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National audience; Interactive paper technologies offer new opportunities for supporting the highly individual practices of creative artists, such as contemporary music composers, who express and explore their ideas on both paper and the computer. We introduce PaperComposer, a graphical interface builder that allows users to create a personalized interactive paper interface that they can connect to their own computer-based musical data. We also present an API that facilitates the development of interactive paper components for PaperComposer. We describe one public demonstration of a novel musical interface designed for children and our collaborations with composers to create two novel interactive music interfaces that reflected their individual composition styles.

National audience; Les salles de classes sont de plus en plus équipées de dispositifs informatiques qui permettent aux enseignants de diffuser des ressources multimédia pendant les cours. Nous avons donc d'une part des enseignants encouragés à diffuser des ressources numériques et d'autre part des élèves qui continuent principalement à prendre des notes sur des cahiers papier traditionnels. Cet article présente un prototype de logiciel de prise de notes augmentée (appelé U-Note) qui s'appuie sur la technologie des sty-los numérique Anoto pour tenter de concilier ces deux types de supports.

National audience; Research contributions to improve interactive systems reliability as, for now, mainly focused towards fault occurrence prevention by removing software bugs at development time. However, Interactive Systems complexity is so high that whatever efforts are deployed at development time, faults and failures occur at operation time. Root causes of such failures may be due to transient hardware faults or (when systems are used in high atmosphere) may be so called "natural faults" triggered by alpha particles in processors or neutrons from cosmic radiations. This paper proposes an exhaustive identification of faults to be handled in order to improve interactive systems reliability. As currently no research has been carried out in the field of interactive systems to detect and remove natural faults, this paper proposes a software architecture providing fault-tolerant mechanisms dedicated to interactive systems. More precisely, the paper how such architecture addresses the various component of interactive applications namely widgets, user application and window manager. These concepts are demonstrated through a case study from the domain of interactive cockpits of large civil aircrafts. \; La recherche pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs s’est, pour l’instant, principalement dirigée vers la prévention d’introduction de fautes par la suppression des bugs lors du développement. Cependant, la complexité des systèmes interactifs est telle que, quels que soient ces efforts, des défaillances apparaissent lors de leur utilisation. Les causes de telles défaillances peuvent être dues à des pannes matérielles intermittentes ou (quand ces systèmes sont utilisés en haute altitude (avions, véhicules spatiaux …) être déclenchées par des fautes naturelles dues aux particules alpha dans les processeurs ou aux neutrons issus des radiations cosmiques. Cet article propose l’identification exhaustive des problématiques se posant pour améliorer la fiabilité des systèmes interactifs en prenant en compte à la fois les erreurs faites dans les phases de développement et les fautes qui peuvent se produire lors de leur utilisation. Du fait qu’aucune recherche n’a été menée à ce jour pour détecter et éliminer les fautes naturelles, l’article propose aussi une architecture logicielle pour intégrer des mécanismes de tolérance aux fautes dans les systèmes interactifs. L’article présente en particulier comment cette architecture couvre les différents composants d’un système interactif incluant les widgets, le gestionnaire de fenêtres et l’application interactive. Ces concepts sont mis en œuvre sur une application interactive de cockpits d’avions civils.

cote interne IRCAM: Rioux01a; None / None; National audience; This paper presents two exploratory experiments aimed at establishing a lexicon suitable for the description of the sound quality of flue organ pipes. A lexicon of reference was established by an expert organ-builder commenting several voicing steps performed on a flue pipe. This lexicon was then extended, the purpose being primarily to enhance communication between and among organ builders, acousticians and musicians. In the first experiment a qualitative analysis was made of data collected from a listening test in which a number of specialists on organ performance, music theory, history and building took part. The 40 participants made ratings and gave comments to ten recordings of pipe sounds through the voicing process. By comparing an analysis of participants’ comments with a primary list of descriptors defined by an organ builder, an attempt is made to extend this primary list to a more standard lexicon. A temporary classification of these descriptors is proposed and is reviewed in a companion paper oriented towards a quantitative analysis of this type of data. In a second experiment, a dimensional analysis of data collected from a semantic differential test based upon the descriptors found in Experiment 1. From a quantitative analysis the initial "qualitative" categorisation is reviewed and enhanced. By inspecting the factor structure of the descriptors, groups of related descriptors were formed and suitable prototypes of each group were proposed. We then show how, from original data extracted from free comments, a detailed classification of descriptors can be made.

International audience; System-on-Chip Methodologies & Design Languages brings together a selection of the best papers from three international electronic design language conferences in 2000. The conferences are the Hardware Description Language Conference and Exhibition (HDLCon), held in the Silicon Valley area of USA; the Forum on Design Languages (FDL), held in Europe; and the Asia Pacific Chip Design Language (APChDL) Conference. The papers cover a range of topics, including design methods, specification and modeling languages, tool issues, formal verification, simulation and synthesis. The results presented in these papers will help researchers and practicing engineers keep abreast of developments in this rapidly evolving field

This paper presents a collection of frameworks aiming at mapping land cover, land use and estimate population densities from very-high resolution images and relying on open-source software. Using height information and landscape metrics, slums location and extent can be accurately extracted from the rest of the city. Moreover, the processing chain developed can deal with large amount of data and produce useful pieces of geographical information citywide. All the results, methods and computer code are available in open-access for anyone and any purpose., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In this paper, we develop a new method of identification of complex prepositions, in French. We include well-known semantic and morpho-syntactic tests, and introduce a few others – together, these tests make up a multi-variable grid which we believe can help identify complex prepositions. We run these tests on a list of 75 sequences, most of which are considered to be complex adpositions. We also include sequences which share the same patterns of word formation but do not have prepositional uses, in order to check the validity of our grid. Our results show that the semantic and morpho-syntactic clues used to identify complex adpositions, combined with corpus data exploration, are on the whole quite effective, but to varying degrees depending on the pattern of formation.

