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In this paper, we propose a method for coarse camera pose computation which is robust to viewing conditions and does not require a detailed model of the scene. This method meets the growing need of easy deployment of robotics or augmented reality applications in any environments, especially those for which no accurate 3D model nor huge amount of ground truth data are available. It exploits the ability of deep learning techniques to reliably detect objects regardless of viewing conditions. Previous works have also shown that abstracting the geometry of a scene of objects by an ellipsoid cloud allows to compute the camera pose accurately enough for various application needs. Though promising, these approaches use the ellipses fitted to the detection bounding boxes as an approximation of the imaged objects. In this paper, we go one step further and propose a learning-based method which detects improved elliptic approximations of objects which are coherent with the 3D ellipsoid in terms of perspective projection. Experiments prove that the accuracy of the computed pose significantly increases thanks to our method and is more robust to the variability of the boundaries of the detection boxes. This is achieved with very little effort in terms of training data acquisition -- a few hundred calibrated images of which only three need manual object annotation. Code and models are released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization., Comment: Presented at 3DV 2020. Code and models released at https://github.com/zinsmatt/3D-Aware-Ellipses-for-Visual-Localization

International audience; We present the use of a new computationaly efficient 3D physics model for the simulation of cells in a virtual aquatic world. In this model, cells can freely assemble and disconnect along the simulation without any separation between the development and evaluation stages, as is the case in most evo-devo models which only consider one cell cluster. While allowing for the discovery of interesting behaviors through the addition of new degrees of freedom, this 3D center-based physics engine and its associated virtual world also come with their drawbacks when applied to evolutionnary experiments: larger search space and numerous local optima. In this paper, we have designed an experiment in which cells must learn to survive by keeping their genome alive as long as possible in a demanding world. No morphology or strategy is explicitly enforced; the only objective the cells have to optimize is the survival time of the organism they build. We show that a novelty metric, adapted to our evo-devo matter, dramatically improves the outcome of the evolutionary runs. This paper also details some of the developmental strategies the evolved multicellular organisms have found in order to survive.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present how to model moral sensitivity and emotions in organizational setting by using the SocLab formal framework. SocLab is a platform for the modelling, simulation and analysis of cooperation relationships within social organizations – and more generally Systems of Organized Action. Design/methodology/approach – Simulation results, including an interesting tendency for a Free Rider model, will be given. Considering that actors’ decision-making processes are not just driven by instrumental interest, the SocLab learning simulation algorithm has been extended to represent moral sensitivity, making actors trying to prevent bad emotions and feel good ones. Findings – Some simulation results about actors’ collaboration and emotions in a Free Rider model were presented. A noteworthy tendency is that actors’ unconditional collaboration, which occurs when their moral sensitivity reaches its highest value, is not so good since it exempts other actors from collaboration (they take advantage from the unconditional collaboration), while values of moral sensitivity somewhat below the highest value (between 0.7 and 0.9) still induces collaboration from others. Originality/value – The research and results presented in this paper have not been presented in other papers or workshops. The presented quantitative definition of emotions (determining indexes of emotions) is different to previous approaches – for instance, to Ortony, Clore and Collins (OCC) qualitative descriptions and to logical descriptions. Similarly, simulation of morality in organizations is a new research field, which has received scarce attention up to now.

International audience; In this paper, we present a medical image integrity verification system to detect and approximate local malevolent image alterations (e.g. removal or addition of lesions) as well as identifying the nature of a global processing an image may have undergone (e.g. lossy compression, filtering ...). The proposed integrity analysis process is based on non significant region watermarking with signatures extracted from different pixel blocks of interest and which are compared with the recomputed ones at the verification stage. A set of three signatures is proposed. The two firsts devoted to detection and modification location are cryptographic hashes and checksums, while the last one is issued from the image moment theory. In this paper, we first show how geometric moments can be used to approximate any local modification by its nearest generalized 2D Gaussian. We then demonstrate how ratios between original and recomputed geometric moments can be used as image features in a classifier based strategy in order to determine the nature of a global image processing. Experimental results considering both local and global modifications in MRI and retina images illustrate the overall performances of our approach. With a pixel block signature of about 200 bit long, it is possible to detect, to roughly localize and to get an idea about the image tamper.

National audience; Real-time adaptive production control in the flexible manufacturing cell (FMC) is a complex issue that needs to be addressed to realize good performance and high productivity. In this paper, we have considered a support vector machine (SVM)-based simulation approach to resolve a production control problem in an FMC that operates in a dynamic environment. A SVM-based simulation approach chooses the most relevant scheduling rule out of several predefined ones on the basis of the current states of the system. This paper examines and compares the performance of the SVM-based simulation approach with the competent scheduling rules under two different operational environments which are characterized by the uncertainty of demand. We have also developed a Visual Basic-based simulation approach for scheduling of component parts in the context of FMC under different situations. The SVM methodology to control the production offers better performance than the single-rule-based production control system.

National audience; In real world scenarios, the formation of consensus is an self-organisation process by which actors have to make a joint assessment about a target subject being it a decision making problem or the formation of a collective opinion. In social simulation, models of opinion dynamics tackle the opinion formation phenomena. These models try to make an assessment, for instance, of the ideal conditions that lead an interacting group of agents to opinion consensus, polarisation or fragmentation. In this paper, we investigate the role of social relation structure in opinion dynamics using an interaction model of relative agreement. We present an agent-based model that defines social relations as multiple concomitant social networks and apply our model to an opinion dynamics model with bounded confidence. We discuss the influence of complex social network topologies where actors interact in multiple relations simultaneously. The paper builds on previous work about social space design with multiple contexts and context switching, to determine the influence of such complex social structures in a process such as opinion formation.

