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The French school system and its traditional form of schooling (Vincent, 1980) were somewhat disrupted when the school was opened up to a larger number of pupils in a bid to democratise and then massify it, making order, discipline and the whole educational system an obsolete vision (Prost 2007) that could no longer suit the new public eager for freedom and to assert itself as a subject of law. In this context, the appearance of a counter-model, in the form of a heterotopia (Foucault, 1967), school life makes its comeback in the school as a space for life and compensation outside the classroom, which remains the central element of a conception of the French school. How then can these two models be reconciled within the narrow confines of the school form? How can this new deal, in its opposition to certain orientations of the Ferry republican school, find its place in the educational system? Through a study of the content (Bardin 2007) of a professional journal on school life, we propose to revisit the ideological project of the school, to observe and analyse the possible place of a life and commitment of pupils within secondary schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of scientific knowledge on the nations' development, the importance that researchers work has to science and the role that High Education Institutions has in the formation of a critical mass are discussed. The historical description of the evolution of post degree studies and their requirements to get the master science and PhD degrees, allow establish that the candidate to obtain anyone of them need to acquire a array of attributes that allow them to produce knowledge with quality, not in relation to their immediately utility but rather in relation with their capacity to explain the nature in a better way. Also are described the advisor and students roles in the elaboration of academic work products, and the relevance that the bibliographic review has like method to evaluate the educative process and like evidence that candidates to master o PhD degrees had acquire the attributes to accredit them such as. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]