In this paper, we present a framework to evaluate the human correction of a speaker diarization. We propose four elementary actions to correct the diarization and an automaton to simulate the correction sequence. A metric is described to evaluate the correction cost. The framework is evaluated using French broadcast news drawn from the REPERE corpus., Dans cet article, nous présentons un simulateur dédié à l'évaluation des corrections humaines sur la tâche de Segmentation et Regroupement en Locuteurs (SRL). Nous proposons quatre actions élémentaires afin de corriger une SRL et un automate pour simuler la séquence de corrections. Une mesure est proposée pour évaluer le coût de correction. Le simulateur est évalué en utilisant des émissions françaises d'information tirées du corpus REPERE.

International audience; The development of a network centered life has increased overall data rates in core networks. Thus, data centers face the challenge to provide always more services at higher data rates while reacting quickly to complex failures and more powerful attacks thanks to efficient network forensics. Moreover, Software-Defined Networking (SDN) becomes a standard which offers agility but also requires forensic devices able to handle multiple configurations. Although conventional software probes are programmable and thus agile, they cannot support high data rate packet processing any more. Probes could benefit from Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASIC) to cope with high data rates, but ASICs development time of many months makes them unable to satisfy agility requirements. With reconfiguration ability and high throughput processing without packet loss, Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA) are the key technology chosen by some companies, such as Microsoft, Amazon and OVH, to be integrated into smart Network Interface Cards (NIC). Nevertheless, while high performance criteria is fulfilled, current FPGA probes benefit from an agility still limited to their conventional firmware upgrades which require proprietary tools and hardware-design time and knowledge. This paper proposes the first solution to offer FPGA probes with runtime agility thanks to a flexible packet parser which can be parameterized continuously by a software, endorsing complex tasks and SDN control. This allows a live adaptation of protocol processings from computer host alongside handling packets at line rate without data loss. The proposed parser is open-source and easily usable by network engineers through a Python software API. Benchmark results illustrate the performance of the agile high-level probe implemented on a NetFPGA SUME board, with XC7VX690T FPGA. 60 millions of 64-byte packets are counted based on features provided at runtime. These are selected by the software part, allowing the detection of different volumetric attacks within a few tens of microseconds. This represents a 40 Gb/s traffic of smallest Ethernet packets with no packet loss. With adequate boards, the generic design of the probe offers 160 Gb/s data rates and beyond on modern hardware, assuring probe scalability.

International audience; Genetic Regulatory Networks (GRNs) implementations have a high degree of variability in their details. Parameters, encoding methods, and dynamics formulas all differ in the literature, and some GRN implementations have a high degree of model complexity. In this paper, we present a comparative study of different implementations of a GRN and introduce new variants for comparison. We use a modified Genetic Algorithm (GA) to evaluate GRN performance on a number of common benchmark tasks, with a focus on real-time control problems. We propose an encoding scheme and set of dynamics equations that simplifies implementation and evaluate the evolutionary fitness of this proposed method. Lastly, we use the comparative modifications study to demonstrate overall enhancements for GRN models.

TAAABLE is a Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) system that uses a recipe book as a case base to answer cooking queries. TAAABLE participates in the Computer Cooking Contest since 2008, and succeeds thanks to a smart combination of various knowledge-based system methods and techniques, such as: CBR, knowledge representation, acquisition, discovery and management, and natural language processing. In this paper, we first present the CBR engine and its features such as the retrieval process based on minimal generalization of a query and different adaptation processes. Then the knowledge containers used by the system, and how they were acquired is detailed. To conclude, we discuss some research developments resulting from this application.

National audience; In order to be used in Ambiant Intelligence, automated planning has to generate highlevel action plans involving control structures for execution controlers, which role is to play these plans with respect to events perceived in the environment. In our approach of "flexible" planning, environment non determinism is managed by plan control structures. In this paper, we explore how to express and to generate high-level plans for deterministic planning problems by defining the operational and denotational semantics of new operators for plan composition. Our Lambda GraphPlan (LGP) planner incorporates into plans iterations representing nondeterministic choices among a set of resources subject to the same abstract treatment. LGP is a planning-graph based algorithm that extracts patterns of actions whose scheduling is indifferent with respect to goal reachability and aggregates them into iterative structures. We show that LGP can be highly efficient when the solution plans incorporate iterative structures.

International audience; Collection and distribution of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) data are subject to various privacy concerns. These concerns are of paramount importance when sensitive data are processed (e.g., medical data). Therefore, it is crucial to treat sensitive data privacy in early stages to master the data view for upper layers and to minimize, as soon as possible, the risk of unauthorized disclosures. While most recent works focus on securing the access and visibility of collected information in the final databases, data processed in the middleware do not seem involved in the process of privacy protection. Current EPCglobal standards for RFID also suffer from insufficient attention to this issue. In this paper, we propose a privacy controller module that enhances the Filtering and Collection (F&C) middleware of the EPCglobal network. We provide a privacy policy-driven model, using some enhanced contextual concepts of the extended Role Based Access Control model. The feasibility of our privacyenhanced model is shown by integrating our solution into the F&C middleware of the Fosstrak framework, an open-source implementation of the EPCglobal network specifications.