This paper provides a general method for analysing the sentiments expressed in the language of judicial rulings. We apply natural language processing tools to the text of US appellate court opinions to extrapolate judges' sentiments (positive/good vs. negative/bad) towards a number of target social groups. We explore descriptively how these sentiments vary over time and across types of judges. In addition, we provide a method for using random assignment of judges in an instrumental variables framework to estimate causal effects of judges' sentiments. In an empirical application, we show that more positive sentiment influences future judges by increasing the likelihood of reversal but also increasing the number of forward citations., Economica, 89 (354)

International audience; Several separate displays are used by Air Traffic Controllers, such as radar view, flight lists view or paper strips. In order to link the information between these views and keep focus on a subset of flights, controllers are required to do visual operations (eye gaze, analysis of visual properties etc.). This process can be disruptive when traffic increases and when visualizations display large amounts of objects. In this paper we propose the use of animated transitions to replace the visual paths controllers take. We discuss this technique and show results of a predictive evaluation that suggests an improvement in users' performance.

This paper presents a multi-agent approach dedicated to power management in buildings. This approach, defines a multi-layer control mechanism: reactive and anticipative mechanisms. In a first part, the paper presents the power system and its problems. Then, it presents the agents modeling of the proposed system, called MAHAS. In the second part of this paper, we show how a multi-agent system, well adapted to solve problems spatially distributed and opened, can dynamically adapt the consumption of energy to various constraints by exploiting the flexibilities of the services provided by domestic devices (services shifting, energy accumulating).

In this paper, the duality in differential form is developed between a 3D primal surface and its dual manifold formed by the surface's tangent planes, that is, each tangent plane of the primal surface is represented as a four-dimensional vector that constitutes a point on the dual manifold. The iterated dual theorem shows that each tangent plane of the dual manifold corresponds to a point on the original 3D surface, that is, the "dual" of the "dual" goes back to the "primal." This theorem can be directly used to reconstruct 3D surface from image edges by estimating the dual manifold from these edges. In this paper, we further develop the work in our original conference papers resulting in the robust differential dual operator. We argue that the operator makes good use of the information available in the image data by using both points of intensity discontinuity and their edge directions; we provide a simple physical interpretation of what the abstract algorithm is actually estimating and why it makes sense in terms of estimation accuracy; our algorithm operates on all edges in the images, including silhouette edges, self occlusion edges, and texture edges, without distinguishing their types (thus, resulting in improved accuracy and handling locally concave surface estimation if texture edges are present); the algorithm automatically handles various degeneracies; and the algorithm incorporates new methodologies for implementing the required operations such as appropriately relating edges in pairs of images, evaluating and using the algorithm's sensitivity to noise to determine the accuracy of an estimated 3D point. Experiments with both synthetic and real images demonstrate that the operator is accurate, robust to degeneracies and noise, and general for reconstructing free-form objects from occluding edges and texture edges detected in calibrated images or video sequences.

This paper is focused on real banking marketing problem. It is based on association rules mining which is one main problem in knowledge discovery in databases (KDD). However, current methods is limited to extract some particular information and to restore it. Several works were proposed to solve it thanks to user-driven process. In this kind of approach, the whole KDD process is tackled and not only the mining step. KDD design integrates the user at the heart of the process by playing a role of evolutionary heuristic. This paper focuses on the role of the expert and explains his help within the process. We highlight in our works the HCI preponderant significance. Indeed, it merges tacit and explicit knowledge and good results are produced in our application.

National audience; In the last few years, many works have been done in order to ensure interoperability between applications. Enterprise applications integration and the opening of information systems towards integrated access have been the main motivation for the interest around systems interoperability. In this Paper, an MDA based approach for interoperability is proposed. The MDA is an approach for systems development, which increases the power of models in that work. It provides a means for using models for better understanding, designing, constructing, deploying, operating, maintaining and modifying systems. The three primary goals of MDA are portability, interoperability and reusability. In this paper we apply the MDA as a formal base that supports our approach for interoperability between different information systems

The purpose of this paper is to sketch a survey on how relations and structures are taken into account in various knowledge representation formalisms and tools: description logics, object-based knowledge representation systems, conceptual graphs, semantic web languages. We focus on the representation of relation properties, on the representation of relation-based inference rules, on the representation and classification of structures and composite objects. The paper ends with a discussion on the advantages of the various systems and a proposition of research issues and possible solutions.

