantable technology to bridge gaps in the injured brain and restore normal memory function to people with memory loss caused by injury or disease. In another IA's field, computational ontologies (a formal and shared conceptualization) try to model knowledge in order to represent a structured and unambiguous meaning of the concepts of a target domain. The aim of these structures is to ensure a consensual understanding of their meaning and a univariant use (the same concept is used by all to categorize the same individuals). The first representations of knowledge in the AI's domain are largely based on model tests of semantic memory. This one, as a component of long-term memory is the memory of words, ideas, concepts. It is the only declarative memory system that resists so remarkably to the effects of age. In contrast, non-specific cognitive changes may decrease the performance of elderly in various events and instead report difficulties of access to semantic representations that affect the semantics stock itself. Some dementias, like semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease, are linked to alteration of semantic memory. We propose in this paper, using the computational ontologies model, a formal and relatively thin modeling, in the service of neuropsychology: 1) for the practitioner with decision support systems, 2) for the patient as cognitive prosthesis outsourced, and 3) for the researcher to study semantic memory.

National audience; Les éditeurs collaboratifs répartis sont des systèmes interactifs dans lesquels des utilisateurs géographiquement éloignés éditent simultanément des documents partagés. Généralement, ces systèmes ont recours à la réplication de données et un protocole de synchronisation, qui permet d’assurer la cohérence des données même si les mises à jour des utilisateurs ne sont pas exécutées dans le même ordre sur les différentes copies. Contrôler l’accès dans les éditeurs collaboratifs est un défi car ils nécessitent un changement dynamique des droits d’accès et une faible latence pour partager les documents. Dans (Imine et al., 2009), un protocole flexible de contrôle d’accès a été proposé. Il est basé sur la réplication du document partagé ainsi que ses autorisations d’accès dans la mémoire locale de chaque utilisateur. Pour faire face à la latence et au changement dynamique des droits d’accès, une technique optimiste a été utilisée qui consiste à appliquer de manière rétroactive les autorisations d’accès. Cependant, vérifier que l’utilisation combinée du contrôle d’accès et du protocole de synchronisation préserve la cohérence des données est une tâche difficile, car elle requiert d’examiner un grand nombre de cas. Dans ce papier nous montrons comment spécifier et vérifier formellement, en utilisantla suite d’outils Alloy, un protocole de contrôle d’accès conçu pour les éditeurs collaboratifs répartis. L’analyse a permis de conclure que le contrôle d’accès est uniformément appliqué sur tous les sites participant à l’édition et, par conséquent, le protocole préserve la cohérence. Plusimportant encore, cette analyse a conduit à valider certains choix conceptuels du protocole.; Distributed Collaborative Editors are interactive systems where several and dispersed users edit concurrently shared documents. Generally, these systems rely on data replication and use safe synchronization protocol which ensures data consistency even though the users’s updates are executed in any order on different copies. Controlling access in such systems is a challenging problem, as they need dynamic access changes and low latency access to shared documents. In (Imine et al., 2009), a flexible access control protocol is proposed; it is based on replicating the shared document and its authorization policy at the local memory of each user. To deal with latency and dynamic access changes, an optimisticaccess control technique is used where enforcement of authorizations is retroactive. However, verifying whether the combination of access control and synchronization protocol preserves the data consistency is a hard task since it requires examining a large number of situations.In this paper, we show how to specify and verify formally an access control protocol designed for Distributed Collaborative Editor. The analysis let to conclude that the protocol preserves consistency in such a way that the access control policy is enforced identically at all participating user sites. Most importantly, this analysis enables us to validate some conceptual choices of the protocol.

National audience; In order to be used in Ambiant Intelligence, automated planning has to generate highlevel action plans involving control structures for execution controlers, which role is to play these plans with respect to events perceived in the environment. In our approach of "flexible" planning, environment non determinism is managed by plan control structures. In this paper, we explore how to express and to generate high-level plans for deterministic planning problems by defining the operational and denotational semantics of new operators for plan composition. Our Lambda GraphPlan (LGP) planner incorporates into plans iterations representing nondeterministic choices among a set of resources subject to the same abstract treatment. LGP is a planning-graph based algorithm that extracts patterns of actions whose scheduling is indifferent with respect to goal reachability and aggregates them into iterative structures. We show that LGP can be highly efficient when the solution plans incorporate iterative structures.

In this paper, we report on identifying the underlying factors that contribute to the visual interest in digital photos. A set of 1005 digital photos covering different topics and of different qualities was collected from Flickr. Images were annotated by a pool of diverse participants on a crowdsourcing platform. 12 bipolar ratings were collected for each photo on 7-point semantic differential scale, including dimensions related to interest, emotions and image quality. Every image received 20 annotations from unique participants. The most important appraisals and visual attributes for visual interest in photos was identified. We found that intrinsic pleasantness, arousal, visual quality and coping potential are the most important factors contributing to visual interest in digital photos. We developed a system that automatically detects the important visual attributes from low level visual features and demonstrated their significance in predicting interest at individual level.

National audience; In this paper, we propose SuperVision, a novel interaction technique for controlling distant connect objects in smart-home. Users point an object with their remote control to visualize its state, and select its functionalities. To achieve this goal, 1) we present a novel remote control augmented with a video-projector and a slider; 2) we introduce a visualization allowing users to see through the walls in order to control objects in the line of sight as well as objects in another rooms; 3) we describe applications relying on this interaction technique; Dans ce papier, nous proposons SuperVision, une nouvelle technique d’interaction pour contrôler à distance les "objets connectés" d'une maison intelligente. Les utilisateurs pointent en direction d’un objet à l’aide d’une télécommande pour visualiser son état et sélectionner ses fonctionnalités. Pour ce faire : 1) nous présentons une nouvelle télécommande qui est augmentée d’un pico-projecteur et d’une glissière ; 2) nous introduisons une visualisation permettant à l’utilisateur de "voir" à travers les murs afin de pouvoir contrôler de la même manière les objets visibles et ceux qui ne sont pas dans son champ de vision ; 3) nous décrivons des applications reposant sur cette technique d’interaction.

This paper gives some solutions concerning the maximum available electrical power by a passive network from an active one, where the optimality conditions given by C. A. Desoer cannot be realized, for physical reasons. The theory given in this paper mainly concerns the distribution and subtransmission power systems., Calvaer André J. On the maximum power available from electric multi-ports. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 68, 1982. pp. 843-850.

International audience; Evolution in the context of use requires evolutions in the user interfaces even when they are currently used by operators. User Centered Development promotes reactive answers to this kind of evolutions either by software evolutions through iterative development approaches or at runtime by providing additional information to the operators such as contextual help for instance. This paper proposes a model-based approach to support proactive management of context of use evolutions. By proactive management we mean mechanisms in place to plan and implement evolutions and adaptations of the entire user interface (including behaviour) in a generic way. The approach proposed handles both concentration and distribution of user interfaces requiring both fusion of information into a single UI or fission of information into several ones. This generic model-based approach is exemplified on a safety critical system from space domain. It presents how the new user interfaces can be generated at runtime to provide a new user interface gathering in a single place all the information required to perform the task. These user interfaces have to be generated at runtime as new procedures (i.e. sequences of operations to be executed in a semi-autonomous way) can be defined by operators at any time in order to react to adverse events and to keep the space system in operation. Such contextual, activity-related user interfaces complement the original user interfaces designed for operating the command and control system. The resulting user interface thus corresponds to a distribution of user interfaces in a focus+context way improving usability by increasing both efficiency and effectiveness.