This paper presents the latest improvements on AudioPrint: the IRCAM audio fingerprint system. Cosine filters are introduced in the short-term spectral analysis, in order to compensate the effect of pitch shifting, and a simple solution is proposed for the determination of the frame positions, robust to audio degradations, with nearly no additional cost. We then show that both contributions significantly improve the Audio-Print system, with evaluations both on a free corpus, made publicly available, and a real-world corpus of broadcast radio streams.

International audience; This paper describes the first step of a research project with the aim of predicting students' performance during an online curriculum on a LMS and keeping them from falling behind. Our research project aims to use data mining, machine learning and artificial intelligence methods for monitoring students in e-learning trainings. This project takes the shape of a partnership between computer science / artificial intelligence researchers and an IT firm specialized in e-learning software. We wish to create a system that will gather and process all data related to a particular e-learning course. To make monitoring easier, we will provide reliable statistics, behaviour groups and predicted results as a basis for an intelligent virtual tutor using the mentioned methods. This system will be described in this article. In this step of the project, we are clustering students by mining Moodle log data. A first objective is to define relevant clustering features. We will describe and evaluate our proposal. A second objective is to determine if our students show different learning behaviours. We will experiment whether there is an overall ideal number of clusters and whether the clusters show mostly qualitative or quantitative differences. Experiments in clustering were carried out using real data obtained from various courses dispensed by a partner institute using a Moodle platform. We have compared several classic clustering algorithms on several group of students using our defined features and analysed the meaning of the clusters they produced.

This paper intends to be a literature review in the field of emotions detection using spectral analysis of neurological signals. It also shows the great boom in Brain Computer Interfaces (BCI) applications. Explains the research methodology used for this type of projects, and finally it highlights the results of several studies that have been done in this area.

National audience; The rapid changes in embedded electronics these recent years are the result of permanent improvements of design methodologies in adequacy with constraints that support the application. In Software Defined Radio field, the electronic system has the property of being "Real-Time" because it must respond within a specific time interval, known in advance. The growing need for software radio equipment with the ability to automatically adapt to the environment in which it is located, leads to the simultaneous execution of a large number of software components on a single processor in future broadband software radio. Consequently, these radios equipments become highly time constrained. From this perspective, current design methodologies for software radio integrating real-time scheduling analysis cannot be applied. This paper presents a new MDE (Model Driven Engineering) design methodology, allowing specifying parameters, which make possible real-time scheduling analysis of software components executing on a uniprocessor in a software radio. Also, we propose an algorithm, implemented as a tool, which simulates real-time scheduling of tasks implementing flexible signal processing algorithms. This tool is integrated to the proposed design methodology. Finally, we present an experiment of our methods on a project to demonstrate the benefits of our methodology and the good accuracy of our tool.

International audience; Internet connectivity in the ITS context is a flourishing demand that has to be covered by efficient information and communication technologies. Thanks to the provision of this connectivity, not only end users will profit from communication services, but also services for controlling the operation of the vehicle will benefit from the Internet connectivity. Services related to the operation and control of the vehicles exchange sensitive data, so strong security properties have to be ensured for this type of services. In addition, because of the privacy concerns related to the end users, it is desired to provide this kind of services with an adequate security level. From the communication point of view, a vehicle can be regarded as a mobile network where nodes onboard obtain continuous and optimal Internet connectivity, so, its mobility has to be managed. In the same way, network mobility management protocols should not only avoid security leaks, but also they have to ensure an adequate security level. It is needless to say that the introduction of security properties cannot render not fulfilling service performance requirements. In fact, the trade-off between security and application performance is a must. ITS standardisation bodies have adopted the NEtwork MObility Basic Support (NEMO BS) protocol to manage the mobility of networks. However, it still presents shortcomings like lack of security support and routing problems, which leads to a bad performance. One of the most promising design approaches is to consider a base mobility management protocol that provides out of the box security and route optimisation support like the Host Identity Protocol (HIP). Different solutions based on HIP can be found to solve network mobility in the literature, but none of these solutions aim at solving securely and efficiently network mobility management. That is, the provision of security properties to the network mobility management itself and to the end-to-end data communications while not increasing the signalling overhead and the manageability level remains unsolved. In this paper, we present the NeMHIP. NeMHIP is a secure and efficient network mobility management protocol which is based on HIP. In order to demonstrate its feasibility, we have carried out a study by means of analytical modelling to assess the performance of user applications with stringent QoS requirements like VoIP. Results demonstrate that the introduction of the NeMHIP in the ITS context is feasible because security properties are ensured while application performance requirements are satisfied. Therefore, we successfully achieve the trade-off between security and performance.

Dimensionality reduction has always been important within disciplines that focus on visual representation of multivariate information. In the case of cartography this has been achieved several times by the use of statistics charts and diagrams, but these are limited in the number of components that can be combined in a single glyph. On the other hand, Multicriteria Decision Aid (MCDA) has developed tools to visually represent multidimensional information, yet these cannot be directly applied on geographical maps. In this paper we present a way to adapt the GAIA visualization tool to the representation and comparison of multicriteria profiles on maps. The process involves the use of a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and the conversion of its result by applying a HSV color chart. We illustrate this process by applying it to two case studies: an evaluation of the Human Development Index (HDI) and of the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) of the European countries.