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

Le but de cet article est de démontrer qu’avec des hypothèses simples de tirage aléatoire d’individus dans des populations on peut donner une justification asymptotique au modèle décrit dans Mangin et Vincourt (1992). La démonstration donnée ici généralise les démonstrations que l’on peut trouver dans la littérature pour des modèles particuliers. Pour aider à la compréhension des notations et démonstrations, les aspects qui seront étudiés dans ce papier seront tout d’abord décrits dans le cadre d’un exemple puis généralisés. On décrit d’abord le modèle à effets fixes engendré par les règles de Mangin et Vincourt (1992), et on précise les conditions supplémentaires naturelles qui ne diminuent pas la dimension de l’espace des paramètres estimables. On précise alors les propriétés des variables aléatoires de tirage dans chacune des populations et la forme explicite des effets aléatoires ainsi engendrés. Enfin, on montre que les règles de Mangin et Vincourt (1992) concernant les covariances et variances des différents niveaux des effets aléatoires sont exactes, soit à distance finie, soit asymptotiquement., Selection schemes : from the genealogical representation to the statistical model. Asymptotic validity. The aim of this paper is to give a proof of the asymptotic validity of the model described by Mangin and Vincourt (1992). This proof generalizes the kind of proof that can be found in the bibliography for particular models. To help the reader with the notation and demonstrations, all topics included in this paper are first described in the framework of an example, and then generalized. We begin with the study of the fixed effect model generated by the rules given 6y Mangin and Vincourt (1992) and we include the additional conditions which maintain the rank of the estimate parameter space. We give the properties of the random variable used to sample in each population, and the exact structure of the random ejects. Finally, we show that the rules given by Mangin and Vincourt (1992), which give the variances and covariances of the various levels of the random effects, are correct for a given dimension or asymptotically.

In free navigation applications, any viewpoint to a three-dimensional scene can be synthesized through Depth Image-Based Rendering (DIBR). In this paper we show that XSlit cameras achieve up to 3 dB PSNR gain over conventional pinhole camera arrays when synthesizing virtual views to the scene with DIBR for small camera displacements. XSlit cameras are a type of general linear cameras where the light rays pass through two non-intersecting slits instead of a single point (the optical center of conventional cameras), resulting in a different epipolar geometry and projection equations. Instead of synthesizing virtual views with DIBR from a set of conventional pinhole cameras, e.g. a stereo camera pair, a single XSlit camera exploits the distance between its slits and their relative rotation to obtain disparity, out of which DIBR virtual views can be synthesized. We first present a theoretical study to present the parameters of XSlit cameras, different from pinhole cameras, at the same time making sure that the XSlit camera is physically implementable. We then validate the study with DIBR achieved on synthetic content using perfect depth maps obtained from an in-house modified version of Blender's engine Cycles to simulate XSlit cameras. The virtual view synthesis uses an adapted version of the Reference View Synthesis software used in MPEG, the worldwide standardization committee for media compression. Our experiments show that for the same overall space covered by the studied camera architectures, XSlit cameras often obtain better DIBR view synthesis results, with up to 3 dB PSNR gain., SCOPUS: cp.p, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

The placement of Virtual Network Function - Forwarding Graphs (VNF-FGs) is one of the basic operations in the networks of the future. Being NP-hard, several heuristics and metaheuristics have been proposed. However, these approaches are inefficient due to the need to recalculate the solution at each service placement. In this paper, we adapt one of the most advanced approaches in Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), in order to improve exploration by generalizing the neural network calculating action values. We also propose an evolutionary algorithm to evolve these neural networks in order to discover better ones, which also avoids getting stuck in local minima. In order to avoid going through the almost innumerable number of infeasible solutions, we propose a heuristic, which combined with our DRL, makes it possible to guarantee the feasibility of the solutions and therefore to make the placement much more efficient. The simulation results we obtained confirm the quality of the solutions obtained as well as the superiority of the proposed solution over the existing one.

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

International audience; Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) implementations have a high degree of variability in their details. Parameters, encoding methods, and dynamics formulas all differ in the literature, and some GRN implementations have a high degree of model complexity. In this paper, we present a comparative study of different implementations of a GRN and introduce new variants for comparison. We use a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) to evaluate GRN performance on a number of common benchmark tasks, with a focus on real-time control problems. We propose an encoding scheme and set of dynamics equations that simplifies implementation and evaluate the evolutionary fitness of this proposed method. Lastly, we use the comparative modifications study to demonstrate overall enhancements for GRN models.

International audience; In desktop 3D modeling applications, object manipulation relies on the use of standard transformation widgets. However, these widgets are less efficient on touchscreens due to the low accuracy of touch inputs, and also to the fingertip occlusion issue. In this paper, we propose two unimanual constrained manipulation techniques on TabletPCs. Based on finger identification, our techniques map the index, middle and ring fingers of the dominant hand to the X, Y and Z axes of the coordinate system. After registering the axis-fingers mapping on the screen, users can perform different chording gestures to trigger axis-, plane-constrained or uniform manipulations. We have conducted a user study to examine the learnability and usability of the proposed gestures. The results indicate that these gestures can be memorized quickly after a short training period. Users found some gestures to be easy to use and comfortable while others require additional investigations. These findings permits to give recommendations for designing a unimanual constrained manipulation technique that can be used efficiently in a 3D modeling application on TabletPCs.; Dans les applications de modélisation 3D sur PC, la manipulation avec contraintes d'objets repose sur l’utilisation des widgets de transformation 3D. Cependant, ces widgets sont moins efficaces pour une utilisation sur des écrans tactiles en raison de la faible précision des dispositifs d’entrée et des problèmes d'occultation. Dans ce papier, deux nouvelles techniques uni-manuelles de manipulation 3D sur TabletPC sont proposées. Basées sur l’identification des doigts, nos deux techniques associent l'index, le majeur et l'annulaire de la main dominante aux axes x, y et z du système de coordonnées. Après l’enregistrement de cette association axe-doigts, les utilisateurs peuvent effectuer différents gestes d’accords pour des manipulations avec contraintes sur les axes, sur les plans et des manipulations uniformes. Nous avons mené une étude préliminaire pour examiner l'apprenabilité et l’utilisabilité des gestes proposées. Les résultats indiquent que ces derniers peuvent être mémorisés rapidement. Certains gestes ont été jugés confortables et faciles à utiliser par les utilisateurs alors que d’autres nécessitent davantage d’investigations. Ces résultats permettent de donner des recommandations quant à la conception d’une technique uni-manuelle de manipulation avec contraintes qui peut être utilisée efficacement pour la modélisation 3D sur TabletPC.

