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Résumé: L'immunothérapie anticancéreuse est en plein essor grâce au développement des inhibiteurs du checkpoint immunitaire. Ces anticorps monoclonaux ciblant notamment le CTLA-4 et le PD-1 permettent de stimuler l'immunité antitumorale de l'hôte. Ils ont d'abord transformé le pronostic du mélanome métastatique et de certains cancers broncho-pulmonaires à petites cellules. Ces bénéfices s'étendent progressivement à de nombreux autres organes et notamment aux cancers du tractus gastro-intestinal. Bien que leur efficacité réside dans leur effet immunologique, la contribution du microbiote intestinal est désormais indéniable, jouant un rôle sur l'efficacité et la tolérance des inhibiteurs du checkpoint immunitaire. En effet, certains patients peuvent développer des effets indésirables immuno-médiés et notamment des entérocolites qui miment une maladie inflammatoire chronique de l'intestin. Cet article décrit plus particulièrement les liens entre microbiote intestinal et inhibiteurs du checkpoint immunitaire. Cancer immunotherapy use and more specifically checkpoint inhibitor is currently rising based on dramatic improvement of prognosis of many cancers such as metastatic melanoma and some subtypes of lung cancer. Checkpoint inhibitors are now implemented in many other cancers including those of the gastrointestinal tract. The contribution of intestinal microbiome has been suggested through many studies allowing some microbial fingerprints to predict efficacy and safety. Indeed, some patients may experience immune-related adverse events notably enterocolitis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease. This paper describes the specific contribution of intestinal microbiome to efficacy and safety of checkpoint inhibitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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