This paper outlines the clinical advantages of the lingual straight wire technique using the Orapix digital system. With this technique, incisor brackets can be positioned very close to the lingual surfaces thus enabling enhanced three-dimensional control. The elimination of wire bends facilitates space closure and reduces chair time. Combining the high precision available with the system and the use of customized archwires, teeth are moved gradually towards the ideal position as defined on the virtual set-up by each user.

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]MOTIVE [Coll_IRSTEA]Series: Lecture Notes in Computer Science; National audience; Models for representing multidimensional systems usually consider that facts and dimensions are two different things. In this paper we propose a model based on UML which unifies the representations of fact and dimension member. Since a given element can play the role of a fact or a dimension member, this model permits more flexibility in the design and the implementation of multidimensional systems. Moreover this model offers the possibility to express various constraints to guarantee desirable properties for data. We then show that this model is able to handle most of the hierarchies which have been suggested to take real situations into account and to characterize certain properties of summarizability. Using this model we propose a complete development cycle of a multidimensional system. It appears that this cycle can be partially automated and that an end user can control the design and the implementation of his system himself.

Centres of Attention of Utterances and Discourse Coherence in Slavic Languages In this paper, we would like to suggest that the Meta-Informative Centering theory (MIC) is relevant for the description of meta-informative markers in the so-called 'free word order' languages such as Slavic languages in contrast to languages with a more rigid word order like French and English. We also briefly sketch out the main properties of the morphemes to and èto in Polish and Russian in the utterances where they are used as meta-informative particles. In the framework of the MIC Theory, the term information refers to the semantic content of linguistic utterances while the term meta-information indicates its sequential ordering. In Associative Semantics (AS), situations are formalised as static or dynamic frames anchored in space and time, i. e. as situations in which participants (animate or non animate entities) fill neutral roles (in states) and active, passive or median roles (in actions). The speaker selects among participants (a) the global primary centre of attention, i.e. the subject of an utterance about which he predicates and possibly (b) one (or even two) local secondary centre(s) of attention, the direct and indirect object(s). Moreover, predication consists in assigning meta-informative status – either new or old – to utterance constituents. In Polish and Russian, the subject of an utterance is mostly expressed by a noun phrase in the nominative case (linked up to the verb by the agreement rule). Participants chosen as subjects of utterances can fill different semantic roles (most frequently active, but possibly also passive or even median as in other accusative languages). Diathesis (which, in our approach, includes active and passive voices as well as impersonal constructions) is used to maintain discourse cohesion when the participant distinguished as the global centre of attention does not fill an active role. Passive constructions are often used without any complement phrase, thus making it possible not to mention at all the active role (either because it is unknown to the speaker or because it is not one of his centres of attention). On the other hand, impersonal constructions make it possible to treat the global centre of attention (i.e. the subject) as (very) partially determined. We proposed to name such a subject anonymous: the only information expressed about it in the utterance is the fact that it belongs either to the class of human or non-human beings. Utterances in which the subject and the predicate have the same meta-informative status (old or new) are said to be basic. In extended utterances the centre of attention is a distinguished noun phrase contrasting with the rest of the utterance: an old topic contrasting with a new comment or a new focus with an old background. In Polish and Russian, word order is used mainly in order to mark the difference between entirely new or entirely old basic utterances but not the difference between Subject and Object as in French and English. In extended utterances, word order combines with intonation and morphological markers (particles, adverbs, clitics, etc. ) in order to point to the topic and/or the focus. However, in Polish and Russian, topicalisation and focalisation can often be marked by word order only. As a matter of fact, in these languages word order is the main device of text cohesion: such a weak topic or weak focus are difficult to identify in original texts (in particular, in the written language) for French or English translators whose translations are often perfect as regards the semantic content but not the text cohesion., Centra uwagi wypowiedzenia a spójność tekstu w językach słowiańskich Artykuł wskazuje na stosowalność pojęć Meta-Informacyjnej Teorii Centrów Uwagi (skrót angielski: MIC) w opisie języków o tak zwanym wolnym szyku tak jak j. słowiańskich w kontfrontacji z językami o tak zwanym ustalonym szyku (jak francuski lub angielski). Dajemy również krótki zarys właściwości morfemów to (i èto) w językach polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach, w których występują one jako partykuły meta- informacyjne. W teorii MIC termin informacja odnosi się do treści semantycznej wypowiedzenia, natomiast termin meta-informacja do jej porządku sekwencyjnego. W Semantyce Asocjacyjnej (skrót angielski: AS) sytuacje są formalizowane jako statyczne lub dynamiczne, zakotwiczone w czasie i przestrzeni; jako sytuacje, w których różni uczestnicy (istoty żywotne lub nieżywotne) pełnią role neutralne (w stanach) oraz aktywne, bierne lub pośrednie (w czynnościach). Spośród tych składników sytuacji osoba mówiąca wyróżnia globalne pierwszorzędne centrum uwagi (podmiot) oraz jedno albo dwa (lub nawet więcej) lokalne (dopełnienia bliższe i dalsze). Ponadto predykacja polega na przypisywaniu określonym składnikom wypo- wiedzenia statutów metainformacyjnych o wartościach danej lub nowej. W j. polskim i rosyjskim podmiot wypowiedzenia wyraża fraza nominalna w mianowniku (związana z czasownikiem związkiem zgody). Uczestnik w pozycji podmiotu może pełnić różne role semantyczne (najczęściej czynną ale także i bierną lub średnią jak i w innych j. akuzatywnych). Diateza (pod którą rozumiem zarówno strony czynną i bierną jak i konstrukcje bezosobowe) jest środkiem spójności tekstu, kiedy uczestnik sytuacji wyróżniony jako globalne centrum uwagi nie występuje w roli czynnej. Konstrukcje bierne bywają często używane bez frazy dopełnieniowej, co pozwala pozostawić rolę czynną jako w ogóle nie wyrażoną (z powodu braku wiedzy na jej temat lub tylko z braku poświęcenia jej uwagi). Z drugiej zaś strony w konstrukcjach bezosobowych globalne centrum uwagi (czyli podmiot) jest traktowane jako nieokreślone, zwane w naszej teorii podmiotem anonimowym: jedyna informacja zawarta w wypowiedzeniu na jego temat dotyczy przynależności do klasy istot ±ludzkich. Wypowiedzenia, w których podmiot i orzeczenie cechuje ten sam statut meta-informacyjny (dany lub nowy), nazywamy podstawowymi. W rozszerzonych wypowiedzeniach zaś centrum uwagi wskazuje na wyróżnioną fraze nominalną kontrastującą z resztą wypowiedzenia: topik o danym statucie kontrastujący z nowym komentarzem lub nowy fokus kontrastujący z danym tłem. W j. polskim i rosyjskim w wypowiedzeniach podstawowych szyk wyrazów służy głównie do wyrażania informacji albo całkiem nowych albo całkiem danych. W j. francuskim i angielskim natomiast szyk w wypowiedzeniu podstawowym w pierwszym rzędzie służy do odróżnienia podmiotu od dopełnienia. W j. słowiańskich (nie tylko w j. polskim i rosyjskim) w wypowiedzeniach rozszerzonych centra uwagi (topik i fokus) są uwydatnione przede wszystkim przez szyk wyrazów w połączeniu z intonacją oraz opcjonalnie przy pomocy wykładników morfologicznych (m. in. partykuł, mocnych lub słabych zaimków osobowych). Jednakże w j. polskim i rosyjskim topiicalizacja lub foka- lizacja bywają często wyrażane jedynie przez szyk wyrazów. W językach tych albowiem szyk wyrazów jest głównym wykładnikiem spójności tekstu: takie słabe topiki czy też takie słabe fokusy sprawiają najwięcej trudności francusko- lub angielsko-języcznym tłumaczom, którzy potrafią oddawać wiernie treść słowiańskiego tekstu w j. francuskim lub angielskim, lecz równocześnie zatracają całkowicie jego spójność., Włodarczyk Hélène. Les centres d'intérêt de l'énoncé et la cohérence textuelle en polonais et russe . In: Revue des études slaves, tome 80, fascicule 1-2, 2009. La cohérence du discours dans les langues slaves, sous la direction de Jean Breuillard, Paul-Louis Thomas et Hélène Włodarczyk. pp. 13-30.