International audience; In this paper, we show how a dangerousness metric can be used to modify the input of a gene regulatory network when plugged to a virtual car. In the context of the 2015 Simulated Car Racing Championship organized during GECCO 2015, we have developed a new cartography methodology able to inform the controller of the car about the incoming complexity of the track: turns (slipperiness, angle, etc.) and bumps. We show how this dangerousness metric improves the results of our controller and outperforms other approaches on the tracks used in the competition.

TAAABLE is a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that uses a recipe book as a case base to answer cooking queries. TAAABLE participates in the Computer Cooking Contest since 2008, and succeeds thanks to a smart combination of various knowledge-based system methods and techniques, such as: CBR, knowledge representation, acquisition, discovery and management, and natural language processing. In this paper, we first present the CBR engine and its features such as the retrieval process based on minimal generalization of a query and different adaptation processes. Then the knowledge containers used by the system, and how they were acquired is detailed. To conclude, we discuss some research developments resulting from this application.

Artificial intelligence (IA) is the subject of much research, but also many fantasies. It aims to reproduce human intelligence in its learning capacity, knowledge storage and computation. In 2014, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) started the restoring active memory (RAM) program that attempt to develop implantable technology to bridge gaps in the injured brain and restore normal memory function to people with memory loss caused by injury or disease. In another IA's field, computational ontologies (a formal and shared conceptualization) try to model knowledge in order to represent a structured and unambiguous meaning of the concepts of a target domain. The aim of these structures is to ensure a consensual understanding of their meaning and a univariant use (the same concept is used by all to categorize the same individuals). The first representations of knowledge in the AI's domain are largely based on model tests of semantic memory. This one, as a component of long-term memory is the memory of words, ideas, concepts. It is the only declarative memory system that resists so remarkably to the effects of age. In contrast, non-specific cognitive changes may decrease the performance of elderly in various events and instead report difficulties of access to semantic representations that affect the semantics stock itself. Some dementias, like semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease, are linked to alteration of semantic memory. We propose in this paper, using the computational ontologies model, a formal and relatively thin modeling, in the service of neuropsychology: 1) for the practitioner with decision support systems, 2) for the patient as cognitive prosthesis outsourced, and 3) for the researcher to study semantic memory.

International audience; The maximum clique problem (MCP) is to determine in a graph a clique (i.e., a complete subgraph) of maximum cardinality. The MCP is notable for its capability of modeling other combinatorial problems and real-world applications. As one of the most studied NP-hard problems, many algorithms are available in the literature and new methods are continually being proposed. Given that the two existing surveys on the MCP date back to 1994 and 1999 respectively, one primary goal of this paper is to provide an updated and comprehensive review on both exact and heuristic MCP algorithms, with a special focus on recent developments. To be informative, we identify the general framework followed by these algorithms and pinpoint the key ingredients that make them successful. By classifying the main search strategies and putting forward the critical elements of the most relevant clique methods, this review intends to encourage future development of more powerful methods and motivate new applications of the clique approaches.

National audience; In order to be used in Ambiant Intelligence, automated planning has to generate highlevel action plans involving control structures for execution controlers, which role is to play these plans with respect to events perceived in the environment. In our approach of "flexible" planning, environment non determinism is managed by plan control structures. In this paper, we explore how to express and to generate high-level plans for deterministic planning problems by defining the operational and denotational semantics of new operators for plan composition. Our Lambda GraphPlan (LGP) planner incorporates into plans iterations representing nondeterministic choices among a set of resources subject to the same abstract treatment. LGP is a planning-graph based algorithm that extracts patterns of actions whose scheduling is indifferent with respect to goal reachability and aggregates them into iterative structures. We show that LGP can be highly efficient when the solution plans incorporate iterative structures.

International audience; This paper addresses the question of assessing the relative reliability of unknown information sources. We propose to consider a phase during which the consistency of information they report is analysed, whether it is the consistency of each single report, or the consistency of a report w.r.t. some trusted knowledge or the consistency of different reports together. We adopt an axiomatic approach by first giving postulates which characterize how the resulting reliability preorder should be; then we define a family of operators for building this preorder and demonstrate that it satisfies the proposed postulates.

National audience; In this paper, we propose SuperVision, a novel interaction technique for controlling distant connect objects in smart-home. Users point an object with their remote control to visualize its state, and select its functionalities. To achieve this goal, 1) we present a novel remote control augmented with a video-projector and a slider; 2) we introduce a visualization allowing users to see through the walls in order to control objects in the line of sight as well as objects in another rooms; 3) we describe applications relying on this interaction technique; Dans ce papier, nous proposons SuperVision, une nouvelle technique d’interaction pour contrôler à distance les "objets connectés" d'une maison intelligente. Les utilisateurs pointent en direction d’un objet à l’aide d’une télécommande pour visualiser son état et sélectionner ses fonctionnalités. Pour ce faire : 1) nous présentons une nouvelle télécommande qui est augmentée d’un pico-projecteur et d’une glissière ; 2) nous introduisons une visualisation permettant à l’utilisateur de "voir" à travers les murs afin de pouvoir contrôler de la même manière les objets visibles et ceux qui ne sont pas dans son champ de vision ; 3) nous décrivons des applications reposant sur cette technique d’interaction.

cote interne IRCAM: Mitsufuji14a; None / None; National audience; This paper proposes a new method to enhance the performance of non-negative tensor factorization (NTF), one of the most prevalent source separation techniques nowadays. The enhancement is mainly achieved by introducing weights on bin-wise NTF cost functions, which differentiates NTF target components from other components so that the target should be approximated more precisely than others. Assuming sources are distributed sparsely in a 2-D sound field, the target components approximating a target source are exclusively selected by a user, or from accompanying images by means of providing a spatial cue to an NTF framework. The spatial cue is given in a similar format to the well-known binaural feature, inter-channel level difference (IID). This helps incorporate the spatial cue into the system, since the similar features of this format can be easily calculated from every spectrogram bin. The weighting functions are designed taking into account the distance between the spatial cue and the calculated features. Namely, the largest values are assigned to the spectrogram bins where the features present the highest similarity to the spatial cue, and the value decreases in proportion to the distance between them. The method is evaluated in terms of separation quality, comparing the proposed algorithm to the conventional NTF technique, PARAFAC-NTF, as well as other source separation techniques. The evaluation results measured by the metric signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR), signal-to-interference ratio (SIR), and signal-to-artifact ratio (SAR) demonstrate the effectiveness of the new method, improved primarily by the weighting function and the initialization based on IID, while demonstrating a decrease in computational costs, a significant problem with NTF.

National audience; Recently government agencies have started to utilize innovative contracting methods that provide incentives for improving construction quality. These emerging contracting methods place an enormous pressure on the contractors to improve construction quality. For a general contractor, which subcontracts most tasks of a project and invites a number of bids, choosing an appropriate bid which satisfies the time, cost and quality of construction project is complex and challenging. To solve this problem involving conflicting objectives, a fuzzy clustering-based genetic algorithm (FCGA) approach is proposed in this paper. A case study of highway construction is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach. A comparative study is conducted over three test cases involving varying dimensions and complexities to test performance of the proposed FCGA against existing approaches. Results reveal that the FCGA is capable of generating better Pareto front than other existing approaches.

Novelty-based segmentation of audio signals has proven good performances for the estimation of boundaries of structural sections within music pieces. However, boundaries are detected only if structural sections satisfy the condition of sufficient acoustic inner-homogeneity. While this constraint is very restrictive and not representative of all musical contents, we propose in this paper to extend the detection of acoustic novelty to transitions between homogeneous and non-homogeneous sections and vice versa. Moreover, the length of the considered sections for the boundary detection is crucial, we also introduce a multi-scale novelty approach that allows to capture boundaries between sections of different temporal scales in a same segmentation. Evaluation of the combination of these two methods proves convincing results for temporal segmentation of music pieces. Embedding the algorithm in a music structure segmentation system, we show that performances can be consistently improved for this task.

In this paper, we introduce a new approach to music structure segmentation that is based on the joint estimation of structural segments, keys and chords in one probabilistic framework. More precisely, the boundaries of a structure segment are determined by detecting key changes and by utilizing the difference in prior probability of chord transitions according to their position in a structural segment. In contrast to many of the recent approaches to structural segmentation, this system does not work with self-similarity matrices, although it has been designed to integrate this kind of approach into the framework at a later stage. However, just the current version of the system, using only the estimated harmony, is already producing encouraging results, especially with respect to the precise localization of the boundaries.

International audience; Metamorphic robots are robots that can change their shape by reorganizing the connectivity of their modules to adapt to new environments, perform new tasks, or recover from damages. In this paper we present a decentralized method for structural evolving of a class of lattice-based simulated metamorphic robots in a static environment. These robots are considered as a set of crystalline (compressible) modules that are able to connect or disconnect one from each another or even exchange information and energy with the neighbor modules in order to form various structures/patterns dynamically. Our approach is splitted in two layers: in the first layer a genetic algorithm is used to generate a number of well suited target configurations based on current information perceived from environment, while in the second layer a PacMan-like algorithm is used to make a plan for modules movement to transform the robot from its current pattern to the target pattern emerged in first layer.

National audience; Multi-touch interaction requires a trade-off between users' desires and capabilities, and gesture recognition constraints. Current approaches to that problem lack flexibility. The number of fingers used for a gesture usually plays a key part in the recognition process, for example. In this paper, we propose the use of pseudo-rigid movements to increase the flexibility of this process. We show how these movements can be determined in real time from the contact information usually available. We explain how they allow to free the recognition process from the number of fingers used and to move towards multi movement gestures, independent or coordinated. Finally, we present an interaction technique that takes advantage of this increased flexibility.

This paper presents preliminary results of a study aimed at evaluating the effect of different ways of presenting points of interests (POI) in an augmented reality system on distance estimation. Each presentation applies specific combination of depth cues (relative size, occlusion, height, partial occlusion). Preliminary results from seven participants indicate that depth cues included in the design of the POI reduces the underestimation of the distances of the POI. The interfaces that facilitate distance estimation are those that rely both on the use of height in the visual field and relative size but not on occlusion.