International audience; This paper proposes a local, cooperative and real-time multi-agent approach to build adaptive and incremental profiles where a user is supposed to be represented by a set of textual documents. These documents are sequentially parsed, which leads to the construction of a temporary terminological network (TTN). This network is then merged with the TTN resulting from other documents, in order to create a permanent terminological network (PTN). This PTN is representative of the studied collection and can be used to index this collection thanks to a clustering approach. Preliminary results of the built system as well as perspectives are then presented.; Ce papier propose une approche multi-agent locale, coopérative et temps réel pour la création de profils adaptatifs et incrémentaux dans laquelle un usager est supposé être représenté par un ensemble de documents textuels. Ces documents sont analysés séquentiellement conduisant alors à la création d’un réseau terminologique temporaire (RTT). Ce réseau est ensuite fusionné avec les RTT issus d’autres documents, afin de générer un réseau terminologique permanent (RTP) représentatif de la collection étudiée et pouvant être ensuite indexé pour en extraire un profil. Les résultats préliminaires obtenus ainsi que les perspectives associées sont enfin présentés.

National audience; Our work focus on data management in Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). Many pieces of information may be exchanged in such networks, for instance to warn drivers when a potentially dangerous event arises (accident, emergency braking, obstacle in the road, etc.) or to try to assist them (available parking spaces, traffic congestions, real-time traffi conditions, etc.). Existing systems only use the data exchanged to warn the driver. Then, the data is considered obsolete and is deleted. In this paper, we rather propose to aggregate the data once it becomes obsolete. Our objective is to produce additional knowledge to be used by drivers when no relevant data has been communicated by neighbouring vehicles. For example, it becomes so possible to dynamically detect potentially dangerous road segments or to determine the areas where the probability to find an available parking space is high when none has been received

Smart card is today the most widespread secured portable computing device. Four years ago, we addressed the problem of scaling down database techniques for the smart card and we proposed the design of what we called a PicoDBMS, a full-fledged database system embedded in a smart card. Since then, thanks to the hardware progress and to the joint implementation efforts of our team and our industrial partner, this utopian design gave birth to a complete prototype running on an experimental smart card platform. This paper revisits the problem statement in the light of the hardware and applications evolution. Then, it introduces a benchmark dedicated to Pico-style databases and provides an extensive performance analysis of our prototype, discussing lessons learned at experimentation time and helping selecting the appropriate storage and indexation model for a given class of embedded applications. Finally, it draws new research perspectives for data management on secured chips. MOTS-CLES : Bases de donnees embarquees, Confidentialite et protection des donnees, Carte a puce, Controle d'acces, Modeles de stockage et d'indexation, Evaluation de requetes.

International audience; We deal in this paper with visual mining of temporal data, where data are represented by n time-dependent attributes (or series). We describe the state of the art in temporal data visualization, and we concentrate on a specific visualization (DataTube) which has received yet little attention. DataTube uses a tubular shape to represent the data. The axis of the tube represents the time. We perform several extensions to this visualization: we define several visualizations (color, shapes, etc) and we add a temporal axis. We introduce several interactions with the possibility to select attributes and time steps, or to add annotation on the visualization. We add a clustering algorithm in order to cluster together the attributes with similar behavior. We integrate this visualization in our data mining virtual reality platform VRMiner (with stereoscopic display and interactive navigation). We apply this visualization to several real-world data sets and we show that it can deal with 1, 5 million values.

This paper presents the logical toolkit ICHARATe which is built upon a formalization of multimodal categorial grammars in Coq proof assistant. This toolkit aims at facilitating the study of these complicated formalisms by allowing users to build interactively the syntactic derivations of different sentences, compute their semantic interpretations and also prove universal properties of entire classes of grammars using a collection of already established derived rules. Moreover, TCHARATe is provided with a user-friendly interface that implements various techniques in order to ease the interaction with beginners.

Labo L3i; In this paper, we present the use of multimodal content analysis in the MARVEL (Multimodal Analysis of Recorded Video for E-Learning) project. In this project, we record teachers giving their lectures in class and semi-automatically analyze the video-audio content in order to help transfer this lecture into a multimedia course for e-learning. We distinguish two primary goals in this application: scenario extraction (mostly from video) and content indexing (mostly from text and speech). Three objects take place in these goals: the teacher, the screen (for slide projection) and the white-board (for handwriting). These goals and the roles of all objects are explained in details, as well as our preliminary results. Through this application, we are giving some ideas about multimodality analysis and its formalization

cote interne IRCAM: Schwarz07a; None / None; National audience; Corpus-based concatenative methods for musical sound synthesis have attracted much attention recently. They make use of a variety of sound snippets in a database to assemble a desired sound or phrase according to a target specification given in sound descriptors or by an example sound. With ever-larger sound databases easily available, together with a pertinent description of their contents, they are increasingly used for composition, high-level instrument synthesis, interactive exploration of a sound corpus, and others. This paper gives an overview of the components needed for corpus-based concatenative synthesis, and details of some realisations. Signal processing methods are crucial for all parts of analysis, (segmentation and descriptor analysis), for synthesis, and can intervene in the selection part e.g. for spectral matching.

XML Mediators are focused on supporting the XQuery query language on XML views of heterogeneous data sources. The data are integrated on demand by the mediator delegating sub-queries to sources. On another side, Peer-to-peer (P2P) networks are emerging as an important infrastructure to manage distributed data, notably on the web. Coupling data mediation and P2P technology improves the facilities of data deployment and exchange in a large scale for business applications, because it requires no centralized administration and should be able to provide good performances. In this paper, we analyze the main services provided by mediation systems and P2P networks. Then, we describe our technical solutions and our XML P2P network based on an extension of the existing XLive centralized mediator.

International audience; Distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS) are becoming a big threat to the Internet. Recently, some DDoS attacks have infected more than 100, 000 vulnerable hosts over Internet within 10 minutes. Consequences of these attacks can be devastating toward many companies whose security policy against this kind of attacks relies only on reconfiguring firewalls. It is judicious to note that no computer network is immune from intrusions in general and distributed denial of service attacks in particular. Intrusion detection systems should be geographically distributed to detect distributed and cooperated attacks. In this paper, we use a cooperative approach, which uses the Intrusion Detection Message Exchange Format (IDMEF) defined by the IETF, that can detect coordinated attack scenarios through alert correlation of distributed IDSs. We present our experience in realizing this cooperative system and the different results obtained from its implementation in a real network.

International audience; This paper presents the Mixed Graphs software architecture of the MAGGLITE post-WIMP toolkit. This model extends and refines the scene graph architecture by describing interactions with another structure: interaction graphs. Graphs are dynamically combined at runtime, thanks to specific communication components named Interaction Access Points. This adaptable and modular approach for describing interactive graphics is gainful for prototyping, implementing and using alternative input devices and/or interaction techniques.; Cet article présente le modèle d'architecture logicielle des Graphes Combinés qui a servi de base à l'implémentation de la boîte à outils post-WIMP MAGGLITE. Ce modèle étend et affine l'architecture graphique des graphes de scène en décrivant l'interaction séparément avec des graphes d'interaction. Les graphes sont combinés dynamiquement à l'exécution de l'application, grâce à des modules de communication spécifiques : les Points d'Accès aux Interactions. Il s'en suit une description flexible et modulaire des graphismes et des interactions, avantageuse du point de vue du prototypage, de l'implémentation et de l'utilisation de périphériques d'entrée et de techniques d'interaction non standard.

International audience; Twenty years after the general adoption of overlapping windows and the desktop metaphor, modern window systems differ mainly in minor details. While a number of innovative window management techniques have been proposed, few of them have been evaluated and fewer have made their way into real systems. In this paper, we present Metisse, a fully functional window system specifically created to facilitate the design, the implementation and the evaluation of innovative window management techniques.