This paper intends to be a literature review in the field of emotions detection using spectral analysis of neurological signals. It also shows the great boom in Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) applications. Explains the research methodology used for this type of projects, and finally it highlights the results of several studies that have been done in this area.

cote interne IRCAM: Lanchantin11a; None / None; National audience; Hidden Markov chains (HMC) are a very powerful tool in hidden data restoration and are currently used to solve a wide range of problems. However, when these data are not stationary, estimating the parameters, which are required for unsupervised processing, poses a problem. Moreover, taking into account correlated non-Gaussian noise is difficult without model approximations. The aim of this paper is to propose a simultaneous solution to both of these problems using triplet Markov chains (TMC) and copulas. The interest of the proposed models and related processing is validated by different experiments some of which are related to semi-supervised and unsupervised image segmentation.

149-152; International audience; Current window managers are based on the use of overlapping windows, which implies the notion of a window's depth. In order to facilitate the management of windows in desktop environments, recent work has explored their grouping into layers of non-overlapping windows. In this note, we investigate the effect of three visual depth cues on the perception of the depth of such layers: luminosity, blurring and shadow. The paper reports on a controlled experiment that indicates that luminosity helps users to assess the number of layers while blurring and shadow have no effect.

This paper present a study on the diagnoses of blood cell nuclei from patients affected by the Progeria disease. Nuclei are characterized with various methods that analyze them shape and texture, and subsequently classify them by learning techniques. These methods extract "measures" from nuclei, which are used for the computation of a set of values named "indexes". These indexes are function bringing up real or discrete values that give information about geometrical, morphological and textural features of nuclei. A description model of nuclei is built based on this data, that is used to classify nuclei.

International audience; Alzheimer disease impacts memory and reduces cognitive functions and social relationships, interactions, self-decision making and autonomy. In this paper, we describe how data mining tools can help psychologists to analyze the data they collect. This work is the result of a collaboration between psychologists and computer scientists. It aims at developing methods and tools to handle the data collected by psychologists to extract relevant knowledge.; La mémoire humaine n'est pas un simple réceptacle du passé. Elle permet de comprendre le présent et de se projeter dans l'avenir. Elle est l'identité même de l'être. Les patients atteints de la maladie d'Alzheimer souffrent de pertes de mémoire qui réduisent leurs fonctions cognitives et donc leurs relations sociales, leurs interactions, leurs capacités à décider par eux mêmes, et finalement leur autonomie. Cet article est issu d'une collaboration entre une équipe de psychologues, spécialistes de la mémoire et de la maladie d'Alzheimer et une équipe d'informaticiens, spécialistes de la fouille de données. Cette collaboration vise à développer des méthodes et des outils de fouille adaptés aux données issues d'études psychologiques en vue d'en extraire des connaissances nouvelles.

National audience; The development of micro and nanotechnologies requires the design of microrobots and Microsystems able to handle submillimetric objects. Many micromanipulation systems have been built. However, improvement of the performances requires the use of advanced control methods. In this paper, we present the main characteristics of the microworld from a control point of view and some control strategies adapted to the microsystems.

This article deals with logical and graphical representations of uncertain information in a quantitative possibilistic theory framework. We first provide a deep analysis of relationships between these two forms of representational frameworks. Then, we provide a novel algorithm for reasoning with quantitative possibilistic logic. The algorithm exploits the syntactic relations between quantitative possibilistic logic bases and penalty logic bases. We provide experimental results that compare the propagation algorithm developed for the possibilistic product-based networks and the inference algorithm developed in this paper. quantitative possibilistic theory, penalty logic, uncertainty propagation algorithm.

International audience; Due to operational constraints for underwater data acquisition, simulating realistic sonar data, like images, swath bathymetry profiles or interferometric signals, is crucial for tuning detection and classification algorithms according to sensors settings, sea-bottom nature and topography. Moreover, the robustness of any performance estimation or prediction can be greatly enhanced, as soon as such a simulation tool provides a modular and flexible underwater world representation (multiple sensors, environments and acquisition conditions). For signal and array processing, it is essential not only to generate the signal energy backscattered by a resolution cell, but also to produce a phase information that conveys its theoretical statistical properties. To this end, this paper proposes a Brownian motion-based approach to generate complex Gaussian signals from the contribution of a set of extended single scatterers inside a resolution cell. The resulting process preserves the conservation of energy when integrating on surfaces, as well as the decorrelation between different areas of the sea bottom, and the right interference between two sensors for interferometric applications.

International audience; Basé sur la théorie du contrôle par supervision (TCS), nous proposons une démarche d'aide à l'étude de la dynamique des Systèmes à Événements Discrets (SED). Située en amont du cycle de conception des lois de commande des SED, notre proposition concerne la gestion des modes de fonctionnement. L'objectif est de permettre tout d'abord l'étude formelle de la dynamique du système contrôlé dans chaque mode puis celle de la succession de ces dynamiques. Dans cet article nous insisterons particulièrement sur la présentation des différentes étapes de construction et de génération automatique des modèles ainsi que sur les possibilités de validation de ceux-ci. Based on the Supervisory Control Theory, this paper introduces a framework to help study the dynamics of Discrete Event Systems (DES). Upstream of the design process of control law in DES, the proposal focuses on the management modes of operation. The goal is to first allowing a formal study of the controlled system's dynamics in each mode and secondly studying the mode switching. This article is focused on the presentation of the different stages of design, the automatic generation of models and the possibilities of validating them.