International audience; Summary form only given. New emergent distributed multimedia applications require end-to-end quality of service (QoS) guarantees and have stringent constraints on delay, jitter, cost, etc. Taking into account such needs in IP networks stands of utmost necessity. MPLS and traffic engineering provide indeed an adequate mean to establish constrained routes which satisfy application requirements especially in terms of bandwidth and delay. These routes are computed by running a QoS algorithm on the traffic engineering database maintained by an extended IGP routing protocol. In this paper, we first study and analyze three known QoS algorithms, namely SPF-TE, WSPF and DORA. This study is done through very detailed simulations using ONS, a simulator of the OSPF protocol, recently developed and integrated into the well known NS simulator. We show that while all these algorithms outperform clearly SPF, the algorithm usually used within OSPF, DORA algorithm stands slightly better than the two others. Then, we propose three different potential improvements of DORA and propose a new QoS algorithm termed WDORA that incorporates one these improvements. We show that WDORA outperforms DORA for different performance metrics.

International audience; The acquisition of age and growth data is of key importance for fisheries research (assessment, marine ecology issues, etc.). Consequently, automating this task is of great interest. In this paper, we investigate the use of statistical learning techniques for fish age estimation. The core of this study lies in the definition of relevant image-related features. We rely on the computation of a 1D representation summing up the content of otolith images within a predefined area of interest. Features are then extracted from this non-stationary representation depicting the alternation of seasonal growth rings. Thus, fish age estimation can be viewed as a multi-class classification issue using statistical learning strategies. In particular, a procedure based on demodulation and remodulation of fish growth patterns is used to improve the generalization properties of the trained classifiers. The experimental evaluation is carried out over a dataset of 320 plaice otolith images from age groups 1–6. We analyze both, the performances of several statistical classifiers, namely SVMs (support vector machines) and neural networks, and the relevance of the proposed image-based feature sets. In addition, the combination of additional biological and shape features to the image-related ones is considered. We reach a rate of correct age estimation of 88% w.r.t. the expert ground truth. This demonstrates the relevance of the proposed approach for the automation of routine aging and for computer-assisted aging.

National audience; The reliability of critical real time distributed applications must be guaranty by formal techniques of validation, as the model-checking. However these techniques often lead to combinatory explosion problems. This paper proposes efficient abstractions of the timed automata model of TTA (Time-Triggered Architecture) in a temporal validation context.; La fiabilité des applications distribuées temps réel critiques doit être garantie par des techniques formelles de validation, comme le model-checking. Cependant, ces méthodes ont souvent des problèmes d’explosion combinatoire. Cet article propose des abstractions efficaces pour la modélisation et la validation temporelle de l’'architecture TTA (Time-Triggered Architecture) avec des automates temporisés (UPPAAL).

The relationship between reflection and aspect-oriented programming is still under exploration. This paper reports on an experiment to support a widely-accepted, general-purpose aspect language mechanism - Aspect J's dynamic crosscutting -, with a model of partial behavioral reflection. We present a first approach to such a mapping, identify some extensions that can improve the effectiveness of the mapping, and validate our proposal through a revisited mapping. These extensions have been integrated into our Java and AOP reflective platform, Reflex.

In some Germanic languages, like Norwegian, words can be produced by concatenation of other words. When these compound words are frozen expressions, we just have to list them into dictionaries. When they are free combinations, on the other hand, their productivity makes it impossible to describe them exhaustively by means of a list. To solve this problem, we present in this paper an automatic procedure for analysing such compound words in Norwegian. This procedure is based on the use of electronic dictionaries.

International audience; This paper deals with the problem of generating context-aware services for mobile applications. First, we present a discussion about designing problems during the development of software product based on location, by means of a simple scenario, namely a campus. Then a set of design structure is presented, based on the object-oriented model, allowing the adaptation of the behaviour of geographic objects for mobile users. Finally, some final remarks are given. Finalement, quelques remarques finales sont données.; Dans cet article, nous abordons la problématique de la génération des services dépendant du contexte pour des applications mobiles. En premier lieu, nous présentons une discussion des problèmes de conception lors du développement des logiciels basés sur la localisation grâce à l’introduction d’un scénario simple. Nous décrivons ensuite un ensemble de structures de conception qui, basées sur le modèle orienté-objet, nous permettent d'adapter le comportement des objets géographiques pour les utilisateurs mobiles. Finalement, quelques remarques finales sont données.

cote interne IRCAM: Chemillier04c; None / None; National audience; This paper shows how to generate jazz chord sequences incrementally using Steedman's grammar by taking advantage of some formal properties. We point out the specific role played by particular chord sequences called "cadential sequences". By precompiling them, one could improve the implementation of Steedman's grammar in a real-time system for improvisation, and make it more reactive to the inputs of the user

Segmentation tools have to take into account the technical characteristics of the machine on which they are supported and, of course, the users needs. These tools have to be robust, ergonomic and also need to be fast enough. An ellipse fitting method in ultrasound images is presented in this paper. It makes use the Pascal's theorem and permits the ellipse reconstruction using only 3 points from its contour by the estimation of tangents using the Hough transform. A refining module using genetic algorithm will also be introduced. Preliminary results on different organ segmentation are presented and discussed.

In this paper, the issue of document structuring is addressed. To achieve this task, we advocate that Segmented Discourse Representation Theory (SDRT) is a most expressive discourse framework. Then we sketch a discourse planning mechanism which aims at producingas many paraphrastic document structures as possible from a set of factual data encoded into a logical form.

Summary In this paper, we present the methodology for the construction of electronic dictionaries for frozen nominal sequences in Korean and their inflectional forms. For efficiency, we propose two independent dictionaries : one for frozen nominal sequences using list or graphical representation and the other for nominal postpositions using graphical representation. One could merge the two dictionaries into a single dictionary through the aid of the pre-defined inflectional code of each frozen nominal sequence and the inflection module in INTEX. In spite of the substantial differences between inflectional and agglutinative languages, we can describe frozen nominal sequences in Korean and their inflectional forms in INTEX.

The future Internet networks are expected to use IPv6 version rather than the IPv4 one. This is mainly due to the limitations of IPv4 in terms of addresses, routing and security QoS issues developed by the Internet community are also tailored for both versions and will be easily deployed in both sides. Since a huge amount of sub-networks are already installed for the v4 version, it is difficult to imagine ISPs starting deploying the v6 version without some assurance that old legacy networks will still be able to connect to the Internet. In this paper we present some mechanisms that have been proposed to ease this transition especially for v4 users that still want to communicate with their old applications. We present also an IPv6 tunneling mechanism that has some advantages over the other models. We show how one could use such a mechanism to transparently establish hybrid communications between two worlds in both ways and discuss some important issues like scalability and performance.

We submit a method (EMPI: Evaluation of Multimedia, Pedagogical and Interactive software) to evaluate multi-media software used in educational context. Our purpose is to help users (teachers or students) to decide in front of the large choice of software actually proposed. We struc-tured a list of evaluation criteria, grouped through six ap-proaches: the general feeling, the technical quality, the usability, the scenario, the multimedia documents, and the didactical aspects. A global questionnaire joins all this modules. We are also designing software that could make the method easier to use and more powerful. We present in this paper the list of the criteria we selected and organ-ised, along with some examples of questions, and a brief description of the method and the linked software.

International audience; This paper presents several techniques of traffic management such as credit-based and rate-based approaches. An example of these techniques is the simple Leaky Bucket, which is a congestion preventive method, that can easily be implemented. The Adaptive Leaky Bucket algorithm introduces a feed-back mechanism, compared to the common Leaky Bucket, in order to be more flexible and efficient. We focus our study on this algorithm in order to implement it, using a VHDL-based methodology. The design flow starts from an architectural description in RTL level in order to interact easily with current commercial hardware synthesis tools. After simulation and synthesis steps, implementation can be achieved using an ASIC or Xilinx FPGAs.

Summary: This paper outlines the history of video games, from the Atari generation through Nintendo and Sega to interactive multimedia and hyper-reality. After considering a number of methodological questions, it suggests three different approaches for analysing the habits and behaviour of young players. It then discusses the new generation of adult games and the networks of virtual communities they have spawned on the Internet. The conclusion considers the influence of media games on other sectors of the culture industry., Lafrance Jean-Paul, Libbrecht Liz. Games and players in the electronic age. Tools for analysing the use of video games by adults and children. In: Réseaux. The French journal of communication, volume 4, n°2, 1996. pp. 299-331.

International audience; Besides foundry facilities, Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools are also required to move microsystems from research prototypes to an industrial market. This paper describes a Computer-Aided-Design Framework for microsystems, based on selected existing software packages adapted and extended for microsystem technology, assembled with libraries where models are available in the form of standard cells described at different levels (symbolic, system/behavioral, layout). In microelectronics, CAD has alreadyattained a highly sophisticated and professional level, where complete fabrication sequences are simulated and the device and systemoperation is completely tested before manufacturing. In comparison, the art of microsystem design and modelling is still in its infancy. However, at least for the numerical simulation of the operation of single microsystem components, such as mechanical resonators, thermo-elements, elastic diaphragms, reliable simulation tools are available. For the different engineering disciplines (like electronics, mechanics, optics, etc) a lot of CAD-tools for the design, simulation and verification of specific devices are available, but there is noCAD-environment within which we could perform a (micro-)system simulation due to the different nature of the devices. In general there are two different approaches to overcome this limitation: the first possibility would be to develop a new framework tailored formicrosystem engineering. The second approach, much more realistic, would be to use the existing CAD-tools which contain the most promising features, and to extend these tools so that they can be used for the simulation and verification of microsystems and of the devices involved. These tools are assembled with libraries in a microsystem design environment allowing a continuous design flow. The approach is driven by the wish to make microsystems accessible to a large community of people, including SMEs andnon-specialized academic institutions.

This paper describes a new strategy for very large vocabulary speech recognition. The main problem is to reduce the lexical access without pruning the correct candidate. We propose to exploit the branching structure of BDLEX and the description of each word into root and flexional ending. More we use the norion of phonetic classes to decompose the dictionnary into sub-dictionnaries. We develop a two-stage recognirion algorithm: - Each dicrionnary which is considered as a sequence of phonetics classes is modeled by a HMM where the elementaries units are these phonerics classes. - Each word is modeled by a classical HMM where the elementary unit is the pseudodyphone. For a unknown word utterance, a fust recognition gives the best dictionnary to which it belongs, the Viterbi algorithm applied to the network of the best dictionnary words, gives the word with the most likelihood. Experimenu are carried out with telephonic database

Cryptography is the art and science of making communications unintelligible to all except the intended receiver. Until recently, the use of cryptographic methods to secure communications has been the sole province of governments, but now, standard cipher systems have been developed in order to protect private data in computer and communication systems from unauthorized disclosure and modification. The study of modern cryptography embraces a number of scientific fields, notably computer science, electronics, logic, number theory, algebra and statistics. Our aim in this paper is to provide a broad introduction to the subject and to present some research topics and some of the most popular methods used today., Roggeman Yves. Méthodes cryptographiques en informatique. In: Bulletin de la Classe des sciences, tome 73, 1987. pp. 490-500.