16 pages; National audience; Logic controllers can be used for control of critical systems; in this case, they must be rigorously tested to ensure that they behave as specified. To meet this objective, this paper proposes a specific method to obtain an exhaustive conformance test for specifications given in SFC. This method relies on results of the computer science community on test of Mealy machines. Implementation on real systems has revealed some limitations of such approaches in the case of logic controllers, however.; Utilisés pour la commande des systèmes critiques, les contrôleurs logiques doivent faire l'objet de tests rigoureux pour garantir le respect du fonctionnement attendu. Dans ce but, nous proposons une méthode spécifique permettant un test de conformité exhaustif vis-à-vis de spécifications en Grafcet. Cette méthode s'appuie sur les travaux de la communauté informatique relatifs au test à partir de machines de Mealy. La mise en oeuvre sur des systèmes réels a mis en évidence certaines limites de telles approches pour le test de contrôleurs logiques.

Since the pioneer works of composer Tom Johnson, many questions arise about block designs. The aim of this paper is to propose some new graphical representations suitable for composers and analysts, and to study the relationship between pcsets and small t-designs. After a short introduction on the combinatorial aspects of t-designs, we emphasize the musical perspectives open by these mathematical objects.

Two approaches for characterising scales are presented and compared in this paper. The first one was proposed three years ago by the musician and composer Pierre Audetat, who developed a numerical and graphical representation of the 66 heptatonic scales and their 462 modes, a new cartography called the Diatonic Bell. It allows sorting and classifying the scales according to their similarity to the diatonic scale.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]MOTIVE [Coll_IRSTEA]Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science; National audience; Models for representing multidimensional systems usually consider that facts and dimensions are two different things. In this paper we propose a model based on UML which unifies the representations of fact and dimension member. Since a given element can play the role of a fact or a dimension member, this model permits more flexibility in the design and the implementation of multidimensional systems. Moreover this model offers the possibility to express various constraints to guarantee desirable properties for data. We then show that this model is able to handle most of the hierarchies which have been suggested to take real situations into account and to characterize certain properties of summarizability. Using this model we propose a complete development cycle of a multidimensional system. It appears that this cycle can be partially automated and that an end user can control the design and the implementation of his system himself.

In the last decade, several image and video quality metrics have been proposed, which incorporate perceptual quality measures by considering the HVS characteristics. All this metrics do the differences pixel to pixel in image. Therefore a local fidelity of the colour is defined. However, the human visual system is rather sensitive to a global quality. In this paper, we propose a new objective full reference quality metric for colour images called Global Delta E and noted: ~ G DE . This metric is based on human visual system properties in order to obtain the best correspondence with judgments. Some experimentations and assessments prove the performance of our metrics and that interrelationship with the SVH., L'étude du système visuel Humain (SVH) est primordiale pour quantifier la qualité d'une image. Plusieurs travaux ont proposé des métriques de différences de couleurs qui effectuent des différences locales pixel par pixel. Par contre, le système visuel humain est plutôt sensible à une qualité globale. Dans cet article, nous proposons une nouvelle métrique objective de différence couleur basée sur les caractéristiques du système visuel humain. La métrique proposé est appelée Delta E Globale notée : ~ DEG . Quelques expérimentations et évaluations montrent la performance de cette métrique et sa corrélation avec la vision du SVH.

Centres of Attention of Utterances and Discourse Coherence in Slavic Languages In this paper, we would like to suggest that the Meta-Informative Centering theory (MIC) is relevant for the description of meta-informative markers in the so-called 'free word order' languages such as Slavic languages in contrast to languages with a more rigid word order like French and English. We also briefly sketch out the main properties of the morphemes to and èto in Polish and Russian in the utterances where they are used as meta-informative particles. In the framework of the MIC Theory, the term information refers to the semantic content of linguistic utterances while the term meta-information indicates its sequential ordering. In Associative Semantics (AS), situations are formalised as static or dynamic frames anchored in space and time, i. e. as situations in which participants (animate or non animate entities) fill neutral roles (in states) and active, passive or median roles (in actions). The speaker selects among participants (a) the global primary centre of attention, i.e. the subject of an utterance about which he predicates and possibly (b) one (or even two) local secondary centre(s) of attention, the direct and indirect object(s). Moreover, predication consists in assigning meta-informative status – either new or old – to utterance constituents. In Polish and Russian, the subject of an utterance is mostly expressed by a noun phrase in the nominative case (linked up to the verb by the agreement rule). Participants chosen as subjects of utterances can fill different semantic roles (most frequently active, but possibly also passive or even median as in other accusative languages). Diathesis (which, in our approach, includes active and passive voices as well as impersonal constructions) is used to maintain discourse cohesion when the participant distinguished as the global centre of attention does not fill an active role. Passive constructions are often used without any complement phrase, thus making it possible not to mention at all the active role (either because it is unknown to the speaker or because it is not one of his centres of attention). On the other hand, impersonal constructions make it possible to treat the global centre of attention (i.e. the subject) as (very) partially determined. We proposed to name such a subject anonymous: the only information expressed about it in the utterance is the fact that it belongs either to the class of human or non-human beings. Utterances in which the subject and the predicate have the same meta-informative status (old or new) are said to be basic. In extended utterances the centre of attention is a distinguished noun phrase contrasting with the rest of the utterance: an old topic contrasting with a new comment or a new focus with an old background. In Polish and Russian, word order is used mainly in order to mark the difference between entirely new or entirely old basic utterances but not the difference between Subject and Object as in French and English. In extended utterances, word order combines with intonation and morphological markers (particles, adverbs, clitics, etc. ) in order to point to the topic and/or the focus. However, in Polish and Russian, topicalisation and focalisation can often be marked by word order only. As a matter of fact, in these languages word order is the main device of text cohesion: such a weak topic or weak focus are difficult to identify in original texts (in particular, in the written language) for French or English translators whose translations are often perfect as regards the semantic content but not the text cohesion., Centra uwagi wypowiedzenia a spójność tekstu w językach słowiańskich Artykuł wskazuje na stosowalność pojęć Meta-Informacyjnej Teorii Centrów Uwagi (skrót angielski: MIC) w opisie języków o tak zwanym wolnym szyku tak jak j. słowiańskich w kontfrontacji z językami o tak zwanym ustalonym szyku (jak francuski lub angielski). Dajemy również krótki zarys właściwości morfemów to (i èto) w językach polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach, w których występują one jako partykuły meta- informacyjne. W teorii MIC termin informacja odnosi się do treści semantycznej wypowiedzenia, natomiast termin meta-informacja do jej porządku sekwencyjnego. W Semantyce Asocjacyjnej (skrót angielski: AS) sytuacje są formalizowane jako statyczne lub dynamiczne, zakotwiczone w czasie i przestrzeni; jako sytuacje, w których różni uczestnicy (istoty żywotne lub nieżywotne) pełnią role neutralne (w stanach) oraz aktywne, bierne lub pośrednie (w czynnościach). Spośród tych składników sytuacji osoba mówiąca wyróżnia globalne pierwszorzędne centrum uwagi (podmiot) oraz jedno albo dwa (lub nawet więcej) lokalne (dopełnienia bliższe i dalsze). Ponadto predykacja polega na przypisywaniu określonym składnikom wypo- wiedzenia statutów metainformacyjnych o wartościach danej lub nowej. W j. polskim i rosyjskim podmiot wypowiedzenia wyraża fraza nominalna w mianowniku (związana z czasownikiem związkiem zgody). Uczestnik w pozycji podmiotu może pełnić różne role semantyczne (najczęściej czynną ale także i bierną lub średnią jak i w innych j. akuzatywnych). Diateza (pod którą rozumiem zarówno strony czynną i bierną jak i konstrukcje bezosobowe) jest środkiem spójności tekstu, kiedy uczestnik sytuacji wyróżniony jako globalne centrum uwagi nie występuje w roli czynnej. Konstrukcje bierne bywają często używane bez frazy dopełnieniowej, co pozwala pozostawić rolę czynną jako w ogóle nie wyrażoną (z powodu braku wiedzy na jej temat lub tylko z braku poświęcenia jej uwagi). Z drugiej zaś strony w konstrukcjach bezosobowych globalne centrum uwagi (czyli podmiot) jest traktowane jako nieokreślone, zwane w naszej teorii podmiotem anonimowym: jedyna informacja zawarta w wypowiedzeniu na jego temat dotyczy przynależności do klasy istot ±ludzkich. Wypowiedzenia, w których podmiot i orzeczenie cechuje ten sam statut meta-informacyjny (dany lub nowy), nazywamy podstawowymi. W rozszerzonych wypowiedzeniach zaś centrum uwagi wskazuje na wyróżnioną fraze nominalną kontrastującą z resztą wypowiedzenia: topik o danym statucie kontrastujący z nowym komentarzem lub nowy fokus kontrastujący z danym tłem. W j. polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach podstawowych szyk wyrazów służy głównie do wyrażania informacji albo całkiem nowych albo całkiem danych. W j. francuskim i angielskim natomiast szyk w wypowiedzeniu podstawowym w pierwszym rzędzie służy do odróżnienia podmiotu od dopełnienia. W j. słowiańskich (nie tylko w j. polskim i rosyjskim) w wypowiedzeniach rozszerzonych centra uwagi (topik i fokus) są uwydatnione przede wszystkim przez szyk wyrazów w połączeniu z intonacją oraz opcjonalnie przy pomocy wykładników morfologicznych (m. in. partykuł, mocnych lub słabych zaimków osobowych). Jednakże w j. polskim i rosyjskim topiicalizacja lub foka- lizacja bywają często wyrażane jedynie przez szyk wyrazów. W językach tych albowiem szyk wyrazów jest głównym wykładnikiem spójności tekstu: takie słabe topiki czy też takie słabe fokusy sprawiają najwięcej trudności francusko- lub angielsko-języcznym tłumaczom, którzy potrafią oddawać wiernie treść słowiańskiego tekstu w j. francuskim lub angielskim, lecz równocześnie zatracają całkowicie jego spójność., Włodarczyk Hélène. Les centres d'intérêt de l'énoncé et la cohérence textuelle en polonais et russe . In: Revue des études slaves, tome 80, fascicule 1-2, 2009. La cohérence du discours dans les langues slaves, sous la direction de Jean Breuillard, Paul-Louis Thomas et Hélène Włodarczyk. pp. 13-30.